4,5,6 Test

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mass media

"The new parents" TV

plea bargaining

(criminal law) a negotiation in which the defendant agrees to enter a plea of guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor agrees to drop a more serious charge

14th Amendment passed in

1868

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

The Civil Rights Act of _________ :the most important law since the Emancipation Proclamation, made racial discrimination illegal in public accommodations throughout America.

1964

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

1978 state university couldn't admit less qualified individuals solely based on race; no quotas

Department of commerce v US House of Representatives

1999, ruled sampling couldn't be used to determine the number of Congressional districts each state gets, but could be used for other purposes

first amendment

5 freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

A 1992 case in which the Supreme Court loosened its standard for evaluating restrictions on abortion from one of "strict scrutiny" of any restraints on a "fundamental right" to one of "undue burden" that permits considerably more regulation.

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Sixth Amendment

A constitutional amendment designed to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial.

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

search warrant

A court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspect's home or business and take specific items as evidence

protest

A form of political participation designed to achieve policy change through dramatic and unconventional tactics.

Federal Trade Commission

A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy.

Which of the following statements best describes regard the rights of how United States citizens regard the rights of free speech and assembly?

A majority agrees ih principle with these rights, but in practice many people are often intolerant of views they do not support

Gideon v. Wainwright

A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

The significance of Gitlow v. New York (1925) was that

A provision of the Bill of Rights was applied to the states for the first time .

Sample

A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole.

white primary

A state primary election that restricts voting to whites only; outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1944.

Smith v. Allwright

A supreme court case in 1944 that ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries.

random digit dialing

A technique used by pollsters to place telephone calls randomly to both listed and unlisted numbers when conducting a survey.

literacy test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

To prevent abuse of police power, the Constitution requires that no court may issue ___________ unless probable cause exists to believe that a crime has occurred or is about to occur

A) a writ of habeas corpus B) a search warrant C) an exclusionary rule D) a prior restraint E)any of the above E!

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

A) forbade discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, or gender B) made racial discrimination illegal in places of public accommodation. both A and B

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

political participation

All the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue

Grutter v. Bollinger

Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan

In the case of ____________ the Supreme Court ruled that the Bill of Rights restrained only the national government, not states and cities.

Barron v . Baltimore

The family

Central because of its monopoly on 2 crucial resources: time and emotional commitment

Establishment Clause

Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.

commercial speech

Communication in the form of advertising. It can be restricted more than many other types of speech but has been receiving increased protection from the Supreme Court.

Civil Liberties

Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens

In the case of _________ the Supreme Court ruled that a black man, slave or free, was "chattel" and had no rights under a w hite man's government; it also ruled that Congress had no power to ban slavery in the western territories.

DDred Scott v. Sandford

Which of the following is reflected in the data in the chart?

Differences in political knowledge are more accurately predicted by demographic rather than political factors.

The "wall of separation" doctrine refers to the

Division of church and state

What words represent the only reference of the idea of equality in the constitution

Equal law protection

The 14th amendment is the only place the idea of what appears in the constitution

Equality

Griswold v. Connecticut

Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution

Both Gitlow v. New York and New York Times Sullivan are United States Supreme Court cases that dealt with which of the following amendments to the United States Constitution?

First Amendment

Most of the individual protection of the bill of Rights now apply to the states because of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Constitution's

Fourteenth Amendment

In Gitlotw v. New York (1925), the decision that states could not abridge the freedoms of expression protected by the First Amendment was based on the

Fourteenth Amendment.

In deciding to incorporate parts of the Bill of Rights into state laws since 1925, the Supreme Court has relied on the due process clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment.

Unreasonable searches and seizures are specifically forbidden in the

Fourth Amendment

The First Amendment to the Constitution guarantees which of the following?

Free exercise of religion Right to petition government Freedom of the press (A))I, II, and III only

In the 1963 case of __________ , the Supreme Court ruled that defendants in all felony cases had a right to counsel, and if they could not afford to hire a lawyer, one must be provided

Gideon v. Wainwright

. Beginning with the case of ________ in 1925, 1925, the Supreme Court began to rule that the Bill of Rights applied directly to the states, as well as the national government

Gitlow v. New York

Clear and Present Danger

Government can interfere with speech if it will lead to evil or illegal acts.

