211 T1

A research consumer ____________ scientific results. A. analyzes B. reads C. graphs D. produces

B. reads

Research studies are superior to personal experience because: an authority is involved. A. an authority is involved. B. they include at least one comparison group. C. they avoid constants. D. they use confederates.

B. they include at least one comparison group.

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which section should you read first? A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Abstract D. Method

C. Abstract

Another word for hypothesis is a(n) _________________. A. outcome B. theory C. prediction D. observation

C. prediction

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? A. the statistical validity of the study B. the construct validity of the study C. the external validity of the study D. the internal validity of the study

C. the external validity of the study

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music.How many variables are included in this study? A. one B. five C. two D. four

C. two

Which of the following is an example of translational research? A. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD B. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction C. A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure D. A sports psychologist who uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performance

D. A sports psychologist who uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performance

After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing? A. Bias blind spot B. Motivated thinking C. Faulty intuition D. Confirmation bias

A. Bias blind spot

Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as: A. confirmation bias. B. cherry-picking of evidence. C. availability heuristic. D. overconfidence.

A. confirmation bias.

Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research? A. Writing an opinion article about a psychological study B. Administering an anxiety questionnaire C. Undergoing a brain scan D. Applying a new therapy technique

B. Administering an anxiety questionnaire

Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims? A. strong negative associations B. both strong positive associations and strong negative associations C. strong positive associations D. neither strong positive associations nor strong negative associations

B. both strong positive associations and strong negative associations

To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus most on evaluating which of the following validities? A. Internal validity and construct validity B. Statistical validity and external validity C. Construct validity and external validity D. Internal validity and external validity

C. Construct validity and external validity

Which of the following is the last section of an empirical journal article? A. Introduction B. Results C. Discussion D. Method

C. Discussion

For an association claim, you interrogate the following validities: A. construct, external, internal, and statistical B. statistical, internal, and construct C. statistical, construct, and external D. external, statistical, and internal

C. statistical, construct, and external

If you are interested in reading an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose? A. Popular magazines B. An expert's dissertation C. Scientific journals D. Edited books

D. Edited books

Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? A. "My data disprove my theory." B. "I may need to collect more data." C. "My theory needs amending." D. "My data are inconsistent with my theory."

A. "My data disprove my theory."

Which of the following is an association claim? A. "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction." B. "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time." C. "A majority of Americans like dogs." D. "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners."

A. "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction."

Marcella is conducting a PsycINFO search for treatments for autism spectrum disorder by searching "autism treatment." However, her search is returning too many results. If she is interested in getting more specific results, Marcella could search: A. "autism treatment" and "behavioral" and enter an age range of interest. B. using the "or" function for all thesaurus synonyms for autism. C. "autism spectrum disorder" or "treatment" or "symptom improvement." D. "autis*treatment."

A. "autism treatment" and "behavioral" and enter an age range of interest.

Ellie is looking for a summary of research on the effect size of childhood abuse on adult depression. Which of the following scientific sources would be an ideal source? A. A meta-analysis B. A review journal article C. A trade book D. A chapter in an edited book

A. A meta-analysis

Students who are interested in being consumers of, but not producers of, research might choose which of the following professions? A. An advertising executive B. A political pollster C. An intervention program evaluator D. A clinical psychologist

A. An advertising executive

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Dr. White publishes her findings in a scientific journal. Who is most likely to read her article? A. Clinical researchers B. Depressed patients C. Social workers D. Journalists

A. Clinical researchers

___________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. A. Empiricism B. Falsifiability C. Theorizing D. Application

A. Empiricism

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. Where should she go if she wants to look for a list of the study's hypotheses or research questions? A. Last paragraph of the introduction B. Last paragraph of the results section C. First page of the article D. First page of the method section

A. Last paragraph of the introduction

Dr. Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal. She wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to read. Which of the following could she do to increase the likelihood of honest feedback? A. Make sure the peer reviewers are anonymous B. Use reviewers from fields other than psychology C. Increase the number of peer reviewers D. Give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers

A. Make sure the peer reviewers are anonymous

How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner? A. Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data B. Using common sense to understand scientific data C. Finding evidence that confirms your hypotheses D. Reminding yourself that because you know about potential biases, you cannot fall prey to them

A. Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data

Which of the following is a benefit of the peer-review process? A. Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article. B. Reviewers' names are made public so they can defend their critiques of an article. C. Non-significant results are not considered for publication to ensure interesting research. D. The journal editor provides input on study design to ensure rigorous scientific methods.

A. Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article.

Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines? A. Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not. B. Scientific journals are published quarterly; popular magazines are published monthly. C. Scientific journal article findings explain all cases all of the time; popular magazine articles only explain certain cases. D. Scientific journals are published on specific topics; popular magazines are not published on specific topics like psychology.

A. Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not.

Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as: A. applied research. B. empirical research. C. basic research. D. translational research.

A. applied research.

Different factors that could account for significant results are called ______. A. confounds B. biases C. predictions D. hypotheses

A. confounds

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. Because of the design of this study, Sanchez and colleagues are likely more interested in ____________ than _____________. A. construct validity; generalizing to all minority groups B. generalizing to all minority groups; statistical validity C. the effect size of their findings; construct validity D. external validity; validating their causal claims

A. construct validity; generalizing to all minority groups

Another word for data is a(n) _________________. A. observation B. prediction C. theory D. outcome

A. observation

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following? A. A theory B. A hypothesis C. Research D. Data

B. A hypothesis

You read a news article titled, "New Drug Reduces OCD Symptoms in Mice" about a recent scientific study. To evaluate whether the title's claim is supported, you should do which of the following? A. Ask yourself whether the implication makes intuitive sense. B. Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity. C. Research the frequency of OCD in mice. D. Ensure that the authors attempted to maximize Type II error.

B. Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.

Which of the following is a limitation of Google Scholar compared to PsycINFO? A. Google Scholar can only be accessed from certain computers. B. Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields. C. Google Scholar does not provide PDF versions of articles. D. Google Scholar is not free to use.

B. Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields.

Which of the following is true of variables? A. Variables only need conceptual definitions. B. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured. C. Variables are the same as constants. D. All variables can be manipulated.

B. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured.

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following? A. Counted up all the times she was nice in the past B. Asked all her friends the same question again in another six months C. Asked her enemies if she was a nice person D. Considered all the times she was nice to her enemies

C. Asked her enemies if she was a nice person

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," why should you read the abstract first? A. Because it appears in PsycINFO B. Because it is written by the journal's editor C. Because it provides an overview of the article D. Because it is the shortest section

C. Because it provides an overview of the article

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon's and Dr. LaSalle's claims? A. Dr. Ramon's claim involves more variables than Dr. LaSalle's claim. B. Dr. LaSalle's claim is the same as Dr. Ramon's claim. C. Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim. D. Dr. LaSalle's claim goes further than Dr. Ramon's claim.

C. Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim.

Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, "Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines." Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following? A. The study did not properly define cell phone use. B. The study has been replicated. C. Science is probabilistic. D. Science is based on empiricism.

C. Science is probabilistic.

What makes certain constructs harder to operationalize? A. When there are only two levels of the variable B. When different definitions don't correlate C. Some constructs are difficult to observe. D. Some constructs cannot be manipulated.

C. Some constructs are difficult to observe.

Which of the following is NOT a research claim? A. Texting while driving is associated with poor impulse control. B. Texting interferes with driver's ability to pay attention. C. Teens spend too much time texting and driving. D. Most drivers have reported texting while driving.

C. Teens spend too much time texting and driving.

Which of the following is a reasonable causal claim? A. Experts say a majority of drivers text while driving. B. No one should text and drive. C. Texting while driving reduces impulse control. D. Teens spend too much time texting and driving.

C. Texting while driving reduces impulse control.

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? A. causal association B. negative association C. zero association D. positive association

C. zero association

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid.What should Dr. White do next? A. Develop a new theory of what causes depression B. Work with a journalist to write a magazine article claiming they have disproved the previous theory C. Start altering treatments for depression based on her findings D. Evaluate the ways in which her study differed from previous studies that supported this theory

D. Evaluate the ways in which her study differed from previous studies that supported this theory

You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus. The speaker, Dr. Darian, is an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice? A. His recommendations are similar to what you knew before you came to the talk. B. His recommendations are based on techniques that have worked for his students. C. His recommendations are based on the techniques that helped him get into graduate school. D. His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation.

