A&P CH 4

Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen. (1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining (1) fixation, (2) staining, (3) sectioning (1) sectioning, (2) staining, (3) fixation (1) sectioning, (2) fixation, (3) staining (1) staining, (2) fixation, (3) sectioning

(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining

Which cell types is primarily responsible for producing protein fibers found in connective tissue proper?

A fibroblast, is the primary producer of the major ECM components in connective tissue proper.

After open heart surgery, the heart's pumping efficiency may be reduced because__________. the undamaged cardiac muscle cells become fatigued from the energy expended during the healing process growth of adhesions can interfere with normal heart pumping activity fibrosis will reduce the heart's effectiveness both adhesions and fibrosis will interfere with the heart's normal pumping activity and reduce its effectiveness

Adhesions are fibrous scars that form between internal organs, which joins them together abnormally. When tissue is injured, fibrous connective tissue reproduces rapidly and forms a scar. This tissue type lacks the normal function of cardiac tissue.

Which is the most atypical connective tissue since it does not connect things or provide structural support? blood cartilage areolar connective tissue bone

Blood, the fluid connective tissue (CT) within blood vessels, is the most atypical CT. It does not act as a binding or packing material; it does not provide structural support. It is classified as a CT only because it develops from mesenchyme and consists of cells (blood cells) surrounded by an extracellular fluid matrix (blood plasma).

Which tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity? nervous tissue and smooth muscle cardiac and smooth muscle epithelial tissues, bones, and areolar connective tissue cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord

Cardiac muscle and the nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord have virtually no functional regenerative capacity, and they are routinely replaced by scar tissue.

Select the TRUE statement. Loose connective tissue includes cartilage. Bundles of collagen are often found in loose connective tissue. Dense connective tissue includes adipose tissue. Dense connective tissue is often called fibrous connective tissue

Dense connective tissue is often called fibrous connective tissue.

Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue? Epithelial tissue is typically unable to regenerate. Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels. Epithelial tissue is innervated. Epithelial tissue does not exhibit polarity.

Epithelial tissue is innervated. Epithelial tissue is an innervated, avascular tissue that exhibits polarity. Epithelial tissue is also highly regenerative.

Choose the correct pairing for a tissue and its embryonic origin. Epithelium is derived from all three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Connective tissue is derived from the primary germ layer called the endoderm. Nervous tissue is derived from the primary germ layer called the mesoderm. Muscle is derived from the primary germ layer called the ectoderm.

Epithelium is derived from all three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. (Mesoderm forms muscle and connective tissue. Ectoderm forms nervous tissue. Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm all contribute to formation of epithelia.)

Pseudostratified epithelium consists of multiple cell layers. T/F

False--While pseudostratified epithelium has the illusion of being a multi-layered tissue, it is in fact made up of only one cell layer. The irregular heights of the cells in pseudostratified epithelia give the tissue a layered appearance. In reality, all of the cells in this tissue rest on the basement membrane (i.e., their basal surfaces are in contact with the basement membrane).

Which tissue repair process results in the formation of scar tissue? inflammation regeneration fibrosis granulation

Fibrosis involves proliferation of fibrous connective tissue, called scar tissue.

Which of the following describes a holocrine gland? Holocrine glands secrete their products by endocytosis. Holocrine glands secrete their products by pinching off the apex of the cell. Holocrine glands secrete their products by exocytosis. Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing.

Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. -- Sebaceous (oil) glands are the only example of holocrine glands in the body.

________ are highly phagocytic cells that are a part of the body's defense system. These cells can be localized (fixed), or they can wander throughout the body. Macrophages Erythrocytes (RBC) Basophils Mast cells Eosinophils

Macrophages, which are peppered throughout loose connective tissue, bone marrow, and lymphatic tissue, may be attached to connective tissue fibers (fixed) or may migrate freely through the matrix. They phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles. These "big eaters" also dispose of dead tissue cells, and they are central actors in the immune system.

Which of the following increases the surface area of certain epithelial tissues? desmosomes cilia basement membrane microvilli basal lamina

Microvilli are small finger-like projections that greatly increase the surface area of epithelial cells (thus epithelial tissues), an important attribute of tissues that have a role in absorption and secretion.

