A&P CH15
Indicate the statements that accurately describe muscarinic receptors.
- ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an inhibitory effect on some cells. - ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an excitatory effect on some cells. - All cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and gland cells have muscarinic receptors.
After entering the sympathetic chain, preganglionic nerve fibers may do which of the following?
- Immediately synapse with postganglionic fibers - Move up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels - Pass through the sympathetic chain without synapsing, forming splanchnic nerves
Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem through which cranial nerves? Select all that apply.
- Vagus Glossopharyngeal -Facial -Oculomotor
Which neurons secrete acetylcholine?
-Most preganglionic sympathetic neurons -Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons -Most preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
Which of the following are sympathetic effects on the integumentary system?
-Secretion from apocrine sweat glands -Secretion from merocrine sweat glands
Place the components of a visceral reflex arc in order.
1. Receptor 2. Afferent neuron 3. Interneuron 4. Efferent neurons 5. Effector
How many major collateral ganglia are found on the aorta?
3
What letter is the preganglionic nerve fiber labeled in the figure?
A
Which image is depicting somatic efferent innervation?
A
Which describes the sympathetic chain ganglia?
A longitudinal series of ganglia adjacent to both sides of the vertebral column
What neurotransmitters do the neurons of the autonomic nervous system secrete?
Acetycholine and norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?
Acetylcholine
Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a trace of dopamine?
Adrenal medulla
The efferent pathway of which nervous system uses both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters?
Autonomic
Which nervous system controls glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?
Autonomic
Which nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?
Autonomic
Which is usually under involuntary control? Multiple choice question.
Autonomic nervous system
What is the background activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS called?
Autonomic tone
What are two receptors that bind norepinephrine?
Beta-adrenergic Alpha-adrenergic
Which is an example of the cooperative effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
Both autonomic divisions stimulate salivary gland secretion.
Which regions of the CNS does the parasympathetic division of the ANS arise from?
Brain Sacral spinal cord
Identify the region of the CNS that has nuclei for regulating cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, gastrointestinal secretion, bladder control, and pupillary constriction/dilation.
Brainstem
What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the respiratory system?
Bronchoconstriction
What are the three collateral ganglia of the abdominal plexus?
Celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric
Which receptors bind to ACh?
Cholinergic
Which activities are attributed to the parasympathetic division of the ANS? Multiple select question.
Digestion Waste elimination Reduced energy expenditure
______ innervation refers to the fact that many structures in the body are innervated by nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.
Dual
An organ that receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers is said to have what?
Dual innervation
Which are components of a visceral reflex arc?
Efferent neurons Smooth muscle Afferent neurons Receptor in the stomach
Which are autonomic reflexes regulated by the spinal cord?
Ejaculation Micturition Defecation Erection
Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
True or false: The limbic system is the part of the brain involved with coordination of motor input.
False
Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibers which regulate the secretion of saliva from the parotid gland? Multiple choice question.
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Visceral effectors exhibit denervation __________ when their nerves are severed.
Hypersensitivity
What region of the brain is the primary regulator of the visceral motor system?
Hypothalamus
Which is the major control center of the visceral motor system?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following occurs during the fight-or-flight response?
Increased ATP production
Which are effects of the parasympathetic division on the digestive system?
Increased gastrointestinal secretion Increased gastric motility Increased pancreatic enzyme secretion
Which describes a preganglionic neuron in the ANS?
It has its cell body in the spinal cord or the brainstem and its axon terminates in a ganglion.
What effect does the parasympathetic division have on the adrenal medulla?
It has no effect on the adrenal medulla.
Which describes a beta-adrenergic receptor? Select all that apply.
It is usually inhibitory. It uses a cAMP second messenger system. It inhibits smooth muscle of the bronchioles, enhancing airflow.
Which describes the autonomic nervous system?
It originates in the CNS and receives input from the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the medulla oblongata
Regarding the length of fibers, the parasympathetic nervous system has ______ preganglionic fibers and ______ postganglionic fibers. Multiple choice question.
Long, short
Which neurons secrete acetylcholine?
Most preganglionic parasympathetic neurons Most preganglionic sympathetic neurons Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
Which describes the axons of the white communicating ramus?
Myelinated Preganglionic Sympathetic
______ receptors are cholinergic receptors that are found at the synapses of all autonomic ganglia, on cells of the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions.
Nicotinic
Which neurotransmitter is most commonly secreted by postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Norepinephrine
Which division of the ANS causes a decreased heart rate, vasodilation of visceral blood vessels, and vasodilation of the skin's blood vessels?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the ANS causes contraction of the urinary bladder wall and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the ANS causes penile or clitoral engorgement and stimulation of glandular secretion?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the ANS is referred to as the "rest and digest" division?
Parasympathetic
What is the alternative name for the craniosacral division of the ANS?
Parasympathetic division
Which division of the ANS causes pupillary constriction and contraction of the ciliary muscle for near vision?
Parasympathetic division
_______ nerves convey impulses from the sympathetic trunk ganglia to the distal half of the colon, rectum, bladder, and reproductive organs.
Pelvic
Which are only innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers?
Piloerector muscles Sweat glands Adrenal medulla
Which nerve fibers secrete norepinephrine?
Postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division
Which type of neurons make up the adrenal medulla?
Postganglionic sympathetic
Which parasympathetic fibers are found in the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
Preganglionic
Which plexuses receive parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerve?
Pulmonary plexus Esophageal plexus Cardiac plexus
__________ disease is a disorder of the sympathetic nervous system which induces intermittent attacks of paleness, cyanosis, and pain in the digits due to excessive vasoconstriction.
Raynaud
In which of these conditions do the fingers and toes become cold and pale due to vasoconstriction of vessels in the extremities?
Raynaud disease
What are the effects of the sympathetic division on the eye?
Relaxation of the ciliary muscle and lens for far vision Pupillary dilation
From which regions of the CNS do the nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system arise?
Sacral division of spinal cord Brainstem
Which are sympathetic effects on the reproductive system?
Smooth muscle contraction during orgasm Labor contractions of the uterus
Neurons in which nervous system division secrete only acetylcholine? Multiple choice question.
Somatic
Which efferent pathway has a single nerve fiber extending from the CNS to effector?
Somatic
Which nervous system division has skeletal muscles as effectors?
Somatic
Which nervous system regulates conscious, voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles?
Somatic nervous system
Which nervous system transmits only excitatory signals to effector cells? Multiple choice question.
Somatic nervous system
How can opposite effects be produced in the ANS?
Sometimes by innervation by only one division
Which region of the CNS integrates the reflexes for micturition, defecation, erection and ejaculation?
Spinal cord
Which send input to the ANS?
Spinal cord Medulla oblongata Cerebral cortex Hypothalamus
Horner syndrome results from an interruption to what innervation of the head?
Sympathetic
Vasomotor tone is produced by a baseline level of stimulation by which division of the ANS?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS causes a decrease in gastrointestinal secretions, pancreatic enzymes, and pancreatic insulin?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS causes bronchodilation in the respiratory system?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS is associated with the "fight-or-flight" response? Multiple choice question.
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS stimulates the breakdown of adipose tissue?
Sympathetic
Which ganglia extend from the cervical region to the coccygeal region along the vertebral column?
Sympathetic chain
If the nerves to visceral effectors are severed, what happens to the effectors?
They become hypersensitive
The nerves of the sympathetic nervous system arise from which regions of the spinal cord?
Thoracic Lumbar
From where do all preganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system arise?
Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
What are the parasympathetic functions of the oculomotor nerve?
To adjust the shape of the lens and the diameter of the pupil
Functions of the enteric nervous system include which of the following?
To regulate the secretion of digestive enzymes To regulate motility through the digestive tract
What are the characteristics of a visceral reflex?
Unconscious Stereotyped Automatic
Which are effects of the sympathetic division on the circulatory system?
Vasoconstriction of visceral blood vessels Increased heart rate Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin Increased blood clotting
Indicate which of the following are regulated by autonomic nuclei in the brainstem
Vasomotor control Sweating Salivation Pupillary constriction
_______ tone describes the continual input from the sympathetic division to the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, resulting in a partial and constant tension. Listen to the complete question
Vasomotor or vasomotor
What is the other name for the autonomic nervous system?
Visceral motor system
Where is the limbic system located?
Within the cerebral cortex
Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem through which cranial nerves? Select all that apply.
X VII IX III
The ______ is a network of sympathetic and parasympathetic axons that wrap around the aorta.
abdominal aortic plexus
The neurotransmitter ______ binds to cholinergic receptors.
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter ______ binds to cholinergic receptors. Multiple choice question. norepinephrine
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter norepinephrine binds to ______ receptors.
adrenergic
A(n) ________-adrenergic receptor is usually excitatory and uses a calcium second messenger system or inhibits cAMP.
alpha or a
Regulation of pupillary constriction and dilation is an example of the ______ effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions on the same organ. Multiple choice question.
antagonistic
The ________ nervous system controls the activity of glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
autonomic
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems exhibit a background rate of activity referred to as
autonomic
The __________-adrenergic receptor is usually inhibitory and acts through a cAMP second-messenger system.
beta
The phenomenon where the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work together to produce a unified outcome is called a(n) ______ effect. Multiple choice question.
cooperative
The ______ communicating ramus carries unmyelinated sympathetic postganglionic fibers that exit the ganglion, enter a spinal nerve, and then travel to the target organ.
gray
Which of the following describes an alpha-adrenergic receptor?
it is usually excitatory and may used a calcium second messenger system
Cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic fibers are found in the ________ horn of the gray matter in the spinal cord.
lateral
The ganglia of the parasympathetic division are located ______.
near or within the target organ
The ganglia of the sympathetic division are located ______.
near the spinal column
The ______ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers that regulate the shape of the lens for vision and the diameter of the pupil.
oculomotor
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers typically synapse with sympathetic chain ganglia unless they pass through, forming nerves that instead enter collateral ganglia.
spanchnic
The _______ division of the ANS may induce an increased or decreased breakdown of adipose tissue. Listen to the complete question
sympathetic
The _______ division of the ANS stimulates the secretion of hormones by the adrenal medulla?
sympathetic
The _________ division of the ANS and the adrenal medulla develop from the same embryonic tissue.
sympathetic
The division of the ANS that has general and widespread effects is the ________ division.
sympathetic
Which division of the ANS stimulates sweat glands and piloerector muscle contraction?
sympathetic
The _______ division of the ANS may induce an increased or decreased breakdown of adipose tissue.
sympathetic or Sympathetic
Neural divergence is extensive in the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system, while in the ______ division, divergence is minimal.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Within the ANS, the effects of the ______ division are often general and widespread, while in the _______ division the effects are more specific and local.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the ______ division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
thoracolumbar
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the ______ division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. Multiple choice question.
thoracolumbar
The communicating ramus contains myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons that extend from the spinal nerve to the nearest sympathetic ganglion.
white
Which of the following are examples of the antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
•the sympathetic division speeds up heart rate while the parasympathetic division slows it down•the sympathetic division induces dilation of the pupil while the parasympathetic division induces the pupil to constrict
