3.3 - Infancy II

In Resistant attachment style, the infant cries more and explores ____ than the other 2 types (secure and avoidant)

less

Difficult children react very ____ in novel situations and may ____ frequently and extensively

negatively; cry

Children with disorganized attachment may often appear to be ____ around the caregiver.

nervous and confused

Some researchers consider ____ to be associated with potential child abuse on the part of the caregiver.

disorganized attachment

Three widely accepted types of temperament are:

easy children, difficult children, and slow-to-warm-up children

Bowlby's attachment theory, while emphasizing the importance of caregiver-child contact and interaction, does not stipulate that physical contact needs to be constant. Furthermore, bonding does not occur through ____ alone; appropriate and responsive interactions are key in Bowlby's model.

physical contact

Easy children then to be fairly

happy children

Kagan believes that Some children may do better with less physical contact; others seem to require constant interaction. This is due to

how the child is already born that way (nurture)

In Secure attachment style, the baby uses the mother as a ____ to explore their environment

safe base

Refers to the social and emotional changes that an individual goes through.

socioemotional development

Prior to ____ months, infants typically don't have as strong a bond w/ their caregivers and may be fine w/ other sitters caring for them.

6

Separation anxiety peaks in infancy, usually between ages

6 and 24 months.

% of infants who have secure attachment

70%

Refers to a close emotional bond, primarily between a caregiver and a child

Attachment

Here children adopt an ambivalent behavioral style towards the attachment figure. The child will commonly exhibit clingy and dependent behavior, but will be rejecting of the attachment figure when they engage in interaction.

Insecure ambivalent / resistant attachment

Separation Anxiety in Resistant (insecure ambivalent) attachment style

Intense distress when the mother leaves

Children who are _____ are likely to have a caregiver who is insensitive and rejecting of their needs. The attachment figure may withdraw from helping during difficult tasks and is often unavailable during times of emotional distress.

insecure avoidant

This researcher argues that nature rather than nurture plays a key role in understanding attachment.

Jerome Kagan

Insecure ambivalent attachment is also called

insecure resistant attachment

Children of this attachment style feel confident that the attachment figure will be available to meet their needs

Secure Attachment

Key theorists and researchers who wrote about infant attachment include

Sigmund Freud, Harry Harlow, John Bowlby, and Erik Erikson.

Children of this temperament frequently appear as difficult children in novel situations, but they are able to adjust (slowly) and improve in mood. However, they tend to not have the consistently positive moods of easy children.

Slow-to-warm-up children

Children with this temeperament are said to be rather inactive overall

Slow-to-warm-up children

Psychologist Mary Ainsworth devised an assessment technique called the ______ in order to investigate how attachments might vary between children.

Strange Situation Classification (SSC)

Refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses. Temperament is believed to serve as a foundation for adult personality.

Temperament

Reunion behavior in Avoidant attachment style

The Infant shows little interest when the mother returns

Reunion behavior in Resistant attachment style

The infant approaches the mother, but resists contact, may even push her away

Stranger Anxiety in Resistant attachment style

The infant avoids the stranger - shows fear of the stranger

Stranger Anxiety in Avoidant attachment style

The infant is okay with the stranger and plays normally when the stranger is present

Jerome Kagan remind us that ______ are crucial in understanding nature in attachment

temperament and genetics

Approximately ____ of the children Chess and Thomas studied had easy children temperament

40%

More recent research indicates that healthy parent-child interactions can look different in

different cultures.

What are the attachment styles:

- secure (type B) - insecure avoidant (type A) - insecure ambivalent / resistant (type C) - disorganized (later)

Approximately ___ of the children Chess and Thomas studied had difficult children temperament

10%

% of infants that have Avoidant attachment style

15%

% of infants that have Resistant attachment style

15%

Approximately ___ of the children Chess and Thomas studied had slow-to-warm-up children temperament

15%

Believed that infants who develop secure attachments had caregivers who are appropriately responsive. That is, the parents are tuned to what an infant needs at a given time and are skilled at reading the signals that infants give to indicate their needs.

Ainsworth and Bowlby

Stranger Anxiety in Secure attachment style

Avoidant of stranger when alone, but friendly when the mother is present

Children of this temperament are difficult to put on regular schedules, have unpredictable moods and don't adapt well to new people/situations.

Difficult children

Children and infants showing this attachment style show a mix of resistant and avoidant behavior, but they are particularly notable for their "dazed and confused" behaviors.

Disorganized attachment

Separation Anxiety in Secure attachment style

Distressed when mother leaves

Children of this temperament easily establish routines

Easy children

Describes things like the infant's self-control and ability to focus

Effortful control

Which is to do with activity levels, excitement and being sociable

Extraversion / surgency

True or False: human infants immediately develop attachments to their caregivers after birth.

False; human infants take a while to develop attachments.

Refers to the levels of negative emotion like fear an frustration

Negative affectivity

Separation Anxiety in Avoidant attachment style

No sign of distress when the the mother leaves

Reunion behavior in Secure attachment style

Positive and happy when mother returns

Insecure Avoidant children do not orientate to their ____ while investigating the environment

attachment figure

Cross-cultural research indicates that there's a great variation in _____ , and that 1 size clearly doesn't fit all when it comes to how parents should interact w/ their infants.

attachment patterns

Nearly all theories pertaining to infant socioemotional development say that ______ is the primary task of infancy.

developing close bonds w/ a caregiver.

In Avoidant attachment style, the mother and stranger are able to _____ equally well

comfort the infant

Attachment behaviors include

crying, searching for parent, reaching toward parent, following the parent (these are all normal and healthy behaviors)

Insecure avoidant children are very ____ of the attachment figure both physically and emotionally

independent

Failure for infants to develop close bonds w/ caregivers within the 1st year of life results in serious emotional consequences for the

infant

An example of Kegan's theory: For example, a child with autism will perhaps not show secure attachment with a mother; this is not a feature of the mother's lack of responsiveness, but it is due to

to the child's natural condition