1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
urinary system components
Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells
urinary system functions
number of basic types of tissues in human body
4
Number of levels of organization in the human body
6
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
Integumentary system components
protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold
Integumentary system functions
smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
atoms
Chemical level includes
atoms and molecules
blood, heart, blood vessels
cardiovascular system components
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessesl
cardiovascular system functions
molecules combine to form
cells
the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals
cells
second level of organization
cellular level
First level of organization
chemical level
DNA is on the _____ level of organization
chemical, first
glucose is on the _____level of organization
chemical, first
this tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
connective tissue
organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
digestive system components
achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
digestive system functions
Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs
endocrine system components
regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ)
endocrine system functions
this tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands
epithelial tissue
lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells and carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others)
lymphatic system and immunity components
returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
lymphatic system and immunity functions
two or mole atoms joined together
molecules
skeletal muscle
muscular system components
participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat
muscular system functions
this tissue contracts to make body parts move and generate heat
muscular tissue
brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs such as eyes and ears
nervous system components
generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body's internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
nervous system functions
this tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
nervous tissue
fourth level of organization
organ level
any living individual
organism
sixth level of organization
organismal level
stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain are examples of
organs
structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes
organs
gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males)
reproductive system components
Gonads produce gametes (sperm and oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones and regulates reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk
reproductive systems functions
lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs
respiratory system components
Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhale air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds
respiratory system functions
bones, joints, cartilages
skeletal system components
supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movement; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats)
skeletal system functions
consists of related organs with a common function
system
fifth level of organization
system level
third level of organization
tissue level
groups of cells and the material surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
tissues