10 Navigation Systems

14. (Refer to Figure 25 on page 398.) (Refer to area 5.) The VOR is tuned to the Dallas/Fort Worth VOR. The omnibearing selector (OBS) is set on 253°, with a TO indication, and a right course deviation indicator (CDI) deflection. What is the aircraft's position from the VOR? A. East-northeast. B. North-northeast. C. West-southwest.

Answer (A) is correct. DISCUSSION: It is not necessary to refer to Fig. 25 to solve this problem. Write the word VOR on a piece of paper. Now draw a line through it, representing the 253° radial and its reciprocal. With a TO indication and a right CDI deflection, you are northeast Now imagine you are flying along this line on a heading of 253°. of the VOR but south of the course. Answer (B) is incorrect. You are south, not north, of the course. Answer (C) is incorrect. You have a TO, not FROM, indication.

15. When navigating using only VOR/DME based RNAV, selection of a VOR NAVAID that does have DME service will A. result in loss of RNAV capability. B. have no effect on navigation capability. C. not impact navigation provided enough GPS is operating.

Answer (A) is correct. DISCUSSION: VOR/DME-based RNAV units need both VOR and DME signals to operate. If the NAVAID selected is a VOR without DME, RNAV mode will not function. Answer (B) is incorrect. VOR/DME-based RNAV units need both VOR and DME signals to operate. If the NAVAID selected is a VOR without DME, RNAV mode will not function. Answer (C) is incorrect. GPS is not needed when navigating using only VOR/DME-based RNAV.

21. What procedure could a pilot use to navigate under VFR from one point to another when ground references are not visible? A. Dead reckoning. B. Pilotage. C. VFR is not allowed in these circumstances.

Answer (A) is correct. DISCÚSSION: Dead reckoning is navigation solely by means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction. If ground references are not visible, such as when flying over water, dead reckoning can be used to navigate. Answer (B) is incorrect. Pilotage is navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints and cannot be used if ground references are not visible. Answer (C) is incorrect. Pilots may still operate under VFR in some cases when ground references are not visible, such as when flying over water.

5. (Refer to Figure 28 on page 390, and Figure 20 on page 390.) The VOR is tuned to Elizabeth City VOR/DME (area 3 in Figure 20), and the aircraft is positioned over Shawboro, a small town 3 NM west of Currituck County Regional (ONX). Which VOR indication is correct? A. 5 B. 2 C. 8

Answer (A) is correct. DISCÚSSION: See Fig. 20, northeast of 3 along the compass rose. Shawboro is northeast of the Elizabeth City VOR on the 030° radial; zoom in to see the tiny black circle located to the lower left of the "S" in Shawboro; that corresponds to the town of Shawboro. To be over it, the needle should be centered with either an OBS setting of 210° and a TO indication or with an OBS setting of 030° and a FROM indication. VOR 5 matches the former description. Answer (B) is incorrect. VOR 2 indicates that the aircraft is southwest, not northeast, of Elizabeth City VOR. Answer (C) is incorrect. VOR 8 indicates that the aircraft is southwest, not northeast, of Elizabeth City VOR.

11. (Refer to Figure 28 on page 396.) (Refer to illustration 5. The VOR receiver has the indications shown. What radial is the aircraft crossing? A. 030°. B. 210°. C. 300°.

Answer (A) is correct. DISCÚSSION: The OBS is set on 210° with the needle centered. The important factor is the TO indication showing. You are thus crossing the 210° inbound bearing, but with a TO indication it is the 030° radial. If it was a FROM indication, it would be the 210° radial. Answer (B) is incorrect. If you were crossing the 210° radial, you would have a FROM (not TO) indication. Answer (C) is incorrect. The 3 at the bottom of the dial means 030° (not 300°).

6. (Refer to Figure 24 on page 393.) What is the approximate position of the aircraft if the VOR receivers indicate the 245° radial of Sulphur Springs VOR-DME (area 5) and the 140° radial of Bonham VORTAC (area 3)? A. Glenmar Airport. B. Caddo Mills Airport. C. Majors Airport.

