40 mark Exam Questions
Discuss the view that the impact of earthquake hazards depends primarily on human factors.(40 marks)
*Area of Topic: Causes of the intensity of earthquakes and volcanoes *Argument: Human factors make impacts of earthquake hazards more severe *Relevant Case Studies: Haiti earthquake, Japan earthquake and tsunami *Structure: Social-quality of education and preparation Political- the stability of the government/relationship with other countries Economic- poverty of the country Environmental/physical factors- depth, magnitude of earthquake, climate Demographic- ageing/working population *Synoptic points: Climate of Haiti, Demographic of Japan (working/ageing population, dependency ratio) *Twist of Question: Depends on previous disasters, perspective, time frame
"Natural Disasters are often not Natural Disasters, but are in fact Human Disasters" Discuss this statement in relation to seismic events. (40 marks)
*Area of Topic: Causes of the intensity of earthquakes and volcanoes *Argument: Natural disasters are always made more severe by human failures *Relevant Case Studies: Haiti earthquake, Japan earthquake and tsunami *Structure: Social-quality of education and preparation Political- the stability of the government/relationship with other countries Economic- poverty of the country Environmental/physical factors- depth, magnitude of earthquake, climate Demographic- ageing/working population *Synoptic points: Climate of Haiti, Demographic of Japan (working/ageing population, dependency ratio) *Twist of Question: Depends on previous disasters, perspective, time frame
Analyse the reasons for separatism within and/or across national boundaries, and discuss its consequences (40)
*Argument- Both social reasons and consequences are greatest, primarily due to the cleavage model. *Structure- SPEED with case studies in each paragraph ........................................................................................................... INTRO- Define separatism, outline argument SOCIAL CAUSES •Kurds- ethnicity and language shared, discrimination, more control of education •Basques- own culture and language SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES •Kurds +End of genocide at end of Hussein Government -PKK launches kidnaps and suicide bombs on Turkey -3000 Kurdish villages destroyed -Turks made Kurdish illegal •Basques +Preserved own culture through festivals, language in media -ETA killed 829, dozens of kidnappings -Terrorism, 2006 bomb in Madrid airport POLITICAL CAUSES •Kurds- World's largest diaspora- enough power to have a voice POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES •Kurds +Major winner of syrian crisis- gained control of unstable areas •Scotland +Own parliament since 1999- power over education +2011 SNP 50% vote, largest group in Scottish parliament -Referendum 'No'= 55%, 250 protests •Corsica +Removal of french colonisation including army +Set up popular democratic gov •Basques +Nationalist party gained greater independence ECONOMIC CAUSES •Scotland -Oil in N. sea for own benefit -Move all nuclear missile stocks to England to save money -More suitable immigration e.g. working pop •Basques -More wealth if separate (large fishing industry) ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES •Kurds- Tourism decline ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES •Scotland, Corsica and Basques- cleavage model •Corsica- becoming 'concrete jungle' due to business homes CONCLUSION Outline argument Twist- depends on LEDC/MEDC, perspective
To what extent can planning and preparedness mitigate the impacts of tropical storms? (40 marks)
*Argument- Preparedness and Planning mitigate the effects of tropical revolving storms to a huge extent *Structure- Social preparation, Economic Preparation, Environmental Preparation ....................................................................................................... SOCIAL Katrina -28% residents in poverty before storm -Frequent hurricanes=complacency -Lack of transport/mobility (59% blacks no transport) -N.O below sea level -Saw 6 days before Haiyan -High population density 300/km2 -No warning of storm surge POLITICAL Katrina -Slow Gov. response -Neighbouring states couldn't cope with influx Haiyan -Had prepared plans but no gov. officials ECONOMIC Katrina -28% residents in poverty before storm -Under-engineered pumps and levees ENVIRONMENTAL Katrina -2004 was worst season, intensity=CAT 5 -Size of area affected- 90 000m2 -Strongest winds east of wall but NO suffered west -Surface sea temps v. high -Large diameter Haiyan -Huge storm surge, -Wrong wind direction -Coastal topography- bay acted as funnel Phailan -165mph winds but prepared 800 000 to be evacuated so only 44 died CONCLUSION -Argument -Depends on perspective -Difference between mitigating against social and economic impacts?