__ is a water-soluble, complex glycoprotein that is secreted by goblet cells. An amino acid Salt Mucin An enzyme A hormone

Mucin--Like mucous cells, goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus. In goblet cells, the cuplike accumulation of mucin distends the top of the cell, making these cells look like a glass with a stem, thus "goblet" cell. This distortion does not occur in mucous cells.

________ is the tissue that regulates and controls body functions. Blood Bone Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

Nervous tissue regulates and controls body functions.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Simple columnar epithelia are associated with absorption and secretion. Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. Simple squamous epithelia are associated with filtration and exchange. Stratified squamous epithelia are found in areas subjected to wear and tear.

Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. This is incorrect; transitional (not simple cuboidal) epithelia are found in areas that stretch, in particular the ureters and urinary bladder. Simple cuboidal epithelia are designed for absorption and secretion (not stretching).

Which type of membrane is a dry membrane exposed to the air? serous membrane cutaneous membrane mucous membrane synovial membrane

The cutaneous membrane is your skin, an organ consisting of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis). Unlike other epithelial membranes, the cutaneous membrane is exposed to the air and is a dry membrane.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Serous membranes line body cavities and organs. The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium The cutaneous membrane is a dry membrane exposed to air. Mucous membranes line exits and entrances to the body.

The cutaneous membrane, a "dry" membrane exposed to air, consists of a keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium called, the epidermis, and an underlying layer of connective tissue called, the dermis.

What is the most obvious structural feature of areolar connective tissue? the presence of blood cells mixed with the areolar cells the numerous types of cells that are present the loose arrangement of its fibers the presence of fat cells

The most obvious structural feature of this tissue is the loose arrangement of its fibers. The rest of the matrix, occupied by ground substance, appears to be empty space when viewed through the microscope. Note: the Latin term areola means "a small open space."

Why are adipose, blood, and bone all considered to be connective tissues? They have a common origin, mesenchyme. They have the same types of cells. They all have collagen and elastic fibers in their extracellular matrix. They connect to each other.

They have a common origin, mesenchyme.-- Adipose, bone, and blood (like all connective tissues) are derived from mesenchyme, an embryonic tissue. Also common to all connective tissues is the presence of cells and an extracellular matrix that consists of fibers bathed in ground substance.

All connective tissues arise from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme. True False

True--All connective tissues arise from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme. Mesenchyme has a fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells. It arises during the early weeks of embryonic development and eventually differentiates (specializes) into all other connective tissue cells. However, some mesenchymal cells remain and provide a source of new cells in mature connective tissues.

All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. T/F

True--All epithelia exhibit polarity, which is defined by the presence of an apical surface and a basal surface that differ in both structure and function.

Which cell type initiates inflammatory responses to infection or tissue damage?

a mast cell, produces and secretes inflammation-triggering chemicals such as histamine. Note the secretory granules within the pictured cell.

Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue? absorption support protection insulation

absorption --Absorption, the movement of substances into the body, is a role of epithelial tissue. Roles of connective tissue include: binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation of substances, via blood, within the body.

Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary cell type? bone: osteoblast cartilage: fibroblast connective tissue proper: chondroblast bone: fibrocyte

bone: osteoblast Osteoblasts/cytes are the primary cell type for bone.

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control? skeletal smooth cardiac

cardiac

Which type of gland produces hormones? holocrine glands multicellular exocrine glands unicellular exocrine glands endocrine glands

endocrine glands--Endocrine glands, which are ductless glands, secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid surrounding them. The hormones then diffuse toward and pass through a nearby capillary wall to enter the blood. Circulating throughout the body in the blood stream is how hormones eventually reach their target cells.

Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity? muscle tissue epithelial tissue connective tissue nervous tissue

epithelial tissue --Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity (epithe = laid on, covering). In addition to coverings and linings, epithelial cells can also form glands, called glandular epithelium.

After a heart attack, fibrosis occurs at the site of cardiac muscle cell death. This reduces the efficiency of the heart's pumping activity because __________. the undamaged cardiac muscle cells become fatigued from the energy expended during the healing process fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting fibrosis produces new cardiac muscle cells that are not as strong as the mature ones that died the initial death of some cardiac muscle cells triggers a chain reaction in which progressively more and more neighboring healthy cells die

fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting -- Cardiac muscle contains sarcomeres, which allow for the tissue to contract when electrically stimulated. Fibrous connective tissue lacks these special contractile units.