Answer (A) is correct. DISCÚSSION: To locate a position based on VOR radials, draw the radials on your map or on the plastic overlay during the FAA knowledge test. Remember that radials are from the VÕR, or leaving the VOR. On Fig. 24, the 245° radial from Sulphur Springs VOR-DME extends southwest, and the 140° radial from Bonham VORTAC extends southeast. They intersect about 1 mi. east of Glenmar Airport. Answer (B) is incorrect. Caddo Mills Airport is on the 247°, not 245°, radial of Sulphur Springs VOR-DME and the 174°, not 140°, radial of Bonham VORTAC. Answer (C) is incorrect. Majors Airport is on the 157°, not 140°, radial of Bonham VORTAC.

20. What is a consideration when using a hand-held GPS for VFR navigation? A. Position accuracy may degrade without notification. B. RAIM capability will be maintained for entire flight. C. Waypoints will still be accurate even if database is not current.

Answer (A) is correct. DISČÚSSION: While a hand-held GPS receiver can provide excellent navigation capability to VFR pilots, position accuracy may degrade without notification. Answer (B) is incorrect. When using a hand-held GPS for VFR navigation, loss of navigation signal may occur, possibly with no RAIM warning to the pilot. Answer (C) is incorrect. Waypoints may not be accurate if the database is not current.

17. If Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) capability is lost in-flight, A. the pilot may still rely on GPS derived altitude for vertical information. B. the pilot has no assurance of the accuracy of the GPS position. C. GPS position is reliable provided at least 3 GPS satellites are available.

Answer (B) is correct. DISCUSSION: Always check to see if the unit has RAIM capability. If no RAIM capability exists, be suspicious of a GPS displayed position when any disagreement exists with the position derived from other radio navigation systems, pilotage, or dead reckoning. If RAIM is lost during flight, the pilot has no assurance of the accuracy of the GPS position. Answer (A) is incorrect. Without RAIM capability, the pilot has no assurance of the accuracy of the GPS position. Answer (C) is incorrect. With three satellites, you narrow the possible location down to one of two points, meaning that you could be at only one of those points. Four satellites are required for navigation. At least one satellite in addition to those required for navigation must be in view for the receiver to perform the RAIM function. Thus, RAIM needs a minimum of five satellites in view, or four satellites and a barometric altimeter (baro-aiding), to detect an integrity anomaly.

13. (Refer to Figure 23 on page 397.) What is the approximate position of the aircraft if the VOR receivers indicate the 340° radial of Savannah VORTAC (area 3) and the 184° radial of Allendale VOR (area 1)? A. Town of Guyton. B. Town of Springfield. C. 3 miles east of Briggs.

Answer (B) is correct. DISCUSSION: To locate a position based on VOR radials, draw the radials on your map or on the plastic overlay during the FAA pilot knowledge test. Remember that radials are from the VOR, or leaving the VOR. On Fig. 23, the 340° radial from Savannah extends northwest, and the 184° radial from Allendale extends south. They intersect over the town of Springfield. Answer (A) is incorrect. Guyton is on the 325° radial and the 188° radial. Answer (C) is incorrect. The position of 3 NM east of Briggs is on the 330° radial

4. (Refer to Figure 20 on page 390.) What is your approximate position on low altitude airway Victor 1, southwest of Norfolk (area 1), if the VOR receiver indicates you are on the 340° radial of Elizabeth City VOR (area 3)? A. 15 nautical miles from Norfolk VORTAC. B. 18 nautical miles from Norfolk VORTAC. C. 23 nautical miles from Norfolk VORTAC.

Answer (B) is correct. DISCÚSSION: First find V1 extending SW on the 233° radial from Norfolk VORTAC on Fig. 20. The V1 label appears just above 2. Then, draw along the 340° radial from Elizabeth City VOR (southwest of 3). If you are confused about where the exact VOR is (center of compass rose), draw a line through the entire compass rose so your line coincides with both your radial (here 340°) and its reciprocal (here 160°). The intersection with V1 is 18 NM from the Norfolk VORTAC. NOTE: Measure distance using the associated scale located at the top of the chart. Answer (A) is incorrect. The position of 15 NM from Norfolk would be on the 345° radial. Answer (C) is incorrect. The position of 23 NM from Norfolk would be on the 330° radial.