"Commerce with all nations and alliance with none should be our motto" (Thomas Jefferson) To what extent do you agree with this statement? (40 marks)
*Argument-Strongly disagree with statement. Whilst groupings of nations do have issues, overall benefits outweigh negatives. Social groups better than economic? *Structure- caste study (+ and - of each) ............................................................................................................. INTRO- Define commerce and alliance Jefferson is saying s+e groups are bad Outline argument and structure EU -Reason= develop alliance between nations, post WW2 security, laws on human rights and env, free movement +Ec= Lower priced goods and services (e.g. phone prices <30p/min, protection from overpriced holiday packages +Soc= Freedom of movement- more jobs, workers protection rest/ 6 hours -Soc= High cost membership- unfair shares (e.g. UK £6.8 billion spending cost, Romania benefit more) -Soc= Immigration overcrowding +Env- 92% tourist locations in EU reach min. sea water quality standards UN- 193 nations +Millenium dev goals (e.g. HIV decreased by 40% by 2013 and 91% in primary education) -Slow progress- 120 million can't read/write -Too slow in Rwanda genocide, no access, not effective conflict within nation NAFTA -Reason= Protect sensitive industries (US sugars), trade services encouraged +US benefit from Mexico's low wage rates +1 million new jobs in Canada +Mexico becoming host country to TNCs -Mexico too dependent on USA -US skilled workers forced lower wage jobs CONCLUSION -Outline argument -Twist- benefits more MEDCs- widens gap e.g. UK and Brazil/perspective
"Replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy is the most effective way for the UK to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions" To what extent do you agree?
*Argument: -It is the best largescale way, however there are many other small-scale ways which individuals and communities can be involved in which can be just as effective. -Energy is only 25-30% of GHG emissions- we must consider every sector *Structure: National/Regional/Local ........................................................................................................ INTRO: Define greenhouse gas emissions, outline argument and structure NATIONAL: •Replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources ✔UK- 9 offshore windfarms off coast in 2010- capable of producing 25% UK electricity ✔Biofuel alternative to petrol/diesel- cleaner gas emissions ✘High pollution to set up renewable sources ✘Some renewables aren't reliable e.g. wind only effective at 12mph+ ✘Solar fields take habitats and agricultural land •New tech to cut emissions from power stations ✔Carbon capture cut CO2 emissions from stations by 90% ✘Risk of leakage, ✘Still at developmental stage •Committee on Climate Change ✔Advises Gov. on emissions targets and reports to parliament REGIONAL: •Public transport Improvements e.g. Oyster card, Boris Bikes •Vehicle restrictions e.g. congestion charge, road rationing •County targets LOCAL/INDIVIDUAL •Buying local- reduces aircraft emissions, heated greenhouses high energy consumption ✘Hard to change habits •Energy efficient appliances e.g. fridges- if all UK upgrade, could save 3.7 million tonnes CO2/year ✘Waste from old appliances ✘Reluctant to spend money CONCLUSION -Outline argument -Twist: depends on timescale, definition of 'effective'- economically/in comparison to other countries, even if we do- what about India/China etc.
