39 (38)

p. 916 59. Lyndon Johnson's insistence on fighting the Vietnam War and funding the Great Society without a tax increase to pay for them led to a. a drastic inflation of prices in the 1970s. b. a decline in the competitive advantage of American business. c. severe cutbacks in the size of the federal government. d. a taxpayer revolt. e. a growing reliance on overseas trade to sustain the American economy.

A

p. 917 61. The Nixon Doctrine proclaimed that a. America's Asian allies would have to fight their wars without large numbers of American troops. b. the United States would supply only economic aid to its allies. c. the United would make détente with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China its highest diplomatic priority. d. all American allies must commit troops to fight communism if necessary. e. the United States would maintain naval and air bases in East Asia but not send ground troops to fight on the Asian mainland.

A

p. 917 64. President Nixon's policy of Vietnamization of the war in Vietnam called for a. a gradual handover of the ground war to the South Vietnamese. b. a full-scale conventional invasion of North Vietnam. c. reorganization of the American army in Vietnam into antiguerrilla units. d. an end to all American military and economic aid to South Vietnam. e. a de-emphasis on military assaults in favor of Vietnamese social reform.

A

p. 918 67. In 1971, a group of Vietnam War veterans in the U.S. a. tossed their medals in front of the Capital building to protest against the war. b. fought the antiwar movement with a demonstration on behalf of U.S. soldiers. c. protested the lack of medical care and benefits for returning soldiers. d. encouraged young men in Times Square, NY, to enlist in the U.S. military. e. supported expanded roles for women in the military.

A

p. 919 71. President Nixon's chief foreign policy adviser, throughout his administration, was a. Henry Kissinger. b. John Dean III. c. Spiro Agnew. d. Gerald Ford. e. Donald Rumsfeld.

A

p. 921-922 83. To control creeping inflation in the early 1970s, President Richard Nixon a. imposed a ninety-day wage and price freeze. b. put the United States back on the gold standard. c. sought a system of international currency stabilization. d. lowered Social Security payments. e. pressured the Federal Reserve Board to raise interest rates.

A

p. 923 86. The shaky agreement that brought an end to American fighting in Vietnam in January 1973 represented a. a thinly disguised American retreat. b. an end to warfare in Vietnam. c. the establishment of a unified, neutral Vietnam. d. the achievement of the essential American goals in the war. e. a vote of confidence in the South Vietnamese government's ability to defeat the communists.

A

p. 928 97. The Helsinki accords, signed by Gerald Ford and leaders of thirty-four other nations, a. legitimated Soviet-dictated boundaries in Eastern Europe, while spawning human rights efforts there. b. rejected the Soviet-directed boundary of Poland. c. proved to many Americans that détente was still a two-way street. d. was condemned by West Germany as meaningless. e. were strongly opposed by the new Polish pope, John Paul II.

A

p. 929 101. Title IX was passed by Congress in 1972 to a. prohibit sex discrimination in any federally funded education program or activity. b. guarantee women equal pay for equal work. c. prohibit any form of sexual harassment or sexual innuendoes on the job. d. establish quotas for women in sports, business, and government positions. e. protect women's access to birth control and abortion.

A

p. 932 107. The most explosive domestic controversy of the 1970s centered around issues of a. race. b. labor. c. the environment. d. education. e. immigration.

A

p. 933 111. The first wave of feminism grew out of the ____ movement, and the second wave of feminism grew out of the ____ movement. a. abolitionist; civil rights b. prohibition; black power c. peace; environmental d. progressive; antiwar e. evangelical revival; gay

A

p. 933 114. James Earl (Jimmy) Carter enjoyed considerable popularity when he won the presidency because a. his emphasis on honesty contrasted with the corruptions of Watergate. b. he was widely known as skilled in dealing with Congress and Washington. c. he brought in a team of highly respected and experienced cabinet members and advisers. d. he was a born-again Southern Baptist. e. he had a clear plan to solve the energy crisis.

A

p. 935 113. In 1976, President Gerald Ford won the Republican nomination by defeating a strong challenge from a. former California governor Ronald Reagan. b. former vice president Spiro Agnew. c. Senator Robert Dole. d. Congressman George H. W. Bush. e. his own vice president Nelson Rockefeller.

A

p. 920-921 75. The Supreme Court's Miranda and Escobedo decisions came under sharp attack from many conservatives because they a. prohibited any official recognition of religion in public education. b. guaranteed the rights of criminal suspects against mistreatment by the police. c. overturned laws prohibiting unnatural sexual acts. d. upheld laws requiring busing to achieve racial balance in public schools. e. upheld laws prohibiting private property owners from polluting rivers and lakes.