D. His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation.

RESEARCH STUDY 2.1: Charlotte is studying subliminal messages and weight loss. She is curious whether people will lose more weight if they hear subliminal messages that encourage weight loss ("don't eat that food," "you want to be thin," etc.) in the music on their iPods compared to people who do not have subliminal messages in their music. She studies 40 people and finds the following results: ... To understand whether the subliminal messages have an effect, Charlotte needs to consider which of the following cells in the chart? A. Only Cell B B. Only Cell C C. Only Cell A D. She must consider all of the cells.

D. She must consider all of the cells.

Which of the following is a reason psychological scientists publish their research in scientific journals? A. To gain attention by journalists B. To share their findings with the general public C. To get money from the journals where their work appears D. To have their results reviewed by other psychologists

D. To have their results reviewed by other psychologists

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid.In this study, "depressed individuals will have higher estrogen levels" was the _____. A. theory B. research question C. data D. hypothesis

D. hypothesis

In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to _________________. A. data B. research C. answers D. questions

D. questions

Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. Which of the following is an important reason for him to be a good consumer of research? A. He will probably want to read research related to enhancing his teaching. B. He will have to produce research before he can consume it. C. He will likely need to be a participant in research studies as part of his psychology major. D. His psychology advisor may ask for his help in copy-editing a research article.

A. He will probably want to read research related to enhancing his teaching.

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? A. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. B. Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. C. Behavioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates. D. Behavioral research involves probability sampling.

A. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? A. Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others. B. Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined. C. Conceptual definition and operational definition mean the same thing. D. Operational definitions answer the question, "Why did the researchers measure this variable?"

A. Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others.

Which of the following indicates that an article's claims are based on research? A. The article describes how a scientific study measured a variable. B. The article compares two groups of individuals. C. The author describes her creative solution to a scientific problem. D. The article includes a direct quote from an expert in the field.

A. The article describes how a scientific study measured a variable.

In which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority? A. When they based their opinions on their intuition B. When they have conducted scientific research on the topic C. When they have a scientific degree D. When they present all the evidence on a topic

A. When they based their opinions on their intuition

Diego is interested in examining the relationship between a person's attachment style and his or her relationship satisfaction. He finds 65 studies that have examined this topic. He combines the results of all these studies and calculates an effect size. His research is most accurately described as: A. a meta-analysis. B. a review journal article. C. a PsycWiki. D. a chapter in an edited book.

A. a meta-analysis.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B.Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? A. the construct validity of the study B. the external validity of the study C. the statistical validity of the study D. the internal validity of the study

A. the construct validity of the study

The quality of journalists' coverage of a science story will be determined by two factors: A. the importance and accuracy of the story. B. the length and source of the story. C. the education and experience of the scientist. D. the education and experience of the journalist.

A. the importance and accuracy of the story

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? A. the number of words remembered B. the number of words on the list C. the emotional or neutral content of the words D. the length of the distractor task

A. the number of words remembered

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following criteria of causation? A. the third-variable criterion B. the criterion of temporal precedence C. the criterion of covariance D. the criterion of external validity

A. the third-variable criterion

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Based on this study, Dr. Kang can make which of the following claims? A. Fifteen percent of emotional words are remembered. B. Emotion enhances memory. C. Group A has better memory than Group B. D. Distraction is associated with worse memory.

B. Emotion enhances memory.

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? A. He must make a frequency claim first. B. He must conduct an experiment. C. He must manipulate all of his variables. D. He must measure all of his variables.

B. He must conduct an experiment.

Which of the following is a reason why it is important to be an effective producer of research? A. It is important to be able to synthesize previous research findings. B. It is important to know how to interpret the results and graphs of your study. C. It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate. D. It is important to know how to write in APA style.

