A&P Chapter 11

The superficial muscles of the spine are identified by subdivisions that include __________.

iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis

The movable attachment of muscle to bone or other connective tissue is referred to as the __________.

insertion

What is the term for the site where the muscle attaches that does NOT move when the muscle contracts?

origin

A muscle in the body that is spindle-shaped is an example of a(n) __________.

parallel muscle

The structural commonality of the biceps brachii and the rectus abdominis is that they are __________.

parallel muscles whose fibers run along the long axis of the body

The extensors that move the lower leg, commonly known as the quadriceps, include the __________.

rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis

The deltoid muscle is so named because it is ______________.

shaped like a triangle

A first-class lever is one in which __________.

the fulcrum lies between the applied force and the load

Which muscle or muscles are synergistic with the diaphragm during inspiration?

External intercostals

Which of the following terms would be used to name a muscle found in the thigh?

Femoris

In what class of lever is the fulcrum between the load and the applied force?

First-class lever

Tim is a new father and is not used to changing diapers. He grimaces and purses his lips when he changes his son's diapers. Which collection of muscles is he using to contort his mouth this way?

Orbicularis oris and risorius

Which of the following muscle groups is associated with the vertebral column?

Spinalis

What muscles and their tendons make up the rotator cuff?

The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles

In an individual who complains of shin-splints, the affected muscles are located over the __________.

anterior surface of the leg

In a convergent muscle, the muscle fibers are __________.

based over a broad area, but all the fibers come together at a common attachment site

Which of the following is an appendicular muscle?

biceps femoris

The flexors that move the leg, commonly known as the hamstrings, include the _______________.

biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus

The effect of an arrangement in which a force is applied between the load and the fulcrum illustrates the principles of __________.

third-class levers

Which muscle elevates the shoulders, such as when you shrug your shoulders?

trapezius

The muscular floor of the pelvic cavity is formed by muscles that make up the __________.

urogenital and anal triangle

There are approximately how many muscles in the human body?

700

As the body exercises and muscles work harder, how does the cardiovascular system compensate for the increased work by the muscles?

Blood vessels in active muscles dilate

Which of the following terms would be used to name a short muscle?

Brevis

Even though they both insert on the calcaneus, what can the gastrocnemius muscle do that the soleus cannot?

Flex the knee

Which muscle or muscles can cause abduction and medial rotation at the hip?

Gluteus medius and minimus

Elderly people sometimes have difficulty exercising. This is probably related to a decrease in their muscular endurance. What change is NOT a factor in decreased endurance of muscle cells as people age?

Increase in muscle size

What is the most powerful and important muscle a person uses when chewing food?

Masseter

Do you remember the tongue twister "Sally sells seashells by the seashore"? Of the collections of muscles below, which group or groups work together to provide the delicate movements of the tongue during speech?

Palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, and hyoglossus muscles

What are the four types of muscles identified by different patterns of organization?

Parallel, convergent, pennate, and circular

Which type of fascicle arrangement produces more tension than others?

Pennate muscle

Which muscles arise on the humerus and the forearm and rotate the radius without producing either flexion or extension of the elbow?

Pronator teres and supinator

Why do elderly people have a lower tolerance for exercise?

Reduced thermoregulation

The calf muscles pull on the calcaneus and extend the ankle, lifting the person onto their toes. That makes this arrangement an example of what class of lever?

Second-class lever

Which of the following terms is given to muscles visible at the body surface?

Superficialis

During swallowing, what muscles help you push a bolus of food from your throat to your esophagus?

Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Which muscles maximize the efficient use of teeth during mastication?

Temporalis, pterygoid, and masseter

When considering the rectus abdominis muscle, what does the term "rectus" describe about this muscle?

The fibers of the muscle are parallel to the long axis of the muscle.

What happens when a muscle contracts and its fibers shorten?

The insertion moves toward the origin.

As we exercise, which body system does NOT help to support this increased activity?

The urinary system

Why do we use the word biceps to describe particular muscles?

There are two tendons of origin.

Which class of lever improves the speed of movement and the distance the load is moved more than it improves lifting the load?

Third-class lever

Which class of levers is the most common in the body?

Third-class lever

Which of the following is a muscle that positions the pectoral girdle?

Trapezius

Which of the following muscles does NOT flex the forearm?

Triceps brachii

If the biceps brachii muscle flexes the forearm, and the triceps brachii muscle causes extension of the forearm, then the triceps brachii is the __________ of the biceps brachii.

antagonist

You are so happy that you received an "A" on your last anatomy and physiology exam that you broke into a big smile. What muscle helps you smile?

Zygomaticus major

A muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement is called __________.

a prime mover

A fixator is __________.

a synergist that prevents movement at another joint and stabilizes the origin of the agonist

A muscle whose action opposes that of another muscle, or agonist, is __________.

an antagonist

Fibrosis is defined as __________.

an increase in the amount of connective tissue in muscles that is often seen in the elderly

Which type of muscle contains fascicles that are organized in concentric rings around an opening?

circular

A muscle like the pectoralis major muscle in the chest, whose fascicles originate over a large area and insert on a common point, the anterior humerus, is an example of a __________ muscle.

convergent muscle

What is the name of the muscle that separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities?

diaphragm

The triceps brachii muscle attaches to the olecranon process of the ulna crossing the posterior side of the elbow joint. That will allow the triceps to be a(n) __________ of the elbow joint.

extensor

The rectus muscles, which lie between the vertebral spine and the ventral midline, are important __________.

flexors of the spinal column

A lever moves on a fixed point called __________.

fulcrum

Which muscle or muscles can extend the ankle?

gastrocnemius and soleus

The names of the muscles of the tongue are readily identified because their descriptive names end in __________.

glossus

Extrinsic muscles are those that __________.

position or stabilize an organ

The actions produced by arm muscles but NOT by leg muscles are __________.

pronation and supination

Marcia, a sprinter, pulls a hamstring muscle the day before a big race. Which of the following muscles has she NOT injured?

rectus femoris

A pair of deep posterior trunk muscles that adduct the scapula and cause downward rotation of the scapula are the __________.

rhomboid major and minor

Circular muscles that guard entrances and exits of internal passageways are called __________.

sphincters

The paired superficial muscle on the anterior and side of the neck that flexes the head and neck toward the chest is the __________.

sternocleidomastoid

Which of the following is an axial muscle?

temporalis

If the biceps brachii muscle flexes the forearm, that means that its attachment to the humerus and scapula is __________.

the origin of the muscle