B

p. 921 76. The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Earl Warren, outraged religious conservatives in 1962-1963 when it a. declared a woman's right to an abortion. b. ruled that prayer and Bible reading in public schools violated the First Amendment. c. prohibited the display of religious symbols in government buildings. d. ruled that parochial students could not ride on public school buses. e. declared that the practice of having congressional chaplains was unconstitutional.

B

p. 924-925 93. The list of Nixon illegal administration activities uncovered in the Watergate scandal included all of the following except a. breaking into the Democratic party headquarters in order to bug them. b. paying Supreme Court justices to write favorable opinions. c. using the Internal Revenue Service to harass its enemies. d. forging documents to discredit Democrats. e. using the FBI and CIA to cover up previous crimes.

B

p. 926 95. Congressman Gerald Ford had become vice president of the United States when a. Nelson Rockefeller resigned the vice presidency to become governor of New York. b. Spiro Agnew resigned on corruption charges and Nixon appointed Ford under the Twenty-Fifth Amendment. c. he was selected to replace Spiro Agnew as Nixon's vice president in the 1972 campaign. d. Nixon was impeached and Congress needed to select a new president. e. the Twenty-Fifth Amendment made the Speaker of the House vice president in case of potential impeachment.

B

p. 932 106. As part of the backlash against the women's movement, antifeminists blamed feminists for a. rising rates of juvenile delinquency. b. escalating divorce rates. c. increased teen pregnancy. d. rising incidences of violence against women. e. changing sexual norms.

B

p. 932 110. American Indian activists brought attention to their cause in the 1970s by seizing a. the Little Big Horn battleground and Mount Rushmore in the sacred Black Hills. b. Alcatraz Island and Wounded Knee, South Dakota. c. the major tribal headquarters throughout Oklahoma. d. salmon fishing grounds in Washington and trout streams in Wisconsin and Minnesota. e. the Tippecanoe battlefield and Mesa Verde National Park.

B

p. 933-934 118. President Carter believed that the fundamental problem of the American economy in the late 1970s was a. the absence of price controls on domestic oil production. b. U.S. dependence on foreign oil. c. the high import fees on foreign oil. d. the exhaustion of domestic oil supplies. e. the loss of a manufacturing base.

B

p. 916 58. Although the median income of American families stagnated from 1970s to 1990, the reason it didn't decline was a. people logged more hours. b. people were paid at a higher rate. c. wives' wages maintained the family income. d. people had fewer children. e. All of these

C

p. 920 74. In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court upheld a married couple's right to use contraceptives based on a. the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution. b. the First Amendment. c. a right to privacy. d. Roe v. Wade. e. the Fifth Amendment.

C

p. 921 78. Richard Nixon's legislation guaranteeing that Social Security raises would be indexed to guarantee against inflation a. enabled the Republican party to gain ownership of the Social Security issue over the Democrats. b. was economically supported by an increase in Social Security taxes. c. actually contributed to increased inflation in the 1970s. d. was an exception to Nixon's general hostility to Social Security. e. further demonstrated Nixon's support for the elderly and hostility to younger people.

C

p. 923 88. In 1973, the American public was shocked to learn that a. some American soldiers had committed massacres in Vietnam. b. the Vietnamese peace agreement would not last. c. the U.S. Air Force had been secretly bombing Cambodia since 1969. d. President Nixon had prepared plans to invade North Vietnam. e. the United States was threatening to use nuclear weapons in Vietnam and Cambodia.

C

p. 924 90. The 1973 War Powers Act a. gave the president the power to commit troops without declaring war. b. compelled President Nixon to end the secret bombing war in Cambodia. c. required presidential reporting and congressional approval of extended troop commitments. d. ended the military draft and created an all-volunteer army. e. required Congress to approve funds for military operations.

C

p. 924 91. As a result of U.S. support for Israel in 1973, when it was attacked by Egypt and Syria a. Israel took control of Syria. b. America had to reduce its aid to other nations. c. Arab nations placed an embargo on oil to America. d. the Soviet Union started sending arms to Syria. e. Israel was able to seize the Suez Canal.

C

p. 925 94. Richard Nixon tried to resist giving his taped conversations to the special prosecutor and the Congress by claiming that a. portions of the tape were erased. b. they were his private property. c. he had executive privilege (confidentiality). d. they were inaudible. e. it would violate his right to privacy.

