1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

urinary system components

Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells

urinary system functions

number of basic types of tissues in human body

4

Number of levels of organization in the human body

6

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

Integumentary system components

protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold

Integumentary system functions

smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

atoms

Chemical level includes

atoms and molecules

blood, heart, blood vessels

cardiovascular system components

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessesl

cardiovascular system functions

molecules combine to form

cells

the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

cells

second level of organization

cellular level

First level of organization

chemical level

DNA is on the _____ level of organization

chemical, first

glucose is on the _____level of organization

chemical, first

this tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues

connective tissue

organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

digestive system components

achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes

digestive system functions

Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs

endocrine system components

regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ)

endocrine system functions

this tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands

epithelial tissue

lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells and carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others)

lymphatic system and immunity components

returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes

lymphatic system and immunity functions

two or mole atoms joined together

molecules

skeletal muscle

muscular system components

participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat

muscular system functions

this tissue contracts to make body parts move and generate heat

muscular tissue

brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs such as eyes and ears

nervous system components

generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body's internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

nervous system functions

this tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses

nervous tissue

fourth level of organization

organ level

any living individual

organism

sixth level of organization

organismal level

stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain are examples of

organs

structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

organs

gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males)

reproductive system components

Gonads produce gametes (sperm and oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones and regulates reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk

reproductive systems functions

lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs

respiratory system components

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhale air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds

respiratory system functions

bones, joints, cartilages

skeletal system components

supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movement; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats)

skeletal system functions

consists of related organs with a common function

system

fifth level of organization

system level

third level of organization

tissue level

groups of cells and the material surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

tissues