Which of the following is filed when an imprisoned person wants to be brought before a judge so that the judge can determine whether his or her imprisonment is legal?

Habeas corpus petition

Brown v. Board of Education 1955

In 1955, the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation. In their decision, which became known as "Brown II" the court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur "with all deliberate speed,"

The Supreme Court established the incorporation doctrine when the court

Interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as extending most of the requirements of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government

Which of the following is true about the right of free speech, as currently interpreted by the Supreme Court?

It protects the right to express opinions even without the actual use of words.

American with Disabilities Act

Law that prohibits employers from discriminating against people with physical disabilities

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

In the case of __________ the Supreme Court ruled that the protection against unreasonable search and seizure

Mapp v Ohio

The card shown above was issued as a consequence of which of the following Supreme Court decisions?

Miranda v. Arizona

Which of the following is TRUE about the Supreme Court's decision in Miranda v. Arizona?

Miranda's innocence or guilt was not at issue; his rights had been violated, so his conviction was overturned

The federal Constitution guarantees all of the following rights to a person arrested and charged with a serious crime EXCEPT the right to

Negotiate a plea bargain

unreasonable searches and seizures

Obtaining evidence in a haphazard or random manner, a practice prohibited by the Fourth Amendment. Probable cause and/or a search warrant are required for a legal and proper search for and seizure of incriminating evidence.

equal protection of the laws

Part of the Fourteenth Amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people.

school PoA

Pledge of allegiance: national loyalty and support for basic values

civil rights

Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.

Granny D

Political activist New Hampshire 3200 mile walk to campaign finance reform

The 1973 Roe v.Wade decision that upheld a woman's right to secure an abortion was based on the right to

Privacy implied in the Bill of Rights

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

The establishment clause in the First Amendment does which of the following?

Prohibits the setting up of a state church

Which of the following best defines civil liberties

Provisions in the Bill of Rights that provide guarantees against arbitrary interference by government

Types of Inequality

Racial Gender Age Disability Sexual

RAPPS

Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition, Speech

Miranda rules

Remain silent Anything you say can and will be used against you Lawyer present

Griswold Cornecticut and Roe v. Wade are similar Supreme Court cases in that both cases are based on the

Right of privacy

Fifth Amendment

Rights of people accused of crimes

Defacto Segregation

Segregation by unwritten customs or traditions

In Gideon v. Wainwright, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the

Sixth Amendment right-to-counsel provision applies to those accused of major crimes under state laws

Who must now respect first amendment

State governments

Which of the following statements about freedom of expression is true?

Statements about public figures are libelous only if they are made with malice and reck less disregard for the truth.

Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections

Struck down poll taxes at the state level

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Wearing an arm band and burning a United States flag are examples of _________ actions that do not consist of speaking or writing but that express an opinion.

Symbolic speech

Barron v. Baltimore

The 1833 Supreme Court decision holding that the Bill of Rights restrained only the national government, not the states and cities.

Scott v. Sanford

The 1857 Supreme Court decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories.

Gitlow v. New York

The 1925 Supreme Court decision holding that freedoms of press and speech are "fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states" as well as by the federal government.

Roe v. Wade

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.

Which of the following amendments to the constitution most likely provides the basis for a driver to challenge the constitutionality of police use of sobriety checkpoints in enforcing drunk driving laws?

The Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure

Fifteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans.

minority majority

The emergence of a non-Caucasian majority, as compared with a White, generally Anglo-Saxon majority. It is predicted that by about 2060, Hispanic Americans, African Americans, and Asian Americans together will outnumber White Americans.

The author of the cartoon above would most likely agree with which of the following?

The exclusionary rule has been detrimental to the maintenance of law and order.