C

p. 928 100. While most of the social movements born in the 1960s declined or disappeared, one that continued and gained even greater momentum in the 1970s was the a. counterculture movement. b. peace movement. c. feminist movement. d. civil rights movement. e. antipoverty movement.

C

p. 931 103. The "boat people" were a. Vietnamese immigrants who fled to the U.S. immediately after the fall of Saigon. b. Cuban refugees who fled communism and landed in Florida. c. a second wave of Vietnamese people who sought to escape oppressive communist regimes for freedom. d. Cambodians who came to the U.S. seeking a better life after the Vietnam War. e. None of these

C

p. 932 105. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) failed to be ratified by the needed 38 states largely because a. the Catholic Church opposed it. b. many Americans realized that its goals had already been achieved without amending the Constitution. c. an antifeminist backlash led by Phyllis Schlafly stirred sufficient opposition to stop it. d. many suspected that it would require such things as rigid quotas and unisex bathrooms. e. many Americans believed that equal gender treatment was a matter of changing attitudes, not creating laws.

C

p. 933 117. President Jimmy Carter's most spectacular foreign-policy achievement was the a. Panama Canal Treaty. b. Helsinki accords. c. Camp David agreement between Israel and Egypt. d. SALT II Treaty. e. Iran hostage release.

C

p. 937 119. The first major trouble to afflict President Carter's foreign policy was the a. Panamanian seizure of the Panama Canal. b. collapse of the Camp David accords between Israel and Egypt. c. ominous reheating of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. d. taking of American hostages in Lebanon. e. threatened Chinese invasion of Taiwan.

C

p. 938 123. The most humiliating failure during the Iran hostage crisis came when a. the militant Muslim Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah of Iran. b. America's allies refused to condemn the hostage takeover. c. President Carter's attempted mission to rescue the hostages ended in disaster. d. some of the U.S. hostages took the side of their Iranian captors. e. the Iranians demonstrated their ability to drive up American oil prices.

C

p. 917 60. The poor economic performance of the 1970s brought an abrupt end to a. American reliance on Middle Eastern oil. b. the Social Security and Medicare programs for the elderly. c. the increases in military spending of the 1960s. d. the liberal dream that affluent American could spend its way to social justice. e. reliance on the dollar as a stable international currency.

D

p. 917 65. Richard Nixon's Vietnam policy included all of the following except a. Vietnamization. b. extension of the war to Cambodia. c. massive bombing campaigns in Vietnam. d. increased American troop commitments. e. creating a draft lottery and reducing draft calls.

D

p. 917 | p. 918 | p. 923 | p. 924 66. The American armed forces in Vietnam were composed largely of a. marines. b. African Americans. c. soldiers in their middle and late twenties. d. the least privileged young Americans. e. professional career soldiers.

D

p. 918 68. President Nixon's 1970 invasion of Cambodia led to a. a successful suppression of Viet Cong gains in South Vietnam. b. congressional approval for an expanded war effort. c. a growing threat from China to enter the war on the side of North Vietnam. d. dramatic new waves of bitter domestic protest against the war. e. an end to the secret American bombing campaign against Cambodia.

D

p. 919 69. The ____ Amendment ____ the voting age to ____. a. Twenty-Sixth; raised; twenty-one b. Twenty-Fourth; lowered; eighteen c. Twenty-Fifth; raised; nineteen d. Twenty-Sixth; lowered; eighteen e. Twenty-Sixth; lowered; sixteen

D

p. 920 73. The Nixon administration still reflected a staunch anticommunist policy when it engaged in covert operations to overthrow the elected leftist government of a. Cuba. b. Mexico. c. China. d. Chile. e. Sweden.

D

p. 921 79. Richard Nixon's Philadelphia Plan a. was a direct attack on affirmative action. b. aimed at giving direct economic assistance to business. c. attempted to counter the Supreme Court's opposition to affirmative action. d. required construction trade unions to establish timetables and goals for hiring black apprentices. e. aimed to renovate inner cities like those in Philadelphia.

D

p. 921-922 80. The difference between Lyndon Johnson's affirmative action programs and those of Richard Nixon was a. very small. b. that Johnson intended his to help groups and Nixon intended his to help individuals. c. that Nixon's actions applied only to educational opportunities and did nothing for employment, while Johnson's helped both. d. that Johnson intended to help individuals, but Nixon conferred privileges on groups. e. that Johnson established quotas and Nixon ended them.

D

p. 922 81. The Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration aroused bitter opposition among many business people because a. they undermined strong efforts that businesses were already making to protect the environment and worker safety. b. the agencies were financed by new corporate business taxes. c. most business leaders were hostile to improvements in the environment or safety. d. they directly involved the federal government in many aspects of business decision making. e. they operated under laws passed by an antibusiness administration.

D

p. 922 85. George McGovern, the Democratic nominee for the presidency in 1972, alienated the traditional working-class backbone of the Democratic party a. by advocating a cut in Social Security. b. when he advocated an end to the Vietnam War. c. when it was discovered that he had undergone psychiatric care. d. by appealing to racial minorities, feminists, and youth. e. by opposing the power of labor unions.

D

p. 925-926 96. The most controversial action of Gerald Ford's presidency was a. signing the Helsinki accords with the Soviet Union. b. frantically evacuating the last Americans and Vietnamese by helicopter during the fall of South Vietnam to the communists. c. arranging the deal whereby Nixon resigned the president. d. pardoning Nixon for any known or unknown crimes he had committed while president. e. pardoning Vietnam War draft resisters and evaders.

D

p. 930 102. The proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), passed by Congress in 1972 and eventually ratified by 35 states, stated the following: a. "Congress shall pass no law restricting the equal right of privacy in marital relations or reproduction." b. "The equal rights of unborn citizens of the United States under the Fourteenth Amendment shall not be abridged." c. "Equal access to the courts of the United States and any state shall not be abridged on account of race, gender, or physical handicap." d. "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on the basis of sex." e. "Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed by the courts or any state to prohibit the guarantee of equal pay for equal work to women."

D

p. 932 108. The effect of the Supreme Court ruling in Milliken v. Bradley, which held that integration did not have to take place across school district lines, was to a. encourage voluntary busing programs. b. cause Congress to pass laws equalizing school funding in different districts. c. turn public attention to eliminating segregated housing patterns. d. reinforce the division between poorer, minority inner city schools and nearly all-white suburbs. e. end school busing programs in favor of the neighborhood school.

D

p. 933 115. Jimmy Carter quickly found himself in political trouble because he a. emphasized his Southern Baptist beliefs in his public speeches. b. seemed to lack fundamental moral and religious values. c. proved too ready to compromise with Republicans in Congress. d. relied too heavily on a small circle of Georgia advisers. e. spent too much time on foreign policy and not enough on the economy.

D

p. 934 112. On which of the following issues did most second wave feminists agree? a. Marriage b. How much to expect from the government, capitalism, and men c. Pornography d. Abortion rights e. Maternity leaves and special protections for women in the workplace

D

p. 938 122. President Carter's malaise speech was notable for a. demonstrating his close ties to the American people and the mood of the country. b. predicting the economic downturn of the 1970s. c. forecasting the future problems the nation would face if it did not address its dependency on foreign oil. d. chiding Americans for falling into a moral and spiritual crisis in their quest to acquire material goods. e. inspiring Americans to become more involved in their communities and local government.

D

57. One reason for the end of the postwar economic boom in the 1970s was a. the entry of large numbers of women in the workforce. b. the Arab oil embargo. c. a decline in technological innovation. d. a lack of government safety and health regulations. e. a drastic decline in worker productivity.

E

p. 917 62. Despite his political skills and foreign policy knowledge, Richard Nixon harbored deep and bitter resentments against a. the conservative, Goldwater wing of the Republican party. b. women whom he blamed for undermining traditional conservative values. c. the Communist great powers, China and the Soviet Union, which threatened America. d. the Catholic Church that be believed looked down on his own Quaker religion. e. the liberal establishment that had fought him throughout his career.

E

p. 917 63. Perhaps Richard Nixon's most valuable asset as he began his presidency in 1969 was his a. naturally conciliatory manner. b. inclination to try to work openly with antiwar liberals to halt the Vietnam War. c. close connection with former President Eisenhower. d. clear mandate from the public as a result of his 1968 election victory. e. expertise in foreign affairs.

E

p. 919 70. The top-secret Pentagon Papers, leaked and published in 1971 a. revealed President Nixon's role in the Watergate scandal. b. documented the North Vietnamese attack in the Gulf of Tonkin. c. exposed President Nixon's secret bombing war of Cambodia. d. was the first the American public knew of the Nixon Doctrine. e. exposed the deception that had led the United States into the Vietnam War.

