2.5/2.6 OLI

phagocytosis of cell debris and phagocytosis of pathogens which are presented along with MHC proteins

macrophages

People living in the 21st century think they invented the concept of multi-tasking. However, multi-tasking has been going on millions of years in each and every complex living organism. Pick the best answer which best illustrates this idea.

A bacterial infection from a splinter in your finger triggers the inflammatory response, an increase int he number of circulation neutrophils and triggers the pain receptors in your finger.

The phrase "you are what you eat" has been bantered around for a long time. In terms of immune functions why would what you eat matter?

All of the bodys cells and tissues need energy to grow, repair themselves and reproduce. Without ingesting adequate amount file. The cells of the lymphatic system would not be able to make antibodies cytotoix t cells or maintain the integrity of physical and chemical barriers

If you are allergic to pollen in the spring or fall or to certain food, the pollen or food serves as _____ you you.

Antigens

The cliche question, "which came first, the chicken or the egg?" applies to the relationships between structure and function. In the body there are many examples of where function has altered structure or function has changed the structure. Which of the following is not an example of structure influencing function or function affecting structure?

As the result of a mastectomy a major lymphatic vessels which drains the right arm has been removed. The patient now experiences bouts of swelling that arm.

When the adaptive immune system is functioning many cells are kicked into high gear. Which cell type is paired with its correct function?

B cells manufacture antibodies, which are proteins that circulate and bind to foreign antigens

Cytokine names are usually a combination of letters and numbers. The letters explain the source or the action of the cytokine and the number indicates which particular cytokine in that category it is. For the list of cytokines below, which statement is NOT correct

Chemokines are made by the cehmiosmotic membrane of the mitochondria and they cause cells to stay in place and notmigrate

When a lymph vessel is full of fluid, the valves sometime bulge, giving the vessel a beaded appearance even under normal circumstances. The most logical explanation for this is:

Gravity is working on the lumpy and the valves are bulging because of the pressure on them

The interesting fact that yellow bone marrow retains the potential to differentiate into red marrow after extreme blood loss, illustrates several of the overlying principles of physiology. Which principles seem to be best illustrated?

Homeostasis and external and internal ecosystem

A cytokine known as T cell growth factor exhibits the following properties: it is secreted by helper T cells, it is required for almost all immune response, and it causes proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and B cells and activated NK cells. By what other name is this cytokine known?

IL-2

Which class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk, and GI secretions?

IgA

Which immunoglobulin pentamer

IgM

The immune system monitors and provides information about the external world as well as the changes and perturbations of the body's internal environment. In addition to the immune reactions, the inflammatory process prevents further internal damage and promote repair. How are these responses triggered? Pick the best answer.

In réponse to noxious stimuli such as extreme heat or cold, damaged cells and immune surveillance cells initiate a local inflammatory response Damaged tissues found internally such as ruptured endothelial cells or to torn muscles and ligaments release chemical signals in the local area which stimulate nearby cells to trigger an inflammatory response Bacterial toxins release into the bloodstream circulate throughout the body and reach the brain where they stimulate systemic responses such as fever, fatigue, anorexia and irritability

Both innate and adaptive immunity require a variety of fully functioning cells to provide the best protection. When someone is undergoing chemotherapy they often experience a decrease in their immune functions as a result of their treatment. Since the cell is the basic unit of life, which of the following is most likely affected?

Living things reproduce themselves and chemotherapy inhibits the ability of some key cells such as lymphocytes and the spilt helium of mucus membranes to divide quickly in response to damage or and invader

Select the correct statement about lymph transport

Lymph tansport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.

The stem cells for the thymus are found in the cortex while the differentiated T cells are found in the medulla. What is the most likely explanation for why the thymus evolved a method a method to keep maturing T cells sequestered from the bloodstream?

Random mutations of the genes in the T cells could produce cells which were capable of stimulating a reaction against the bodys own proteins those cells need to be eliminated before entering the circulation

The palatine tonsils are the major culprits in tonsillitis. When they become inflamed they may swell so large that the block the airway. Which aspects of the tonsils may contribute to this pathology?

The deep crevices trap particles The tonsils contain receptors interact with commonly found molecules such as food proteins, viruses, pollen and mold spores The white blood cells become pussy and clog the throat

The lymphatic system is unique because it serves the body in two very important ways. How?

The lymphatic system both provides immunity and helps the tissues to keep proper fluid and molecular balance

The human body is affected by changes in its external environment. The changes in the external environment could lead to changes in the internal environment to compensate for the outside changes.Which pair of events is a good illustration of these interactions?