B. It is important to know how to interpret the results and graphs of your study.

Both James and Thomas have theories that explain why listening to classical music while reading is associated with increased recall of the material. James' theory is much simpler than Thomas'. Thomas created his theory a few months before James did. Which of the following is true? A. Thomas' theory would be considered better because he thought of it first. B. James' theory would be considered better because it is more parsimonious. C. James' theory would be considered better because it was thought of more recently. D. Thomas' theory would be considered better because it is more complex.

B. James' theory would be considered better because it is more parsimonious.

Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this information? A. Results B. Method C. Introduction D. Discussion

B. Method

Which of the following sources is most likely to contain only information that has been rigorously peer-reviewed? A. Chapters in edited books B. Review journal articles C. Full-length books D. Wikis

B. Review journal articles

Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greatest amount of honesty in reviews? A. The possibility of rejection B. The anonymity of the peer reviewers C. The frequency of publication D. The number of peer reviewers

B. The anonymity of the peer reviewers

Nadia submits her article to a scientific journal for publication. Who makes the final decision on whether her article is published in that scientific journal? A. A panel of experts B. The editor of the journal C. The publisher of the journal D. Nadia, the author of the article

B. The editor of the journal

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. What information might she get out of reading the references section of her article? A. An explanation of the statistical tests used B. The name of an article that researched a similar topic C. A list of the measures used in the study D. An idea for a future study

B. The name of an article that researched a similar topic

Looking for which of the following in a trade book will give you a hint as to its scientific rigor? A. The number of authors B. The number of references C. The number of pages D. The cost of the book

B. The number of references

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Anton is concerned that the researcher made a Type I error. What does that mean? A. The researcher concluded there was not a relationship, but there really is one. B. The researcher concluded there was a relationship, but there isn't really one. C. The researcher failed to establish the first rule of causation. D. The researcher failed to consider a third variable.

B. The researcher concluded there was a relationship, but there isn't really one.

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her iPod. She typically remembers to charge her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music? A. There is no problem with Vanessa's reasoning. B. Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner. C. Vanessa's belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable. D. Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night.

B. Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner.

Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the present/present bias, what would you ask him? A. Do you think the times you made friends by telling jokes might come more easily to mind? B. What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person? C. How many people have you met and befriended? D. Did you go into conversations where you opened with jokes thinking that you would make friends?

B. What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person?

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making? A. association claim B. causal claim C. anecdotal claim D. frequency claim

B. causal claim

When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for the: A. strength of the association. B. margin of error estimate. C. statistical significance. D. length of the measurement.

B. margin of error estimate.

James is asked about the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made As. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made As and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of: A. asking biased questions. B. present/present bias. C. cherry-picking evidence. D. availability heuristic.

B. present/present bias.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? A. the covariance of the study B. the internal validity of the study C. the external validity of the study D. the temporal precedence of the study

B. the internal validity of the study

How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study? A. Determine whether the results fit within the theories you learned in your psychology classes B. Research the credentials of the author of the popular media article C. Find and read the original scientific article D. Check that the popular media article includes the statistical significance of the results

C. Find and read the original scientific article

Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the blind spot bias, what would you ask him? A. What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person? B. Did you go into conversations where you opened with jokes thinking that you would make friends? C. Have you tested this conclusion systematically? D. Do you think the times you made friends by telling jokes might come more easily to mind?

C. Have you tested this conclusion systematically?

Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on which of the following? A. The prestige/reputation of the author B. Previous studies from the same research group C. How well the research was conducted D. How well the general public will understand the study

C. How well the research was conducted

Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? A. Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate. B. Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms. C. Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate. D. Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate.

C. Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate.

Which of the following is a reason that a journalist may misrepresent a psychology study in a magazine? A. The peer-review process for journalists sometimes makes them miss important facts. B. Journalists may count on their readers to check the original scientific journal. C. Journalists may not personally have the scientific background to understand the study. D. Journalists are unethical.

C. Journalists may not personally have the scientific background to understand the study.

Which of the following is a limitation of PsycINFO compared to Google Scholar? A. PsycINFO is not limited to just psychology and related fields. B. PsycINFO does not provide PDF versions of articles. C. PsycINFO is not free to use. D. PsycINFO does not allow you to search particular fields.

C. PsycINFO is not free to use.

How does research overcome the problem of confounds? A. Research uses intuition to detect potential confounds. B. Research focuses on one possible explanation for the results. C. Research systematically compares multiple conditions. D. Research combines data across diverse individuals.

C. Research systematically compares multiple conditions.

Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can quickly recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following? A. Overconfidence B. Cherry-picking of evidence C. The availability heuristic D. Confirmation bias

C. The availability heuristic

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. The results of this study can be generalized to which of the following groups? A. All minority groups B. Individuals receiving unfair treatment C. White women and African American men D. African American women

C. White women and African American men

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have: A. a reliable way to measure depressive symptoms. B. psychotherapy to supplement the drug. C. a comparison group that did not receive the drug. D. a hypothesis.

C. a comparison group that did not receive the drug.

Articles that could be considered journalism: A. are typically written by scientists. B. are typically written for scientists. C. do not require specialized education to read. D. are hard to access.

C. do not require specialized education to read.

Which of the following is a dependent variable? A. one that is manipulated B. one that has one level C. one that is measured D. one that is kept constant

C. one that is measured

Occam's razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. This speaks to a theory's: A. empiricism. B. theorizing. C. parsimony. D. falsifiability.

C. parsimony

Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association? A. negative association B. zero association C. positive association D. causal association

C. positive association

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Another depression researcher reads Dr. White's findings. This new researcher is LEAST likely to: A. conduct a similar study with improved research design. B. conduct the same study in a different sample of depressed patients. C. reject the theory of what causes depression. D. design a new study to ask a slightly different research question.

C. reject the theory of what causes depression.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? A. the study's internal validity B. the study's external validity C. the study's construct validity D. the study's statistical validity

C. the study's construct validity

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid.Based on these results, Dr. White should conclude that: A. she has disproved the previous theory. B. her study was probably flawed in some way. C. there may be factors influencing the results that haven't yet been examined that contributed to the results of studies on this topic. D. previous studies that support the theory are probably flawed.

C. there may be factors influencing the results that haven't yet been examined that contributed to the results of studies on this topic.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, the article's headline is ________ because ________. A. justified; the researchers manipulated sexism B. unjustified; it is impossible to manipulate sexism C. unjustified; the researcher did not study all groups of individuals who are sexist or racist D. justified; the findings are significant

C. unjustified; the researcher did not study all groups of individuals who are sexist or racist

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music.In this study, the authors were interested in participants' board game performance. Which of the following would be a reasonable operational definition of performance? A. an earnest attempt to finish quickly B. performance when playing a board game C. whether participants won against a partner D. which board game participants chose to play

C. whether participants won against a partner

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make? A. "The data complicate my theory." B. "My theory is generalizable." C. "The data prove my theory." D. "The data provide support for my theory."

D. "The data provide support for my theory."

Which of the following is the difference between claims based on personal experience (anecdotal claims) and frequency claims? A. Anecdotal claims involve a single variable; frequency claims involve two variables. B. Anecdotal claims are less interesting than frequency claims. C. Anecdotal claims appear in newspapers; frequency claims appear in journals. D. Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies but frequency claims are.

D. Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies but frequency claims are.

Which of the following is true of the difference between basic and applied research? A. Applied research is done by consumers of research. B. Basic research is more difficult to conduct than applied research. C. Applied research is more important than basic research. D. Basic and applied research have different goals.

D. Basic and applied research have different goals.

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following? A. Overconfidence B. Availability heuristic C. Fourth cell reasoning D. Confirmation bias

D. Confirmation bias

Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations? A. References B. Results C. Method D. Discussion

D. Discussion

Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review? A. It encourages collaboration among researchers. B. It is cost effective. C. It is more efficient/faster. D. It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality.

D. It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. If Dr. Kang decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened? A. the covariance of the study B. the external validity of the study C. the temporal precedence of the study D. the internal validity of the study

D. the internal validity of the study

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?"Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following? A. the study's construct validity B. the study's statistical validity C. the study's internal validity D. the study's external validity

D. the study's external validity

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Manish's concern is addressing which of the following? A. the study's external validity B. the study's construct validity C. the study's internal validity D. the study's statistical validity

D. the study's statistical validity