A&P chapter 5 Integumentary System
Distinguish among a first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burn. (Module 5.5A)
A first-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A second-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A third-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer.
Describe a typical strand of hair. (Module 5.7A)
A keratinous strand produced by basal cells within a hair follicle.
________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow.
Carotene
Vitamin ________ is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight.
D
What is the survival rate of a localized malignant melanoma that is detected and removed in the early stages of the cancer?
Above 95%
Granulation tissue is composed of
All of the answers are correct.
Why would an elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person?
All of the answers are correct.
Why is basal cell carcinoma considered less dangerous than malignant melanoma? (Module 5.3D)
Basal cell carcinomas rarely become malignant and metastasize, whereas malignant melanoma cells quickly spread throughout the lymphatic system to other organs.
________ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system.
Dendritic cells
The effects of aging on the skin include
a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands.
A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called
a keloid.
A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called
a scab.
Which tissue is located in the region labeled "2"?
areolar connective tissue
Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum
basale.
Central adiposity is strongly associated with
cardiovascular disorders.
Name the two pigments contained in the epidermis. (Module 5.3A)
carotene and melanin
All of the following are correct regarding hair growth cycle except that
club hair is shed during follicle reactivation.
All of the following are true of epidermal ridges except that they
contain increased numbers of free nerve endings.
The ________ in keratinocytes protects the epidermis and dermis from the harmful effects of sunlight.
melanin
An albino individual lacks the ability to produce
melanin.
Perspiration is produced by ________ glands
merocrine sweat
Name the type of cell that assists the discharge of merocrine secretions, and list the glands in which such cells are present. (Module 5.8D)
myoepithelial cell; apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands
The nail body covers the
nail bed.
All of the following are derived from epithelial columns except
nails
The highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands is found
on the palms of the hands.
Cyanosis signifies that a patient has
oxygen-starved skin
All of the following are true of perspiration produced by merocrine sweat glands except that it
produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating."
All of the following are functions of accessory structures of integument except
production of skin pigments
The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.
reticular
Nail production occurs at the nail
root.
Each of the following statements concerning hair is true except
scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life
Which of the following is a holocrine exocrine gland?
sebaceous
Merocrine sweat glands
secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.
Identify the first stage in skin repair. (Module 5.12A)
inflammation
Dandruff is a disorder that results in dry skin flakes forming in the scalp. A common cause of dandruff could be
inflammation around sebaceous glands.
All of the following are true of the hypodermis except it
is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane
When the arrector pili muscles contract,
"goose bumps" are formed
Which layer is the primary barrier against environmental hazards?
1 ( Epidermis Layer)
The following are stages in the regeneration of skin following an injury. 1. blood clot/scab formation 2. cellular migration 3. epidermis covers granulation tissue 4. epidermis covers scar tissue Which of the following places the steps in the correct order?
1, 2, 3, 4
An intradermal injection is administered into which layer?
3 (Dermis Layer)
Which layer contains most of the accessory organs?
3 (Dermis Layer)
A 32-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with third-degree burns on her entire right leg, entire right arm, and the back of her trunk. Estimate the percentage of her body surface area affected by these burns. (Module 5.5D)
45%
The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers.
4; 5
While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate?
5
Where does nail production occur? (Module 5.9A)
At the nail root
What are epidermal derivatives? (Module 5.6A)
Epidermal derivatives are accessory structures that originate from the epidermis during embryonic development, including hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails.
Describe granulation tissue. (Module 5.12B)
Granulation tissue is a combination of blood clots, fibroblasts, and capillaries in healing tissue.
________ is a small connective tissue peg that contains nerve endings and blood vessels.
Hair papilla
________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.
Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine
Which exocrine glands are in the integument? (Module 5.6B)
Sweat glands and sebaceous glands
Identify and describe the general functions of the exocrine glands found in the skin. (Module 5.8A)
Sweat glands and sebaceous glands; the glands help with thermoregulation, excrete wastes, and lubricate hairs and the epidermis.