"The Earth has a fever, and the fever is rising...we are what is wrong and we must make it right" To what extent do you agree? (40 marks)
*Argument: Agree to a great extent *Structure: For/Against ............................................................................................. INTRO -Outline argument and structure -Define global warming- recent temperature changes 0.5 degree increase since 1980s FOR (Human causes, effectiveness of responses) "We are what is wrong" -Burning fossil fuels (30%)- release CO2 when burnt -Deforestation (10%)- removal of sinks, CO2 released when burnt -Farming (12%)- No emissions, methane from livestock and fields -Positive feedback loop "We must make it right" (Local/National/Global) -Kyoto protocol to reduce emissions by 5% by 2012 -Paris talks- limit temp rise by 2 degrees and greenhouse gas emissions -New tech to cut emissions e.g. carbon capture -Energy conservation at home- grants for new boilers, financial incentives if renewables generate more than needed AGAINST (natural causes, ineffective response) "We are not what is wrong" -Milankovitch Cycles- eccentricity, obliquity, precession -Volcanic eruptions- release CO2 "We must not make it right" -Kyoto protocol- 4 countries with highest emissions didn't sign up -Some countries moved carbon intensive industries overseas -Paris Climate talks- only elements are legally binding, should have tougher target -Changing energy mix- env problems with renewables -Carbon capture tech- uses fuels, risk of leakage -Reducing emissions from transport- old cars with high emissions still on roads, emissions produced to design new cars CONCLUSION -Summarise argument -Twist- local/national/global scale better?, MEDC/LEDC- did LEDC make it happen?, depends on perspective? Depends on timescale of causes?
"Living in a multicultural society takes time"- To what extent do you agree with this statement?
*Argument: Agree to a great extent; it takes a long time to happen *Structure: For/Against Yes it does take time- Newham, Oldham, Policies No it doesn't take time- Coexisting, historical reasons, Poland, most recent wave *Case Studies- Poland, Newham, Oldham *Synopticity- Discrimination, Social welfare, ageing population- dependency ratio *Twist- depends on area (income, jobs, number of immigrants), depends on definition of multiculturism
Evaluate how tectonic theory helps our understanding of the distribution of seismic and volcanic events (40 marks)
*Argument: All tectonic theories combine and work together to achieve our current knowledge of distribution of seismic and volcanic events *Structure: Paragraph for each theory .................................................................................................................. INTRO: Outline argument, define tectonic plates, location of earthquakes (Haiti, Tohoku) and eruptions (Ejallafjallajokull, Nyriagongo) WEGENER: -Proposal of 'super continent' -Evidence; fossils, jigsaw fit, living organisms, geology, climatology -Helpful- gave basics -Not helpful- no mechanism, only meterologist, where do plates go? CONVECTION CURRENTS: -Explain process -Helpful- explains movements of plates -Not helpful- doesn't explain how movement causes events CHARLES WYVILLE THOMPSON: -Ocean survey 1872, Mid atlantic ridge -Helpful- result of seismic events -Not helpful- no explanation of formation ARTHUR HOLMES: -'Physicals of Geography' 1944 -Helpful- focused on mechanisms of plate movement HARRY HESS: -1960s Seafloor spreading, subduction -Helpful- Prove location of seafloor spreading and explanation for movement DRUMMOND AND MATTHEWS: Paleomagnetism -Helpful- Prove seafloor spreading -Not helpful- couldn't explain distribution DISTRIBUTION OF EVENTS: -Constructive boundaries and landforms -Conservative boundaries and earthquakes -Destructive boundaries. landforms, earthquakes -Helpful: Knowledge of boundaries process leads to understanding of earthquakes and eruptions NEGATIVES OF TECTONIC THEORY -Events don't always lie on margins e.g. Scottish 'mini' earthquake -Hotspots cause seismic and volcanic events -Fracking creates earthquakes CONCLUSION: -Outline argument -Twist- depends on whose theory, how general understanding is.