19. The Global Positioning System is A. ground based. B. satellite based. C. antenna based.

Answer (B) is correct. DISCÚSSION: The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based radio navigation system. Answer (A) is incorrect. GPS is satellite based, not ground antenna based. Answer (C) is incorrect. GPS is satellite based, not based.

10. (Refer to Figure 28 on page 396.) (Refer to illustration 3.) The VOR receiver has the indications shown. What is the aircraft's position relative to the station? A. East. B. Southeast. C. West.

Answer (B) is correct. DISCÚSSION: With no TO or FROM indications showing on VOR 3, Fig. 28, you must be flying in the zone of ambiguity from the VOR, which is perpendicular to the OBS setting, i.e., on the 120° or 300° radials. Šince you have a right deflection, you would be on the 120° radial, or southeast of the VOR. Answer (A) is incorrect. If you were east, you would have a TO indication. Answer (C) is incorrect. The 120° radial is southeast, not west.

16. How many Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites are required to yield a three-dimensional position (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and time solution? A. 5 B. 6 C. 4

Answer (C) is correct. DISCUSSION: GPS satellites broadcast radio signals that are decoded by a receiver in order to triangulate a three- dimensional position by calculating distances based on the amount of time it takes the radio signals to reach the receiver. At least four GPS satellites are required to yield a three-dimensional position (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and time solution. Answer (A) is incorrect. Four, not five, satellites are required for a three-dimensional position and time solution. Answer (B) is incorrect. Four, not six, satellites are required for a three- dimensional position and time solution.

3. What should the airborne accuracy of a VOR be? A. ±4° B. +5° C. ±6°

Answer (C) is correct. DISCUSSION: The of the VOR should be ±4° accuracy ground checks or +6° for airborne checks. Answer (A) is incorrect. The accuracy an airborne VOR check should be ±6°, not ±4°. Answer (B) is incorrect. The accuracy of an airborne VOR check should be +6°, not ±5°.

8. (Refer to Figure 28 on page 394, and Figure 26 on page 395.) The VOR is tuned to Jamestown VOR (area 4 in Figure 26), and the aircraft is positioned over Cooperstown Airport (area 2 in Figure 26). Which VÒR indication is correct? A. 1 B. 6 C. 4

Answer (C) is correct. DISCÚSSION: Cooperstown Airport (northeast of 2 in Fig. 26) is located on the 028° radial of the Jamestown VOR (south of 4). With a centered needle you could have an OBS setting of 028° and a FROM indication or an OBS setting of 208° and a TO indication. VOR 4 fits the aircraft's location over Cooperstown Airport. You have a TO indication with an OBS setting of 210° and a half-scale deflection of the CDI to the left (because Cooperstown Airport is north of your selected course). You are thus on approximately the 028° radial. Answer (A) is incorrect. VOR 1 shows the aircraft's location as somewhere southeast of the 030° radial, which would place it south of, not over Cooperstown Airport. Answer (B) is incorrect. VOR 6 shows the aircraft's location as southwest of the VOR, not over Cooperstown Airport.

9. (Refer to Figure 28 on page 394, and Figure 26 on page 395.) The VOR is tuned to Jamestown VOR (area 4 in Figure 26), and the aircraft is positioned over Cooperstown Airport (area 2 in Figure 26). Which VOR indication is correct? A. 9 B. 2 C. 4

Answer (C) is correct. DISCÚSSION: Cooperstown Airport (northeast of 2 in Fig. 26) is located on the 028° radial of the Jamestown VOR (south of 4). With a centered needle, you could have an OBS setting of 028° and a FROM indication or an OBS setting of 208° and a TO indication. VOR 4 fits the aircraft's location over Cooperstown Airport. You have a TO indication with an OBS setting of 210° and a half-scale deflection of the CDI to the left (because Cooperstown Airport is north of your selected course). You are thus on approximately the 028° radial. Answer (A) is incorrect. VOR 9 shows the aircraft's location on the 030° radial, which places it slightly south of Cooperstown Airport. Answer (B) is incorrect. VOR 2 shows the aircraft's location as somewhere on the 210° radial, which places it southwest of Jamestown VOR, not over OCooperstown Airport.