________ hairs are coarse pigmented hairs.
Terminal
Explain why a healthy 6-month-old might have yellow-orange skin. (Module 5.3E)
The child may have eaten foods with a high amount of carotene causing the pigment to accumulate in the skin making it look yellow-orange.
What happens when an arrector pili muscle contracts? (Module 5.7B)
The hair follicle becomes erect, producing "goose bumps."
Why does hair turn white or gray with age? (Module 5.10A)
The melanocyte activity declines, making the hair white or gray.
Predict the degree of scarring after the healing of a horizontal cut on the forehead just above the eyebrow. (Module 5.4B)
The scarring will be significant because the cut is at a right angle to the direction of the tension lines.
Describe the layers of the dermis. (Module 5.4A)
The superficial papillary layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The deep reticular layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
Define hyponychium. (Module 5.9B)
The thickened stratum corneum underlying the free edge of the nail.
Why does the free edge of a nail appear white? (Module 5.9C)
There are no underlying blood vessels.
Compare thin skin with thick skin. (Module 5.2A)
Thin skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces. Thick skin has 5 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Which type of burn usually requires skin grafting? Why? (Module 5.5B)
Third-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself.
Why does exposure to sunlight or sunlamps darken skin? (Module 5.3B)
UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin.
________ are fine hairs that lack pigment and cover much of the body surface.
Vellus hairs
Rickets can be prevented by
adequate sunlight and dietary intake of cholecalciferol.
What is the most common type of cells in the subcutaneous layer?
adipocytes
Skin wrinkle and sagging is caused by
all of the choices.
The ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty.
apocrine sweat
Deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland? (Module 5.8C)
apocrine sweat glands
All of the following can be used in the management of severe burn except
corticosteroids.
The two components of the integumentary system are the
cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.
All of the following are true of the pigment melanin except that it
decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun.
Identify the two major components of the cutaneous membrane. (Module 5.1A)
dermis and epidermis
The keratinocytes are tightly connected with each other by
desmosomes.
From what structure does merocrine secretion occur?
eccrine sweat gland
The repair of the epidermis after a wound begins as basal cells produce new
epidermal cells
At the base of a nail, keratinized skin called the cuticle is also called the
eponychium.
In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis
fibroblasts
If the epidermis, dermis, and part of hypodermis are burned, it is classified as
full thickness.
Vitamin D3 formed within the skin has all of these effects on other organ systems except that it
functions in the activation of plasma cells by the lymphatic system.
The combination of fibrin clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network that is formed in injured skin is called
granulation tissue.
List some hormones that are necessary for maintaining a healthy integument. (Module 5.11A)
growth hormone, sex hormones, growth factors, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones
Which of the following is not an effect of ultraviolet radiation?
hair growth
Describe the secretory method and functions of sebum. (Module 5.8B)
holocrine; sebum lubricates hair and skin, protects the keratin of the hair shaft, and inhibits bacterial growth
Milk is produced by ________ glands
mammary
All of the following are characteristics of the epidermis except that it
is vascularized.
The type of most cells that form the strata in the epidermis are
keratinocytes.
Scar tissue is the result of
large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.
Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of
loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis.
The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed
malignant melanoma.
The substance called sebum is commonly known as
skin oil.
Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because
stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury.
Epidermal growth factor exerts all of the following effects on the epidermis except
stimulating melanin production.
From what layer of skin are melanosomes released?
stratum basale
In which layer of skin are keratinocytes produced?
stratum basale
The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the
stratum basale.
Dandruff is caused by excessive shedding of cells from the outer layer of skin on the scalp. So, dandruff is composed of cells from which epidermal layer? (Module 5.2C)
stratum corneum
Identify the five layers of the epidermis (from superficial to deep). (Module 5.2B)
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
Insensible perspiration takes place in the
stratum corneum.
The tough "horny" superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the
stratum corneum.
A splinter that penetrates to the third layer of epidermis of the palm is lodged in which layer? (Module 5.2D)
stratum granulosum
Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except
synthesis of vitamin C.
Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following except
the epidermis.
If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed,
the follicle will lose its blood supply.