To what extent can development be made sustainable? (40)
*Argument: Development can be sustainable to a great extent, however in most countries, the economy must be made sustainable before the environment is made sustainable (Kuznets) *Structure: Ec&Env, Ec not Env, Social, Ec then Env, neither ........................................................................................................... INTRO: Define different types of sustainability (social, economic, environmental) Introduce argument and structure ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY +Debt for nature- e.g. Brazil/USA +Obama green economy +Sustainable tourism e.g. paradise bay, Grenada ECONOMIC BUT NOT ENVIRONMENTAL •Brazil (NIC)- developing rapidly but with deforestation, pollution •China " " " SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY +Sustainable tourism protecting communities and cultures e.g. Kasbah du Toubkal, Morocco- 5% charge for health and education -TNCs- help to develop economy through X effect, but has negative consequences socially and environmentally e.g. Walmart land, Primark conditions ECONOMY FIRST, ENVIRONMENT LATER +Kyoto agreement- must be MEDC first +US reached 'turning point' at $10 600 income -Some environmental deterioration is irreversible NO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT •e.g. Honduras- 30% rainforest lost since 1960 CONCLUSION •Outline argument •Twist- depends on scale (company/national/global)
"Technology is the best way to reduce the impact of an earthquake" To what extent do you agree? (40)
*Argument: Disagree to a great extent *Structure: SPEED *Case Studies: Haiti, Tohoku, L'Aquila ................................................................................................... INTRO: Define earthquake, outline argument SOCIAL: •Building techniques e.g. L'Aquila- traditional brick not reinforced •Complacency e.g. Tohoku, lack of knowledge •High population density e.g. Haiti 2 million in P-a-P due to r-u migration ∴ These factors can't be fixed using tech •However, Earthquake proof buildings are effective in Japan e.g. steel frames, shock absorbers, weights POLITICAL •Instability/corruption worsens risk e.g. Haiti long history of political instability •Lack of organisation e.g. Tohoku by June, only 44% housing occupied- Bureaucrats debated criteria •Aid dependency e.g. L'Aquila- PM rejected aid ∴ These factors can't be fixed using tech ECONOMIC •Dependency on agricultural farming- Haiti •If debts need repaying, unable to respond to disaster e.g. Haiti spends 80% revenue repaying french debts •Tech can't be used/invested if economy is weak ENVIRONMENTAL •Soft soil= vulnerable land in L'Aquila •Timing- 1:32am in L'Aquila •Epicentre only 25km away from P-a-P Haiti •Pressure building for 200 years in Haiti ∴ Tech can't fix these factors •However, Monitoring and warning systems are effective in Japan e.g. seismometers to monitor tremors/water levels, radon gas sensors, satellite surveying/remote sensing CONCLUSION •Outline argument •Twist- depends on development, may be better in MEDCs
"NICs have been, and continue to be, the driving force of globalisation" To what extent do you agree? (40 marks)
*Argument: Disagree- NICs are only a small part of reason for globalisation *Structure: For/against *Case Studies: S. Korea, China, India, Brazil (NICs) and TNCs, New tech, Oil producers, Global reasons (better reasons for globalisation) ............................................................................................................ INTRO: Define NIC and globalisation, introduce argument and structure AGAINST STATEMENT (Better reasons) -New Technology is a better reason (e.g. computer aided machinery for manufacturing, production and distribution, investment -Oil producing countries are a better reasons (e.g. oil used to invest- leads to concentrated economies -TNCs are primary reasons (e.g. Wal-mart= more communication between countries, spread of western culture) FOR STATEMENT (NICs are main reason) -Global shift (MEDC domination- LEDC bounce back) -S. Korea (Mature NIC, Asian Tiger)- Motor and electronics industry are driving forces, but are not driving force due to r-u migration, growth slower as income rises, growth too fast has led to financial crisis -China (+ Impacts= development of renewable energy, demand for resources has enabled poor nations to export, - Impacts= wide dev gap between E&W, one of largest CO2 producers) -India (Bangalore has been driving force of IT industry) -Brazil (reasons for glob include tourism, infrastructure, Direct Foreign investment, Natural resources) CONCLUSION -Summarise argument -Twist- depends on time period (e.g. NICs &global shift better in 20th century, TNCs and tech better in 21st century
Analyse the factors that cause differences in the hazards posed by volcanoes around the world (40)
*Argument: Human factors make impacts of hazards posed by volcanoes more severe *Structure: SPEED *Case studies- Iceland, Nyiragongo ................................................................................................. INTRO: Define volcanic hazard, outline argument and structure SOCIAL FACTORS: •Population density- volcanoes attract tourists (providing jobs), fertile soil, geothermal energy •Planning and preparation- e.g. Sakurajima- most monitored volcano •Complacency due to frequency of eruptions e.g. Nyiragongo POLITICAL FACTORS •Corrupt governments slow to provide aid e.g. Nyiragongo- 350 000 still dependent on aid one month after •Detailed evacuation plans reduce risk of hazard e.g. Iceland text system •Relations with other countries e.g. Gangs in Rwanda threatened Congo refugees ECONOMIC FACTORS •Dependency on agricultural trade/tourism- Nyiragongo 80% local economy destroyed as lava polluted water and crops, methane killed livestock, tourist trade collapsed •Dependency on international aid e.g. Iceland able to recover alone, Congo reliant on surrounding countries for refuge etc. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS •Time of day- 9:30am in Congo, over 3 months in Iceland •Type of eruption- Hawaiian in Congo- basaltic lava, runny, Strombolian in Iceland- ash •Flooding in Iceland, not in congo DEMOGRAPHIC •Ageing population higher dep. ratio, unable to evacuate e.g. Japan •Ageing population more complacent or more aware CONCLUSION •Outline argument •Twist- Physical factors responsible for nature of hazard, human factors responsible fore impact of hazard
Analyse the causes of poverty in the world and analyse attempts to address it (40 marks)
*Argument: Location is the biggest cause of poverty, MDGs are the most successful way of addressing conflict *Structure: SPEED (causes and attempts together in one paragraph) *Case Studies: Causes= Malawi, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Nat. Disasters Combatting= MDGs, HIPC Initiative, DFID, Ripple Africa *Twist: How is poverty defined (relative/absolute), Perspective. ................................................................................................................... INTRO -Define absolute poverty -State argument -Outline thematic structure SOCIAL CAUSES -Social inequality in Rwanda -Education Pressures in Malawi -Health in Malawi SOCIAL SOLUTIONS -MDG 2- education -MDG 6- combat HIV POLITICAL CAUSES -Government corruption in Zimbabwe POLITICAL SOLUTIONS -DFID's anti-corruption strategy in Malawi ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES -Location of Malawi- droughts, wildfires, floods, deforestation, erosion- crop dependency -Natural Disasters in Haiti ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS -Ripple Africa tree planting ECONOMIC CAUSES -Trade in Malawi- 53% tobacco, take crop land -Conflict- money focused on military in Afghanistan ECONOMIC SOLUTIONS -Few solutions for trade, relying on location -HIPC Initiative CONCLUSION -Argument -Twist
Assess the role of social and economic groupings of nations in the the world today (40).
*Argument: More positive roles, social benefits most significant as economic benefits lead to social benefits (OR have more benefits for those who are members of them OR poorest nations have negative impacts) *Structure: SPEED, with + and - in each ...................................................................................................... INTRO: Outline argument and structure, define s&e grouping SOCIAL: +Better jobs and workers protection e.g. EU weekly hours <48 hours/week +Health benefits e.g. EU EHIC card, MDGs -Overcrowding due to immigration e.g. EU- lack of skilled workers, loss of immigration control -UN's efforts unsuccessful in Rwanda -UN's MDGs -Less safety e.g. NAFTA truck safety ECONOMIC +Lower priced goods and services e.g. EU calls +Development of under-developed nations e.g. EU invest in infrastructure, NAFTA- Mexico now host country +Fewer trade barriers e.g. WTO- leads to more growth -EU- problems with single currency- Romania benefits more -EU- high cost of membership -NAFTA- wage reductions in US ENVIRONMENTAL +EU- 92% tourist locations met min. water standards +UN- targeting deforestation, by being peaceforce in conflict, indirectly reduces military waste -Increases trade by reducing barriers- fuel consumption POLITICAL -Increases dependency on other countries -MEDCs benefit more? CONCLUSION -Outline argument -Twist- depends on timescale, perspective, development of countries etc.
