4,5,6 Test
mass media
"The new parents" TV
plea bargaining
(criminal law) a negotiation in which the defendant agrees to enter a plea of guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor agrees to drop a more serious charge
14th Amendment passed in
1868
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
The Civil Rights Act of _________ :the most important law since the Emancipation Proclamation, made racial discrimination illegal in public accommodations throughout America.
1964
Civil Rights Act of 1964
1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
1978 state university couldn't admit less qualified individuals solely based on race; no quotas
Department of commerce v US House of Representatives
1999, ruled sampling couldn't be used to determine the number of Congressional districts each state gets, but could be used for other purposes
first amendment
5 freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
A 1992 case in which the Supreme Court loosened its standard for evaluating restrictions on abortion from one of "strict scrutiny" of any restraints on a "fundamental right" to one of "undue burden" that permits considerably more regulation.
Grandfather Clause
A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.
Sixth Amendment
A constitutional amendment designed to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial.
Fourteenth Amendment
A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.
search warrant
A court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspect's home or business and take specific items as evidence
protest
A form of political participation designed to achieve policy change through dramatic and unconventional tactics.
Federal Trade Commission
A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy.
Which of the following statements best describes regard the rights of how United States citizens regard the rights of free speech and assembly?
A majority agrees ih principle with these rights, but in practice many people are often intolerant of views they do not support
Gideon v. Wainwright
A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government
Affirmative Action
A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
The significance of Gitlow v. New York (1925) was that
A provision of the Bill of Rights was applied to the states for the first time .
Sample
A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole.
white primary
A state primary election that restricts voting to whites only; outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1944.
Smith v. Allwright
A supreme court case in 1944 that ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries.
random digit dialing
A technique used by pollsters to place telephone calls randomly to both listed and unlisted numbers when conducting a survey.
literacy test
A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote
To prevent abuse of police power, the Constitution requires that no court may issue ___________ unless probable cause exists to believe that a crime has occurred or is about to occur
A) a writ of habeas corpus B) a search warrant C) an exclusionary rule D) a prior restraint E)any of the above E!
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
A) forbade discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, or gender B) made racial discrimination illegal in places of public accommodation. both A and B
24th Amendment
Abolishes poll taxes
political participation
All the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue
Grutter v. Bollinger
Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan
In the case of ____________ the Supreme Court ruled that the Bill of Rights restrained only the national government, not states and cities.
Barron v . Baltimore
The family
Central because of its monopoly on 2 crucial resources: time and emotional commitment
Establishment Clause
Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.
commercial speech
Communication in the form of advertising. It can be restricted more than many other types of speech but has been receiving increased protection from the Supreme Court.
Civil Liberties
Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens
In the case of _________ the Supreme Court ruled that a black man, slave or free, was "chattel" and had no rights under a w hite man's government; it also ruled that Congress had no power to ban slavery in the western territories.
DDred Scott v. Sandford
Which of the following is reflected in the data in the chart?
Differences in political knowledge are more accurately predicted by demographic rather than political factors.
The "wall of separation" doctrine refers to the
Division of church and state
What words represent the only reference of the idea of equality in the constitution
Equal law protection
The 14th amendment is the only place the idea of what appears in the constitution
Equality
Griswold v. Connecticut
Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution
Both Gitlow v. New York and New York Times Sullivan are United States Supreme Court cases that dealt with which of the following amendments to the United States Constitution?
First Amendment
Most of the individual protection of the bill of Rights now apply to the states because of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Constitution's
Fourteenth Amendment
In Gitlotw v. New York (1925), the decision that states could not abridge the freedoms of expression protected by the First Amendment was based on the
Fourteenth Amendment.
In deciding to incorporate parts of the Bill of Rights into state laws since 1925, the Supreme Court has relied on the due process clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment.
Unreasonable searches and seizures are specifically forbidden in the
Fourth Amendment
The First Amendment to the Constitution guarantees which of the following?
Free exercise of religion Right to petition government Freedom of the press (A))I, II, and III only
In the 1963 case of __________ , the Supreme Court ruled that defendants in all felony cases had a right to counsel, and if they could not afford to hire a lawyer, one must be provided
Gideon v. Wainwright
. Beginning with the case of ________ in 1925, 1925, the Supreme Court began to rule that the Bill of Rights applied directly to the states, as well as the national government
Gitlow v. New York
Clear and Present Danger
Government can interfere with speech if it will lead to evil or illegal acts.
Which of the following is filed when an imprisoned person wants to be brought before a judge so that the judge can determine whether his or her imprisonment is legal?
Habeas corpus petition
Brown v. Board of Education 1955
In 1955, the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation. In their decision, which became known as "Brown II" the court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur "with all deliberate speed,"
The Supreme Court established the incorporation doctrine when the court
Interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as extending most of the requirements of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government
Which of the following is true about the right of free speech, as currently interpreted by the Supreme Court?
It protects the right to express opinions even without the actual use of words.
American with Disabilities Act
Law that prohibits employers from discriminating against people with physical disabilities
Jim Crow Laws
Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
In the case of __________ the Supreme Court ruled that the protection against unreasonable search and seizure
Mapp v Ohio
The card shown above was issued as a consequence of which of the following Supreme Court decisions?
Miranda v. Arizona
Which of the following is TRUE about the Supreme Court's decision in Miranda v. Arizona?
Miranda's innocence or guilt was not at issue; his rights had been violated, so his conviction was overturned
The federal Constitution guarantees all of the following rights to a person arrested and charged with a serious crime EXCEPT the right to
Negotiate a plea bargain
unreasonable searches and seizures
Obtaining evidence in a haphazard or random manner, a practice prohibited by the Fourth Amendment. Probable cause and/or a search warrant are required for a legal and proper search for and seizure of incriminating evidence.
equal protection of the laws
Part of the Fourteenth Amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people.
school PoA
Pledge of allegiance: national loyalty and support for basic values
civil rights
Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.
Granny D
Political activist New Hampshire 3200 mile walk to campaign finance reform
The 1973 Roe v.Wade decision that upheld a woman's right to secure an abortion was based on the right to
Privacy implied in the Bill of Rights
Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
The establishment clause in the First Amendment does which of the following?
Prohibits the setting up of a state church
Which of the following best defines civil liberties
Provisions in the Bill of Rights that provide guarantees against arbitrary interference by government
Types of Inequality
Racial Gender Age Disability Sexual
RAPPS
Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition, Speech
Miranda rules
Remain silent Anything you say can and will be used against you Lawyer present
Griswold Cornecticut and Roe v. Wade are similar Supreme Court cases in that both cases are based on the
Right of privacy
Fifth Amendment
Rights of people accused of crimes
Defacto Segregation
Segregation by unwritten customs or traditions
In Gideon v. Wainwright, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the
Sixth Amendment right-to-counsel provision applies to those accused of major crimes under state laws
Who must now respect first amendment
State governments
Which of the following statements about freedom of expression is true?
Statements about public figures are libelous only if they are made with malice and reck less disregard for the truth.
Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
Struck down poll taxes at the state level
Miranda v. Arizona
Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.
Wearing an arm band and burning a United States flag are examples of _________ actions that do not consist of speaking or writing but that express an opinion.
Symbolic speech
Barron v. Baltimore
The 1833 Supreme Court decision holding that the Bill of Rights restrained only the national government, not the states and cities.
Scott v. Sanford
The 1857 Supreme Court decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories.
Gitlow v. New York
The 1925 Supreme Court decision holding that freedoms of press and speech are "fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states" as well as by the federal government.
Roe v. Wade
The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.
Which of the following amendments to the constitution most likely provides the basis for a driver to challenge the constitutionality of police use of sobriety checkpoints in enforcing drunk driving laws?
The Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure
Fifteenth Amendment
The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans.
minority majority
The emergence of a non-Caucasian majority, as compared with a White, generally Anglo-Saxon majority. It is predicted that by about 2060, Hispanic Americans, African Americans, and Asian Americans together will outnumber White Americans.
The author of the cartoon above would most likely agree with which of the following?
The exclusionary rule has been detrimental to the maintenance of law and order.