E

p. 919 72. Richard Nixon's policy of détente a. was designed to improve relations between the Soviet Union and China. b. was aimed at ending the division of Germany and Korea. c. was a failure. d. found support in the Democratic party but not the Republican party. e. ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between the United States and the two leading communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.

E

p. 921 77. When it came to welfare programs, Richard Nixon a. sought to exclude African Americans. b. tried to repeal only food stamps and Medicaid. c. did little to reduce the poverty rate. d. did his best to do away with Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs. e. supported significant expansion in many areas.

E

p. 921-922 82. All of the following were created during Richard Nixon's presidency except a. the Environmental Protection Agency. b. Supplemental Security Income for the blind, disabled, and indigent aged. c. the Endangered Species Act. d. the Occupational Health and Safety Administration. e. the Medicare program.

E

p. 922 84. Richard Nixon's southern strategy included the policy of a. completely overhauling the welfare system. b. ending the Vietnam War. c. moving nearly all military bases to the southern states. d. appointing only southerners to the Supreme Court. e. soft-pedaling civil rights and opposing school busing to achieve racial balance.

E

p. 923-924 87. As part of the cease-fire agreement in Vietnam in 1973 a. the United States ended the bombing of Cambodia. b. the United States stopped all economic and military aid to South Vietnam. c. North Vietnam withdrew all its troops from South Vietnam. d. the Viet Cong joined a coalition government in South Vietnam. e. the United States withdrew all its troops from Vietnam.

E

p. 924 89. In response to Congress's attempt to stop him from continuing the bombing of Cambodia, President Nixon a. began using secret agents to intimidate members of Congress. b. gradually reduced the number of bombing raids. c. shifted the bombing campaign to Laos. d. declared that he was stopping the bombing but continued the campaign secretly. e. repeatedly vetoed Congress's bills to halt the attacks.

E

p. 924 92. America's strong support for Israel in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War led to a. a vigorous effort to end America's reliance on imported oil. b. considerably lower energy prices for European countries that had remained neutral in the war. c. an increasing alliance between Arab nations and the Soviet Union. d. America's growing reliance on Iran as its major source of Middle Eastern oil. e. an OPEC oil boycott of the United States and a subsequent energy crisis and recession.

E

p. 928 98. The people of the United States had provided just about everything for South Vietnam except a. the most sophisticated aircraft. b. hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops. c. enough time to win. d. enough money to build its own military. e. the will to win the war.

E

p. 929 | p. 930 99. When the North Vietnamese launched a full-scale invasion of South Vietnam in 1975, a. the United States provided even more military aid to South Vietnam. b. the Chinese intervened to seek a neutral settlement. c. the United States renewed bombing against North Vietnam. d. all the South Vietnamese who supported the United States were trapped inside the country. e. the South Vietnamese government quickly collapsed.

E

p. 931 104. The Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade declared state laws prohibiting abortion were unconstitutional because they a. violated the First Amendment by using a religious definition of person. b. violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by placing a particular burden on women not placed on men. c. wrote into law a particular philosophical and scientific view of human life that imposed unfair treatment on those who disagreed. d. violated the Fifth Amendment by interfering with doctors' professional medical practices. e. violated a woman's constitutional right to privacy in her own person.

E

p. 932 109. The Supreme Court, in the Bakke case, held that a. all forms of affirmative action in college admissions were unconstitutional. b. reverse discrimination was just as wrong as antiblack discrimination. c. public universities could impose racial quotas but private universities did not have to do so. d. it was acceptable for universities to establish minority-based programs and housing arrangements. e. racial quotas were unconstitutional but race could be taken into account as one factor in college admissions.

E

p. 933 116. The guiding principle of President Carter's foreign policy was a. isolationism. b. containment. c. détente. d. unilateralism. e. human rights.

E

p. 936 120. The oil shocks of the 1970s brought home to Americans the stunning fact that a. the private automobile was not sustainable as the major mode of transportation. b. they would have to invest in new forms of energy. c. the United States had run completely out of oil. d. the United States would have to become militarily engaged in the Middle East conflicts. e. their economy was increasingly dependent on foreign trade and the global economy.

E

p. 936 121. The SALT II Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States died in the Senate when the Soviets a. refused to sign the Helsinki accords. b. cracked down on Soviet dissidents. c. halted the immigration of Soviet Jews to Israel. d. helped Muslim fundamentalists to overthrow the shah of Iran. e. invaded Afghanistan.

E