You are camping and spending the evening sitting around the campfire. The wind shifts and the smoke blows in your face. You start coughing and sneezing and your eyes begin to burn.

what is the function of the constant region of an antibody?

activate complement

which of the following is not a function of antibodies

activate neutrophils

When thinking about the different ways in which the body defends itself from agents of the external environment, it is important to realize what a monumental task this is on a daily basis. Every form of immune response requires energy expenditure. The innate immune response, while less specific, may be more efficient energetically why?

all are correct

What can antigen presenting cells (APCs) do?

all of the abov

Blockage of the lymph system can result in which of the following?

all of the above

Dysfunction of the lymphatic system seems to occur around one of two basic mechanisms; either the cells of the immune system respond to something which they should not or the cells lose their ability to function as they normally would. Which pairing with disease and mechanisms is correct?

allergic reactions happen when the cells of the immune system respond to normal environmental elements

The MHC complex is loosely referred to as your tissue type. The cells in the immune system early in development must learn to distinguish self from non-self. It is is important to try to match tissue types when someone needs a bone marrow or organ transplant. Why is tissue type important for you everyday immune function? Pick the answer that is not a normal function of MHC proteins

antibodies only work in the organism that made them

Which of the following is a main symptom of SLE?

arthritis and butterfuly rash

circulate int eh blood and release chemicals to initiate and inflammatory response

basophils

What is the function of the variable region of an antibody?

bind with antigen

What could have been the "headline" of Edward Jenner's discovery?

boy injected with cowpox survives cmallpox challenge

The innate mechanisms of immunity are functional in the body as long as the body maintains a relative level of homeostasis. Which disruption of homeostasis would most likely have the greatest impact on the innate immune responses

chemotheraphy prevents the cell division of cells in the mucous membranes

group of serum proteins that have the ability to stimulate histamine release from mast cells, promote phagoctosis and can even kill some cells directly

complement

The lymph system is unique in that it provides an example of how structure and function and different levels of biological organization work together together to promote homeostasis. In terms of general immune function, which statement does not seem to fit?

complement is the name for a group of proteins that actively bind the bodys cells and destroy them

presentation of pathogen as bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses

dendritic cells

The movements of fluids and molecules out of the blood capillaries and into the interstitial fluid obey the laws of chemistry and physics. High pressure in the capillary would physically force fluid out. Which chemical changes would make it more likely that fluid will leave the blood capillary and enter the tissues?

drinking too much water while running a marathon.

The larger creek usually empties into a river. In the case of this analogy the larger lymph _______ run parallel to the blood vessel.

ducts

When this happens we often refer to he area with accumulated fluid as being ________.

edematous

The fluid inside the lymph capillary is now called _______ and is pale yellow in color.

lymph

destruction of parasites

eosinophils

This region is known as the _____

epitope

Four year old sarah has come down with the measles. It would be wise for her mother to keep Sarah away from her six year old brother Ben who has not had the measles.

false

Lymph accumulates toxic waste products over time, so it is recommended to do lymph cleansings regularly

false

Only healthy individuals should get the flu shot because you could get the flu from the vaccination

false

The younger we are the stronger our immune system is

false

True or False: A cytokine is a small protein secreted by immune cells that works only on other immune cells?

false

Vaccines can cause autism

false

when you being to experience the flu or cold symptoms, it is wise to take extra doses of vitamin C and zinc to boost your immune system

false

Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the immune system of the body attacks some of the structures found in the snynovial joints. It often becomes a downward spiralling circle. The autoimmune attack on the joint leads to degradation of the joint. Degradation of the joint stimulates the immune system even more so there is a further attack on the joint. What approach might be the best for getting this process under control?

give the patient some drugs which would temporarily reduce the activity of the immune cells

White blood cells play an active role in both innate and active immunity. We can categorize those cells by the appearance of their nuclei. Interestingly, this group corresponds to the role these cells play in the immune system

granulocytes provide innate immunity

We often take over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medicines to help us feel better when we are sick or injured. However the inflammatory response is important afar injury in our fight against infection and tissue repair and recovery. Which statement is not true.

heat and redness indicate that your inflammatory response is out of what and the tissue will not heal

produced by mast cells and basophils and primary mediator of allergic reactions

histamine

Taking the very long view, the survival of species depends on its ability to adapt to changes in its external ecosystem and pass those changes along to the next generation. Which is not an example of evolution working on some scale.

in response to a second exposure to a pathogen a B cell memory cell clonal expands

Innate immunity describes immunity that is non-specific to the pathogen or invading organism. Which of the following mechanisms are all considered innate immunity

inflammatory response, phagocytosis fecer

to which choice is lymph most similar?

interstital fluid

hen thinking about the way the lymph system handles the interstitial fluid, it may be helpful to visualize an area after a very heavy rain. The ground becomes saturated so water and some minerals leach out of the ground and collect in puddles. This would be analogous to _______ accumulating outside of the circulatory system and into the tissues.

interstitial fluid

a plasma derived molecule that induces vasodilation, permeability, chemotaxis and irritation of nerve endings

kinins

produced by basophils and mast cells and promote increased permeability of capillaries and function in chemotaxis and pathogen adherence of phagocytes

leukotrienes

What is the major difference between lymph and intersistal fluid

location

Eventually this excess fluid finds its way to the _________ which are pretty leaky and don't really filter the fluid, much the same way a small stream will accumulate the run-off water after the rain.

lymph capillaries

Like a river with a beaver dam, along the way the lymph vessels while drain into ______ which remove some of the debris and foreign matter found circulating in the lymph slowing down the fluid flow and allowing the cells of the immune system to do their job.

lymph nodes

Unless someone is an identical twin, they have a unique configuration of proteins on the surfaces of the cells. These proteins termed___________________ are inherited from your parents., However, you only get a few from each parent not the full range the parent has. Consequently, siblings may not have exactly identical ________________ meaning they will not always be a _______________ for a transplant. This group of proteins is different from your ________________ which is a different group of proteins found on your red blood cells.

major histocompability complex antigens tissue type compatible donor blood type

It is useful to think about the immune system in terms of those aspects with which we are born and those that we acquire later referred to as acquired or adaptive immunity. Which of the processes below do not fit into the category of innate immunity?

manufacturing antibodies as the result of getting a vaccination

It is useful to think about the immune system in terms of those aspects with which we are born and those that we acquire later referred to as acquired or adaptive immunity. Which of the processes below do not fit into the category of innate immunity

manufacturing antiodies as the result of getting a vaccination

Release histamine to initiate an immune response and orchestrate allergic response

mast cell

Adaptive immunity includes the part of the immune system that provides specific memory for a particular pathogen, which thus serves as the basis for vaccination. The adaptive immunity accomplished through vaccination utilizes which of the following?

memory T and B cells

release chemicals to kill virally infected cells and center cells

natural killer cells

circulate in the blood and phagocytosis bacteria

neutrophils

The innate immune response utilizes many different kind types of white blood cells, some of which circulate in with the blood and some of which are found in the tissues. Which answer correctly describes the cells and their locations?

neutrophils are granulocytes found circulating int he blood stream.

Most antigens have a ____ these regions

number of

The lymph nodes are an excellent example of structure and function because:

of the fact that the anatomic structure causes the tansit time across lymph nodes to be long enough for adequate immune surveillance to occur

Antibodies or speciic T cells form again _____ antigen

only a specific region of the

produced by cells int he areas of damaged tissue and enhance the effects of other chemicals

prostaglandins

The lymphatic system contributes to the body's homeostasis by performing which of the following functions

providing defense against invading foreign organisms helping to move large molecules around he body drainign fluids away form the tissues and returning them to the blood surveying for abnormal cells that could cause cancer

Many molecules are produced and used by your immune system. Which molecule does not contribute to immune function?

rRNA

Each naive T and B cell reacts to one epitope on the antigen in a certain three dimensional arrangement. Why is there sometimes cross reactivity

related molecules have very similar structures and could have the same or very similar epitopes

which of the following is a function of the spleen

removes worn out blood cells

The spleen is an organ that contributes to homeostasis in several ways affecting several organ systems. Which of the following is not a way in which the spleen contributes to homeostasis?

removing large bimolecular from the digestive system though by passing the blood supply

Your body does an adequate job of protecting you against harmful pathogens in general, however there is also a a component to your immune system that mounts a specific response to a particular antigen. Your innate immune system __________________ while the adaptive is _____________

responds quickly because the components are already working, slower because it requires a specific clone of cells to divined and expand

When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, what can result?

severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb

Which of the following is not a difference between lymphatic and blood circulation?

skeletal muscle contraction helps flow in lymphaitic circulation

When lymph passes through the lumpy nodes the velocity of the flow decreases in comparison to that in the lymphatic vessels. Which of the following physical or chemical principle would best explain this?

the increased cross-sectional area of the lymph node lease to a decrease in the velocity of flow

memory cells are an essential part of the adaptive immune response what cell type can become a memory cell>

t and b cells

One way to think about homeostasis is to think about what happens when you drive a car. The car continues to move down the road but, you see obstacles in the road and you adjust the steering wheel to go around them, You are using gasoline but the engine runs at the same level as long as there is some gas in the tank, If you have an automatic transmission the speed of the engine changes to to provide more force to propel the car uphill or less if you are coasting downhill. When you run out of gas, drain the battery, spin out on a wet road or lose your keys homeostasis can be permanently disrupted to the point where the car can no longer head down the road. Which of the following are part of the lymphatics systems contribution to maintaining the body's homeostasis.

t cells mature in the thymus so they can distinguish from non-self

Several body fluids work in conjunction with organs to create physical barriers to pathogens. Which of the following groups is comprised of fluids that all fit this description?

tears saliva sweat and mucous

Capillaries tend to leak. Consequently, the fluid that has leaked out of them needs to be drained away so that it does not accumulate in the the tissues. How is this accomplished?

the fluid which is very much like serum is collected through the blind end if the lymph capillaries filtered through lymph nodes not he way ton ring returned to the cardiovascular system

lymph tissues serve two main functions. they transport lymph and they house the cells that participate in the immune response which statement is not correct

the fluids encountered by lymph tissues and as well as the spleen as interstitial fluids or lymph

One way to understand how PAMPs work is to think about different kinds of music or art where the ear and the eye are the receptors. The ear is capable of recognizing repeating themes and rhythms in music, which can be classified genres. Likewise in art the eye can recognize a particular school of painters or period without actually knowing the name of the painter or the when the period occurred. Thinking about PAMPs and innate bacterial and viral immunity, how might this analogy apply if bacterial PAMPs are musical and viral PAMPs are visual art?

the immune system pick up piece of a bacterial cell and recognizes it as belonging to a group known as gram positive. the ear recognizes the music as a rock and roll but can't identify the artist or title of the song

When air passes over the adenoids and contains either a foreign pathogen or stimulatory molecule the tissue containing the lymphoid cells may become swollen and reactive and result in the sensation of a itchy roof of the mouth, of slightly stuffy nose or just feeling like there isn't enough air. The most plausible explanation for this is

the inhaled microorganisms or harmful particles are stimulating the cells in the adenoids to divide to address the invading microorganism or stimulate the inflammatory response to provide a means to eliminate the potentially harmful particle.

The cells of the innate immune system must be able to recognize a potential foreign invader without any kind of previous exposure or memory cell. They evolved to recognize molecules that are foreign to human cells but occur regularly in or on potential pathogens such as bacteria. These molecules are called PAMPs (Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns) and they recognize which of the following?

the lipids found on gram negative bacteria proteins associated with bacterial flagella segments of RNA from virus peptide sugar complex foun on gram positive bacteria

Lymph tissue, and particularly the organs of the lymphoid system, seem to be organized in a way that builds from loose tissue to highly organized structures. Lymph nodes and the spleen both are encapsulated and are more highly organized, but there are two significant differences between them. What are they?

the lymph node has white cells hail ethe spleen has red and white pulp; and the lymph node filters lumpy while the spleen filters blood

Sometimes when people have undergone extensive surgical or radiation procedures they experience abnormal levels of swelling and edema in the affected region. This complication is not from the disease but a result of the treatment. What is the best explanation?

the lymph vessels were destroyed during the procedure and they can no longer drain the affected region properly

A CBC or complete blood count is often a routine part of a physical examination. However, it can be very helpful from a diagnostic perspective especially when a differential white blood cells count is performed. Using an automated cell counter or a light microscope, it is possible to individually count the following white blood cells: neutrophils, also known as polymorphonucleocytes (polys for short); basophils;eosinophils; lymphocytes; and monocytes. If a person was suffering from a viral illness for several days, which of the following would you expect to happen and why?

they lymphocyte count would increase T cells and B cells were proliferating the process of mounting antibody response or a cytotix t cell repines

where are t cell receptors that are self directed deleted

thymus

What are two main differences between the innate and adaptive immune response?

time of the immune respoinse due to the immunologic specificity and immunologic memory

proteins that inhibit bacterial growth by depriving microbes of iron

transferrins

Knowledge of some concepts of immunology date back to the plague in Athens (430 B.C.)

true

One of the most remarkable features of the immune system is its ability to respond to an apparently limitless array of foreign antigens

true

The human immune system has the ability to make up to 10^9 different antibodies

true

The lymph in the large vessels drains into the larger _______ near the heart in the chest.

venous vessels

The lymph fluid is propelled through the capillary when drains into larger lymph _________ much the same way a small stream empties into a larger creek.

vessel