To what extent is the climate of the British Isles a product of the air masses that affect it? (40 marks)
*Argument: Other major climate controls have more of a consistent influence of British climate because they determine the type of air masses present. *Structure: Intro, Temperature, Rainfall, Wind speed, conclusion ............................................................................................................... INTRO: Outline argument, British Climate, Air Masses TEMPERATURE: -Outline British temperature patterns and examples -Polar continental- brings lowest temps -Tropical continental- brings highest temps -Tropical maritime raises winter above average -Latitude -Altitude -Ocean currents -Urban 'heat island effect' -Anticyclones (hot day temps in summer, cold day temps in winter) RAINFALL: -Outline British rain patterns and examples -Polar maritime- most common to affect Britain, becomes unstable over Atlantic, frequent showers, moves W due to C. force -Arctic maritime- only between Oct-May, brings snow/hail showers -Orographic relief rain caused by mountains on W causing air to rise, cool and fall on East -Depressions- rain following fronts WINDSPEED: -Outline British wind patterns and examples -Altitude- less friction in upland areas -Prevailing wind from west losing friction -Depressions- patterns following fronts -Anticyclones- calm winds CONCLUSION: Outline argument Twist- depends on timescale (major controls more local?
Critically evaluate the outcomes of globalisation (40)
*Argument: Outcomes of globalisation are more beneficial for MEDCs than LEDCs *Structure: One outcome for each paragraph ........................................................................................................... INTRO: Define globalisation, outline argument and structure 1) GROWTH OF TNCs (global shift) •These have developed because (link to glob) •Positive Impacts on countries of origin (MEDCs) +Profits from activities abroad invested in health, education +More highly skilled jobs in origin +Encourages trade deals •Negative Impacts on host countries (LEDCs/NICs) -Poor working conditions e.g. Primark Rana Plaza -Local businesses can't compete -R-U migration 2) DEVELOPMENT OF S&E GROUPINGS •Link to globalisation •Positive Impacts of groupings on MEDCs +Settling conflict +EU Benefits (EHIC, workers protection) +NAFTA (Canada trade increased 80%) •Negative Impacts of groupings on LEDCs -NAFTA- Mexico too dependent on USA -Small-scale farmers can't compete with large businesses -UN conflict resolution didn't work in Rwanda 3) MULTICULTURALISM •Link to globalisation •Positive Impacts on MEDC +Less conflict +More awareness +e.g. Newham +Combat dep. ratio •Negative Impacts on LEDC -Loss of culture -e.g. Oldham race riots 4) INCREASED TOURISM •Link to globalisation •Positive impacts on MEDCs +More travel, awareness •Negative Impacts on LEDCs -Environment, travel 5) ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION -China, Brazil -TNCs +More awareness 6) 'Global Culture' growth +Roles of women +Glocalisation +Less conflict -Lack of diversity, identity -Terrorism CONCLUSION: -Outline argument -Twist- depends on perspective e.g. immigrant/textile worker -Depends on timescale- will get better as time goes on
Discuss the issues that separatism has brought to different areas of the world. (40 marks)
*Argument: Social issues have been the most extreme during fights for separatism *Structure: SPEED *Twist: Depends on MEDC/LEDC, depends on reason for separatism *Case Studies: Kurds, Scot, Basque, Corsica ...................................................................................................... INTRO: Define separatism, introduce argument, outline reasons for separatism SOCIAL: -Kurds; PKK kidnaps, 3000 villages destroyed 1998, emmigration for better life (left families) -Scots; Assertive conflict, graffiti, 2 arrests -Corsica; Bombs, assaults, robberies aimed at public buildings, 1976 saw 21 bombs on Nice -Basques; terrorism, 2006 saw bomb in Madrid airport, ETA target military, police, MPs ECONOMIC: -Kurds; Tourism declined by 20% in Turkey, emigration for better life, decrease in working pop -Scots; 250 in protests- out of work short term -Corsica; Tourism declined, fewer working pop, high dep ratio -Basques; tourism declined, less trust in steel industry POLITICAL: -Kurds; Turks made Kurdish illegal, unstable government, Sadam ussein killed 5000 poison gas -Scotland; Referendum "No"= 55.3% 2014, Brexit brought back to light, second ref? -Basques; broken ceasefires ENVIRONMENTAL: -Corsica; becoming 'concrete jungle' due to business homes not in use -Kurds; bombings in villages removing agricultural land, conflict puts pressure on water sources, positive feedback- causes more conflict CONCLUSION: -Summarise argument, Twist
"The struggle for separatism is very rarely worthwhile" To what extent do you agree? (40 marks)
*Argument: Struggle for separatism is more worthwhile in MEDC countries. *Structure: Case study *Twist: Depends on whether country has been separate before? *Case Studies: Kurds, Basques, Corsica, Scotland ......................................................................................................... INTRODUCTION- Define separatism, outline argument KURDS (LEDC) +Major winners of Syrian Crisis- gained control of land +End of genocide at end of Hussein Gov. +'De Facto' state since 2000 -PKK Kidnaps suicide bombs, village destroyed -Tourism declined by 20% -Turks made Kurdish illegal SCOTLAND (MEDC) +Own parliament since 1999- power over education +SNP largest group in parliament 2011 (50% of vote) -'No' in referendum 55.3% CORSICA (MEDC) + Removal of french colonialism including army +Set up popular democratic gov. (some autonomy) -Becoming concrete jungle BASQUES (MEDC) +Preserved culture- festivals, language +Basques nationalist party gained more independence +Area of Spanish Basque has own parliament and police force -ETA killed 829 -Broken ceasefires -Only some independence- want more CONCLUSION -Outline argument -Twist
Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that plate tectonics theory is valid. Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. (40 marks)
*Argument: There are better pieces of evidence towards proving this theory, such as landforms at plate boundaries, Wegener's evidence etc... *Structure: For tectonic theory, Against Tectonic theory ....................................................................................................... INTRO: Define plate tectonics theory Introduce argument FOR TECTONICS THEORY -Wegener; fossils, living species, jigsaw, climatology, +limitations -Wyville Thompson-1972- Ocean survey, mid atlantic ridge -Arthur Holmes- 1928- molten rock driven by convection -Harry Hess-1960s- sea floor spreading -Vine and Matthews-1963-paleomagnetism, seafloor spreading -Destructive boundary- explain process e.g. Japan earthquake and tsunami- Pacific subducting beneath Eurasian (Deep Sea Trench marks line of subduction, Island Arcs show building of lava produced from mantle, Fold Mountains show building of sediment on continental crust) -Constructive boundary- explain process e.g. Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Mid-ocean ridge/Rift valley- only explanation is tectonic theory) AGAINST TECTONIC THEORY -Hotspots- explain process, helps to explain anomalous volcanism and seismic activity e.g. Scotland 'mini' earthquakes -G.Foulger-2003- challenged hotspots, used weaknesses that exist in tectonic plates, all plates have 'scars' from previous collisions- when crust is stretched, mantle drops in pressure so magma escapes -No proof for convection currents- no technology to go deep enough -Where they're occuring now doesn't explain what happened in the past/ will happen in the future e.g. Intrusive landforms on Dartmoor -Some earthquakes caused by human activity e.g. mining CONCLUSION -Outline argument -Briefly + and - of tectonics -Twist- there can be multiple causes of seismic and volcanic events therefore no 'one' idea is correct- combination of all.
"There can be no development without security and no security without development." To what extent do you agree? (40 marks)
*Argument: on the whole, I believe there can be no development without security. *Structure: case studies with a for argument and against argument in some case studies. *Case Studies: Afghanistan (both for and against) Zimbabwe (for) Rwanda (for and some against) Somalia (for and against) *Twist: depends on scale of conflict, perspective, relying on development of other countries, definitions of both (economy security=development?), UK is energy secure, yet developed.
Trade vs Aid- Discuss (40)
*Argument= Aid and trade must be used together to be most successful *Structure= Aid +- (MDGs, DFID, Ripple Africa), Trade +- (WTO, NAFTA), Both- Uganda, Fairtrade, INTRO= outline argument, define trade and aid, outline structure AID -Short term vital for development e.g. Haiti earthquake -Long term used to invest in industries e.g. DFID -Top Down- corrupt governments may spend aid inappropriately, need developed infra to deliver e.g. MDGs -Bottom-up- targets community needs e.g. Ripple Africa TRADE ✓ Increases economic growth- X effect ✓ More effective in long term e.g. NAFTA ✓ Countries forced to add value to raw materials e.g. cocoa to chocolate ✗ LEDCs can't match prices ✗ Money should be diverted to other issues e.g. conflict AID AND TRADE •Uganda aid into trade -IMF loans- structural adjustment- trade liberalisaition- cash crops +WTO Aid for Trade to strengthen capacity +World Bank- Bujagali dam electrical supply •Fair Trade- bottom up scheme, lift LEDCs out of poverty, Social premium, Sainsubury's CONCLUSION -Twist -Summarise argument- depends on perspective, development
"Large cities have their own climatic conditions" To what extent is this true? (40 marks)
*Argument= Has own weather but not own climate *Case Studies= smogs in London, London temps & rain *Structure= For/Against ............................................................................................................. INTRO: Define Climate, Introduce Argument FOR: Does have own climate/weather TEMPERATURE -Urban heat island (London 11 degrees in CBD, 5 degrees in suburbs in spring) -Reasons for heat island (release heat from buildings, absorption by tarmac, air pollution, absence of water and winds) PRECIPITATION -Urban areas increase UK total by 30% -Reasons for rain (urban boundary layer, more condensation nuclei) WIND -Average wind speed lower in cities -Reasons (tall buildings= friction, some gusts due to surface roughness, venturi effect, orographic effect) AIR QUALITY -Particulate pollution (vehicles, mining, pollen) -Photochemical smog (climate change, global warming, fossil fuels) -History of London's air quality AGAINST (has same climate) -Major climate controls (ocean circulation, latitude, altitude) -Air Masses (don't just stop once at cities, outline each) -Depressions/anticyclones CONCLUSION -Outline argument -Twist- depends on season/global location
Discuss the view that countries at very low levels of economic development face issues that are beyond their capability to resolve on their own (40 marks)
*Argument= On the whole, countries at low levels of development are reliant on other countries to tackle development issues- MEDCs need to 'kickstart' economy, then LEDC can take over *Structure= SPEED *Twist= Depends on reason for lack of development e.g. conflict/location ........................................................................................................ INTRO: Outline argument and structure, Define development SOCIAL: X Education in Malawi is reliant on MDGs (11% out of p. school= pressure on gov, high dep ratio, MDGs increased average education to 4.2 years, fall in dependency ratio to 95.2) ✓ Health in Malawi helped by MaiKanda Programme and Ripple Africa (was 1 hospital bed/1000, life expectency=60, now 29 health centres) POLITICAL X Malawi corrupt past governments reliant on DFID- President Mutharkia blamed for bad economy (tax evasion, brother's murder), DFID anti-corruption strategy to safeguard tax payer's money and tackle fraud ECONOMIC X LEDCs reliant on TNCs to provide employment, can develop into secondary industry e.g. Walmart in Bangladesh X LEDCs reliant on S&E groupings (e.g. NAFTA opened up trade for Mexico, UN MDGs) X Trade cannot be improved if LEDC's location not suitable (e.g. Malawi landlocked, relies on Mozambique for trade) ENVIRONMENTAL X Location can't be changed (Malawi landlocked) ✓Farming and agriculture can be improved without international aid (e.g. Malwi livestock ownership was low, employs 80%, Gov helps subsistence farmers by providing soil maps, revival of banana industry, calory intake 2-2334 since 1961) ✓Deforestation- Can be improved without int. aid (e.g. Malawi- 41%- 34% tree coverage in 25 years fixed by government confiscating charcoal) CONCLUSION -Summarise argument -Twist