Citizens over 65

The fastest-growing *age* group in America.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Just as the fourth amendment is right to privacy has been declared enforceable against the states through the due process clause of the 14th it is enforceable by the same sanction as is used against the federal government where it otherwise the assurance against unreasonable searches and seizures would be a form of words value list in the concept of ordered liberty Justice Tom Clark mapp v Ohio 1961 Which two principles are addressed in the excerpt above

The incorporation doctrine The exclusionary rule I and III

Reed v. Reed

The landmark case in 1971 in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination.

sampling error

The level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll. The more people interviewed, the more confident one can be of the results.

Which of the following is one of the central concerms of the First Amendment?

The right of citizens to petition the govenment for redress of grievances

right to privacy

The right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government.

Which of the following has been recognized by the Supreme Court, even though it is not explicitly found in the Bill of Rights?

The right to privacy

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Jim Crow laws were those which

Were enacted by Southern whites in the late Nineteenth century to segregate African Americans from whites.

According to the clear and present danger test, speech may be restricted

When it incites violent action

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Nationalization of the Bill of Rights

a judicial doctrine of the 14th amendment that applied the Bill of Rights to the states in matters such as segregation

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Libel

a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation.

Thirteenth Amendment

abolished slavery

symbolic speech

an act that conveys a political message

Ever since 1914, the courts have used _________ to prevent illegally seized evidence from being introduced into the courtroom.

an exclusionary rule

political culture

an overall set of values widely shared within a society

The incorporation doctrine involves

application of the Bill of Rights to the states.

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

The "wall of separation" doctrine refers to the

division of chtrch and state

One consequence of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was

dramatic increase in the number of African Americans registered to vote

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 guaranteed

equal access to hotels, restaurants, and other public accommodations.

The Fourteenth Amendment specifically forbids the states from denying to anyone

equal protection of the laws.

Schneck v. US

established the 'clear and present danger' test

The Fifth Amendment forbids

forced self-incrimination.

self-incrimination

giving testimony that can be used against oneself

Nineteenth Amendment

granted women the right to vote in 1920

Tha clear -and-present-danger test devised by the supreme court was designed to define the conditions under which public authorities could

imit free speech

Political knowledge is important for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

individuals with higher levels of political knowledge are more likely to donate to political campaigns

Civil liberties are

indvidual legal and constiutional protections againstthe government.

Decisions reached by the Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-1969) did all of the following EXCEPT

invalidate state abortion statutes

The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to

make most rights contained in the Bill of Rights applicable to the states

A writ of habeas corpus refers to

person's right to know the reasons for his or her imprisonment

In Miranda Arizona, the United States Supreme Court declared that

police must inform criminal suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning

Unless they witness a crime, police officers cannot arrest a suspect without

probable cause

After Brown v. Board of Education (1954), school integration in the South

proceeded very slowly.

Sampling

process by which participants are selected

exit poll

public opinion surveys used by major media pollsters to predict electoral winners with speed and precision

probable cause

reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion

Reapportion

redistribute, as in seats in a legislative body

Poll taxes

required citizens of a state to pay a special tax in order to vote

In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court

ruled that school segregation was inherently unequal.

Guinn v. United States

said the grandfather clause was unconstitutional

de jure segregation

segregation by law

The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson

stated that the principle of separate but equal public facilities for African Americans was constitutional.

Grats v Bollinger

struck down bonus points for race in University of Michigan undergrad admissions

In the case of New York Times v. United States in 1971, the Supreme Court ruled

that the government cannot file libel suits against newspapers, because, it would result in government censorship.

Americans' civil liberties are set down in

the Bill of Rights.

The content and nature of radio and television broadcasting are regulated by

the Federal Communications Commission

public opinion

the distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues

Cencus

the official count of a population

political socialization

the process by which people gain their political attitudes and opinions

incorporation doctrine

the process by which the Bill of Rights was extended to the states and localities

Civil disobedience

the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

The Supreime Court's decision about abortion in Roe v. Wade was based on

the right to privacy implied in the Bill of rights

Sufferage

the right to vote

Demography

the science of population changes

The "Miranda warning" represents an attempt to protect criminal suspects against

unfair police interrogation


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