In connective tissue, the role of collagen fibers is to ________. form delicate networks around blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs provide elasticity retain fluid provide tensile strength

form delicate networks around blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs --Collagen fibers are extremely tough and provide high tensile strength (that is, the ability to resist being pulled apart) to the matrix. Stress tests show that collagen fibers are stronger than steel fibers of the same size!

Where is transitional epithelium found?

in areas subjected to stretching --Transitional epithelium is found in the urinary system. It lines the ureters, bladder and proximal part of the urethra-organs that are subjected to distention or stretching as urine passes through or fills them.

The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is ________. organization, inflammation, and regeneration inflammation, organization, and regeneration inflammation, regeneration, and organization regeneration, organization, and inflammation

inflammation, organization, and regeneration

Smooth muscle ________. has striations contains intercalated discs is under involuntary control has long, cylindrical cells

is under involuntary control Smooth and cardiac muscle are under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.

An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a ________. multicellular simple gland unicellular simple gland unicellular compound gland multicellular compound gland

multicellular simple gland--Multicellular exocrine glands with unbranched ducts are "simple"; those with branched ducts are "compound". Unicellular exocrine glands do not have ducts.

Which tissue type is responsible for regulating and controlling body functions? blood connective tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue

nervous tissue --Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system, which regulates and controls body functions. Note: the other control system of the body is the endocrine system, which is primarily composed of glandular epithelial tissue.

Connective tissues ________. arise from different types of embryonic tissue; therefore, they have little relationship or kinship to one another primarily consist of extracellular matrix are delicate tissues, not designed to bear weight or withstand abrasion or tension are all avascular

primarily consist of extracellular matrix --All other primary tissues are composed mainly of cells, but connective tissues are largely nonliving extracellular matrix, which separates, often widely, the living cells of the tissue.

Exocrine glands ________. secrete substances onto body surfaces secrete hormones are only unicellular in structure secrete substances into blood

secrete substances onto body surfaces --Exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances into the external environment (onto the surfaces of the cutaneous and mucous membranes). Note: "exo" means outside. Endocrine glands are ductless; they secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid of our internal environment. Note: "endo" means inside.

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium? ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium? simple squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium transitional epithelium

simple squamous epithelium-- single layer of squamous cells is ideal for the diffusion of gases in the lungs.

Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei? cardiac skeletal smooth

skeletal muscle cells are elongated and many can be quite long; therefore, they have multiple nuclei.

Which of the following epithelial tissue locations is NOT correctly matched to its function? skin: protection kidney: secretion digestive tract: absorption skin: absorption kidney: filtration

skin: absorption The keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of skin is designed for protection, not absorption from the external environment.

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron? axon dendrites soma

some--the soma or cell body receives inputs (signals) from other cells and sends the information to the axon. But unlike a dendrite, it also is the main metabolic and nutritional center of the cell.

Injured cartilage might heal more quickly if a treatment were discovered that would __________. prevent chondrocytes from dividing and thereby reducing the relative amount of matrix that is present in the cartilage stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage stimulate calcification of cartilage All of the listed responses are correct.

stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage --Cartilage is normally avascular, so nutrients required for healing must diffuse from distant blood vessels, which delays the healing process.

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue? simple columnar epithelium keratinized stratified squamous epithelium stratified squamous epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium--this epithelium protects underlying tissues from the wear and tear of constant swallowing in the esophagus.

Which type of epithelium lines the interior of the urinary bladder? simple squamous epithelium transitional epithelium simple columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium

transitional epithelium--Transitional epithelium forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine. The ability of transitional cells to change their shape (undergo "transitions") allows a greater volume of urine to flow through the tube-like ureters and allows more urine to be stored in the urinary bladder.

Mucous cells are ________. unicellular exocrine glands endocrine glands multicellular exocrine glands hormone-producing glands

unicellular exocrine glands --secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus.