6.6 bio quiz

explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle in human females

-FSH stimulates the development of follicles -FSH stimulates estrogen secretion (by developing the follicle) -estrogen stimulates repair of uterus lining -estrogen simulates LH secretion -LH causes ovulation -LH causes development of corpus luteum -LH causes secretion of progesterone -progesterone causes thickening of uterus lining for implantation -progesterone/estrogen inhibits secretion of LH/FSH -falling progesterone levels at end of cycle allows FSH production and menstration

outline invitrio fertilisation

-IVF= outside body (in glass) -drugs used to halt FSH.LH secretion/stop norm menstral cycle -FSH is injected into body to stimulate ovaries and egg production -eggs are removed from follicles -male provides sperm -eggs are injected into egg during capacitation -fertilisation occurs under controlled conditions -eggs implanted into uterus -test for pregnancy (abt 2 weeks)

menstral cycle

1. Follicular Phase -Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted from the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of ovarian follicles -The dominant follicle produces estrogen, which inhibits FSH secretion (negative feedback) to prevent other follicles growing -Estrogen acts on the uterus to stimulate the thickening of the endometrial layer 2. Ovulation -Midway through the cycle (~ day 12), estrogen stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete hormones (positive feedback) -This positive feedback results in a large surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and a lesser surge of FSH -LH causes the dominant follicle to rupture and release an egg (secondary oocyte) - this is called ovulation 3. Luteal Phase -The ruptured follicle develops into a slowly degenerating corpus luteum -The corpus luteum secretes high levels of progesterone, as well as lower levels of estrogen -Estrogen and progesterone act on the uterus to thicken the endometrial lining (in preparation for pregnancy) -Estrogen and progesterone also inhibit secretion of FSH and LH, preventing any follicles from developing 4. Menstruation -If fertilisation occurs, the developing embryo will implant in the endometrium and release hormones to sustain the corpus luteum -If fertilisation doesn't occur, the corpus luteum eventually degenerates (forming a corpus albicans after ~ 2 weeks) -When the corpus luteum degenerates, estrogen and progesteron levels drop and the endometrium can no longer be maintained -The endometrial layer is sloughed away and eliminated from the body as menstrual blood (i.e. a woman's period) -As estrogen and progesterone levels are too now low to inhibit the anterior pituitary, the cycle can now begin again

type 1 vs type 2 diabetes

1: childhood/caused by an autoimmune reaction destruction of beta cells/bod doesnt produce insulin/requires insulin injections 2: target cells fail to respond to insulin/adulthood/caused by down regulation of insulin recpetors/controlled by managing diet

what hormone causes wall of follicle to develop after ovulation and to secrete more progesterone

LH

insulin ang glucagon

When blood glucose levels are high (e.g. after feeding): -Insulin is released from beta (β) cells of the pancreas and cause a decrease in blood glucose concentration -This may involve stimulating glycogen synthesis in the liver (glycogenesis), promoting glucose uptake by the liver and adipose tissue, or increasing the rate of glucose breakdown (by increasing cell respiration rates) When blood glucose levels are low (e.g. after exercise): -Glucagon is released from alpha (α) cells of the pancreas and cause an increase in blood glucose concentration -This may involve stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver (glycogenolysis), promoting glucose release by the liver and adipose tissue, or decreasing the rate of glucose breakdown (by reducing cell respiration rates)

what are the levels of the hormones estrogen, progesterone, LH and FSH during menstral cycle during ovulation?

est-high progest-low LH-high FSH-high

which organ secretes FSH

pituitary gland

leptin

produced by apidose cells controls appetite

two roles of testosterone in males

secondary sex characteristics (body hair, deepening of voice, muscle mass) maintenance of sex drive

melatonin

secreted by pineal gland controls circadian rhythm stimulated by darkness

thyroxin

secreted by thyroid controls body temperature (released when temp decreases)

connection between food,fat, leptin, negative feedback, hypothalamus

when fat cells are empty, hypothalamus signaled so hunger increases and body told to eat. when intaking food leptin is released and the hypothalamus s told through negative feedback to inhibit appetite and reduce food intake when fat cells are full