141 - Inflammation - EAQ - Iggy (Med-Surg) - Ch 17

The nurse recalls that which condition is associated with inflammation that occurs with infection?

An example of inflammation that occurs through infection is otitis media. (NOT myocardial infarction, nor blister formation, nor allergic rhinitis. Myocardial infarction is associated with inflammation. However, this inflammation is not caused by infection. Blister formation is an example of inflammation that occurs without infection. Allergic rhinitis is an example of inflammation that occurs from the invasion of noninfectious microorganisms. Otitis media is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. The two main types are acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME). AOM is an infection of rapid onset that usually presents with ear pain. In young children this may result in pulling at the ear, increased crying, and poor sleep.

What is the process of making antigens less effective before administering them into the body for therapeutic purposes?

Attenuation (Attenuation is the process of making an antigen less effective in order to administer it for therapeutic purposes. Lysis is the process of destroying the cell membrane of the antigen, which in turn, weakens it. Phagocytosis is associated with engulfing and destruction of an invading organism. Immunization is the process of acquiring artificial immunity.)

The nurse recalls that which type of leukocyte releases histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage? Correct

BASOPHILS secrete histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage. Heparin inhibits blood and protein clotting. Histamine constricts small veins, thereby inhibiting blood flow and decreasing venous return. NOT these answers: Eosinophils play an important role during allergic reactions and have weak phagocytic action. Plasma cells secrete immunoglobulins in response to a specific antigen. The main function of neutrophils is nonspecific ingestion and phagocytosis of microorganisms and foreign protein.

Where are various types of body cells, including the cells involved in inflammation and immune response, produced in the human body?

BONE MARROW (NOT spleen, pancreas, nor lymph) Bone marrow produces immature stem cells which may mature to form red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs). The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ that acts as a filter for blood as a part of the immune system. The pancreas is an important organ of the digestive system and the endocrine system. Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs that are the major sites for production of T-cells and B-cells.

Which cells present in the human body are considered non-self cells? Select all that apply.

Cancer cells and infected body cells (NOT B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes nor Natural killer cells) Cancer cells and infected body cells are considered to be non-self cells. Recognizing a cell as self cell or a non-self cell is important for the body to initiate an immune response toward the non-self cells. B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes contribute to the immune system of the body. Natural killer are special cells which help in cell-mediated immunity. They are most effective on unhealthy or abnormal self cells.

What is the function of a monocyte during inflammation?

During inflammation, monocytes destroy bacteria and cellular debris. Basophils releases histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage. The function of neutrophils is nonspecific ingestion and phagocytosis of microorganisms. The function of macrophages is nonspecific recognition of foreign proteins and microorganisms.

What is the function of a monocyte during inflammation?

During inflammation, monocytes destroy bacteria and cellular debris. Basophils releases histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage. The function of neutrophils is nonspecific ingestion and phagocytosis of microorganisms. The function of macrophages is nonspecific recognition of foreign proteins and microorganisms.

In what stage of inflammation is there an increased number of circulating neutrophils and exudate formed?

During stage II of inflammation, there is an increased number of circulating neutrophils and exudate formed. Stage I is characterized by a vascular response that starts the changes in blood vessels. During stage III, tissue repair and replacement occur. There is no stage IV of inflammation.

A recent immigrant enters the emergency department with a roundworm infection. Which white blood cell type would the nurse expect to be most active in this patient?

Eosinophils are very active against parasitic infestations such as roundworm. Although other white blood cells such as basophils, neutrophils, and tissue mast cells may be active due to the presence of the infection, eosinophils are the primary cells involved in combatting parasitic infections.

Which inflammatory conditions are not caused by an infection? Select all that apply.

Joint sprains, blister formation, and osteoarthritis are examples of inflammation that is not caused by an infection. Osteoarthritis (also called degenerative joint disease) it is the progressive deterioration of bone and joint cartilage. Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges and pneumonia is inflammation of the lung parenchyma; both conditions are caused by an infection.

What functional age-related change in the older adult occurs during the immune component of inflammation?

Leukocytosis does not occur during acute infection in the older adult in the immune component of inflammation. A decline in natural antibodies and a decreased response to antigens occur during the immune component of antibody-mediated immunity. In the older adult, there is a decrease in the numbers of circulating T-lymphocytes that occur in the immune component of cell-related immunity, not inflammation.

Which cells of the immune system are similar because they engulf foreign cells through phagocytosis?

Neutrophils and macrophages are the primary cells that are involved in phagocytosis. Eosinophils and basophils release vasoactive chemicals, and mast cells and basophils have IgE binding sites. However, they do not perform phagocytosis of foreign organisms or debris.

What is the key function of neutrophils?

Neutrophils help in nonspecific ingestion and phagocytosis of microorganisms and foreign particles. Vasoactive amines are released by eosinophils during allergic reactions. Macrophages, not neutrophils, are responsible for the recognition of foreign proteins. Basophils release heparin and histamine in areas of tissue damage.

In the process of phagocytosis, which substance coats the target cell to increase contact of the immune cell with the target cell?

OPSONINS. During the adherence phase of phagocytosis, opsonins coat the target cell in order to increase contact of the phagocytic cell with its target. Histamine, serotonin, and leukotrienes are all substances that are released from basophils during an inflammatory action. They bind to host cells to activate them, not the cell that is targeted for destruction.

A patient has a final check-up with the nurse after a long recovery from a gunshot wound. If the patient experiences long-term or permanent decreased functionality at the site of the wound, what would the nurse expect to find upon inspection of the wound site?

Scar tissue occurs when the healthy cells are not able to divide adequately to cover the damaged area. This results in loss of normal tissue function and permanent decreased functionality. A scab, redness, or blisters are signs of incomplete healing and would most likely not be present at this final checkup.

When teaching student nurses about innate immunity, the nurse practitioner lists the inflammatory response as one of the components of innate immunity. What other parts of innate immunity should the nurse practitioner include in the teaching? Select all that apply.

Skin and Natural killer cells (NOT antibodies, lymphocytes nor memory cells) Skin forms a barrier to prevent infiltration of foreign organisms, and natural killer cells target foreign cells for destruction. Both of these are part of innate immunity. Lymphocytes, antibodies, and memory cells are all part of antibody-mediated immunity rather than innate immunity.

Which cells are involved in the general inflammation process? Select all that apply. Correct

The leukocytes involved in inflammation are neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils and macrophages use phagocytosis to destroy and eliminate foreign invaders. Basophils and eosinophils release chemicals that act on blood vessels to cause tissue-level responses that help neutrophil and macrophage actions. Not involved: Natural killer cells nonselectively attack non-self cells, especially body cells that have undergone mutation and become malignant. Cytotoxic T-cells selectively attack and destroy non-self cells, including virally infected cells, grafts, and transplanted organs.

A patient visits the doctor's office because of a suspected ingrown toenail. The toenail is red and painful, and the side of the toenail exudes pus upon pressure. Which stage of inflammation is the patient primarily experiencing?

The presence of pus is a classic sign of stage II of the inflammatory process. Edema occurs in stage I, but this does not reflect true pus formation. Pus formation occurs when the body rids itself of dead white blood cells, necrotic tissue, and fluids during stage II. Stage III is the healing stage, and pus formation is usually no longer occurring during this stage. The inflammatory process does not include a stage IV.