Citizens over 65
The fastest-growing *age* group in America.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution
Just as the fourth amendment is right to privacy has been declared enforceable against the states through the due process clause of the 14th it is enforceable by the same sanction as is used against the federal government where it otherwise the assurance against unreasonable searches and seizures would be a form of words value list in the concept of ordered liberty Justice Tom Clark mapp v Ohio 1961 Which two principles are addressed in the excerpt above
The incorporation doctrine The exclusionary rule I and III
Reed v. Reed
The landmark case in 1971 in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination.
sampling error
The level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll. The more people interviewed, the more confident one can be of the results.
Which of the following is one of the central concerms of the First Amendment?
The right of citizens to petition the govenment for redress of grievances
right to privacy
The right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government.
Which of the following has been recognized by the Supreme Court, even though it is not explicitly found in the Bill of Rights?
The right to privacy
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
Jim Crow laws were those which
Were enacted by Southern whites in the late Nineteenth century to segregate African Americans from whites.
According to the clear and present danger test, speech may be restricted
When it incites violent action
Plessy v. Ferguson
a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Nationalization of the Bill of Rights
a judicial doctrine of the 14th amendment that applied the Bill of Rights to the states in matters such as segregation
Voting Rights Act of 1965
a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage
Libel
a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation.
Thirteenth Amendment
abolished slavery
symbolic speech
an act that conveys a political message
Ever since 1914, the courts have used _________ to prevent illegally seized evidence from being introduced into the courtroom.
an exclusionary rule
political culture
an overall set of values widely shared within a society
The incorporation doctrine involves
application of the Bill of Rights to the states.
Equal Rights Amendment
constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
The "wall of separation" doctrine refers to the
division of chtrch and state
One consequence of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was
dramatic increase in the number of African Americans registered to vote
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 guaranteed
equal access to hotels, restaurants, and other public accommodations.
The Fourteenth Amendment specifically forbids the states from denying to anyone
equal protection of the laws.
Schneck v. US
established the 'clear and present danger' test
The Fifth Amendment forbids
forced self-incrimination.
self-incrimination
giving testimony that can be used against oneself
Nineteenth Amendment
granted women the right to vote in 1920
Tha clear -and-present-danger test devised by the supreme court was designed to define the conditions under which public authorities could
imit free speech
Political knowledge is important for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
individuals with higher levels of political knowledge are more likely to donate to political campaigns
Civil liberties are
indvidual legal and constiutional protections againstthe government.
Decisions reached by the Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-1969) did all of the following EXCEPT
invalidate state abortion statutes
The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to
make most rights contained in the Bill of Rights applicable to the states
A writ of habeas corpus refers to
person's right to know the reasons for his or her imprisonment
In Miranda Arizona, the United States Supreme Court declared that
police must inform criminal suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning
Unless they witness a crime, police officers cannot arrest a suspect without
probable cause
After Brown v. Board of Education (1954), school integration in the South
proceeded very slowly.
Sampling
process by which participants are selected
exit poll
public opinion surveys used by major media pollsters to predict electoral winners with speed and precision
probable cause
reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion
Reapportion
redistribute, as in seats in a legislative body
Poll taxes
required citizens of a state to pay a special tax in order to vote
In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court
ruled that school segregation was inherently unequal.
Guinn v. United States
said the grandfather clause was unconstitutional
de jure segregation
segregation by law
The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson
stated that the principle of separate but equal public facilities for African Americans was constitutional.
Grats v Bollinger
struck down bonus points for race in University of Michigan undergrad admissions
In the case of New York Times v. United States in 1971, the Supreme Court ruled
that the government cannot file libel suits against newspapers, because, it would result in government censorship.
Americans' civil liberties are set down in
the Bill of Rights.
The content and nature of radio and television broadcasting are regulated by
the Federal Communications Commission
public opinion
the distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues
Cencus
the official count of a population
political socialization
the process by which people gain their political attitudes and opinions
incorporation doctrine
the process by which the Bill of Rights was extended to the states and localities
Civil disobedience
the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.
The Supreime Court's decision about abortion in Roe v. Wade was based on
the right to privacy implied in the Bill of rights
Sufferage
the right to vote
Demography
the science of population changes
The "Miranda warning" represents an attempt to protect criminal suspects against
unfair police interrogation