1. Where can locations for VOR test facilities be found? A. Aeronautical Information Manual. B. Sectional charts. C. Chart Supplement.

Answer (C) is correct. DISCÚSSION: In each Chart Supplement, there is a section, listed by state, of VOT ground locations and airborne checkpoints. Answer (A) is incorrect. The Aeronautical Information Manual does not list locations of VOR test facilities. Answer (B) is incorrect. Sectional charts, while showing locations of VORS, do not include locations of VOR test facilities.

18. Which of the following is a true statement concerning the Global Positioning System? A. Advances in technology make it possible to rely completely on GPS units. B. GPS databases and paper navigational charts are updated at the same time. C. Navigating by GPS must be integrated with other forms of navigation.

Answer (C) is correct. DISCÚSSION: Navigating by GPS must be integrated with other forms of electronic navigation as well as pilotage and dead reckoning. Answer (A) is incorrect. There is always the possibility for equipment failure, so pilots should never rely solely on one system of navigation. Answer (B) is incorrect. GPS databases and paper navigational charts are not necessarily updated on the same schedule.

7. (Refer to Figure 28 on page 392, and Figure 24 on page 393.) The VOR is tuned to Bonham VORTAC (area 3 in Figure 24) and the aircraft is positioned over the town of Sulphur Springs (area 5 in Figure 24). Which VOR indication is correct? A. 1 B. 8 C. 7

Answer (C) is correct. DISCÚSSION: Sulphur Springs (SSW of area 5) is on the 120° radial of Bonham VORTAC. Illustration 7 in Fig. 28 shows the VOR receiver tuned to 030° course (210° radial), which is perpendicular to (90° away from) the 120° radial. This places the aircraft in the zone of ambiguity, which results in neither a TO nor a FROM indication. The CDI needle is deflected left, meaning the aircraft is positioned 90° to the right of the selected radial. Answer (A) is incorrect. With indication 1, the aircraft would have to be north of Sulphur Springs. In addition, the VOR shows TO indication, indicating the aircraft is not in the zone of ambiguity. Answer (B) is incorrect. It shows the aircraft on the 030° radial, which is well to the north of Sulphur Springs.

2. When the course deviation indicator (CDI) needle is centered using a VOR test signal (VOT), the omnibearing selector (OBS) and the TO/FROM indicator should read A. 180° FROM, only if the pilot is due north of the VOT. B. 0° TO or 180° FROM, regardless of the pilot's position from the VOT. C. 0° FROM or 180° TO, regardless of the pilot's position from the VOT.

Answer (C) is correct. DISCÚSSION: To use the VOT service, tune in to the VOT frequency (108.0-117.95 MHz) on the VOR receiver. With the CDİ centered, the OBS should read 0° with the TO/FROM indication showing FROM, or the OBS should read 180° with the TO/FROM indication showing TO. Answer (A) is incorrect. Regardless of your heading, with the CDI centered, the OBS should read 0° with the TO/FROM indication showing FROM, or the OBS should read 180° with the TO/FROM indication showing TO. Answer (B) is incorrect. This answer selection is backwards. With the CDI centered, the OBS should read 0° with the TO/FROM indication showing FROM, or the OBS should read 180° with the TO/FROM indication showing TO.

12. (Refer to Figure 28 on page 396.) (Refer to illustration 8.) The VOR receiver has the indications shown. What is the aircraft's position relative to the station? A. North. B. East. C. South.

Answer (C) is the best answer. DISCÚSSION: The OBS is set to 030° and the needle is centered with a TO indication. Therefore, the aircraft is on the 210° radial and south (southwest) of the station. By process of elimination, we know the aircraft is neither north nor east of the station, and therefore "south" is the best answer. Answer (A) is incorrect. A FROM indication is required to place the aircraft north (northeast) of the station. Answer (B) is incorrect. A FROM indication is required to place the aircraft east (northeast) of the station.