A&P chapter 5 Integumentary System

Distinguish among a first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burn. (Module 5.5A)

A first-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A second-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A third-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer.

Describe a typical strand of hair. (Module 5.7A)

A keratinous strand produced by basal cells within a hair follicle.

________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow.

Carotene

Vitamin ________ is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight.

D

What is the survival rate of a localized malignant melanoma that is detected and removed in the early stages of the cancer?

Above 95%

Granulation tissue is composed of

All of the answers are correct.

Why would an elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person?

All of the answers are correct.

Why is basal cell carcinoma considered less dangerous than malignant melanoma? (Module 5.3D)

Basal cell carcinomas rarely become malignant and metastasize, whereas malignant melanoma cells quickly spread throughout the lymphatic system to other organs.

________ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system.

Dendritic cells

The effects of aging on the skin include

a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands.

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called

a keloid.

A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called

a scab.

Which tissue is located in the region labeled "2"?

areolar connective tissue

Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum

basale.

Central adiposity is strongly associated with

cardiovascular disorders.

Name the two pigments contained in the epidermis. (Module 5.3A)

carotene and melanin

All of the following are correct regarding hair growth cycle except that

club hair is shed during follicle reactivation.

All of the following are true of epidermal ridges except that they

contain increased numbers of free nerve endings.

The ________ in keratinocytes protects the epidermis and dermis from the harmful effects of sunlight.

melanin

An albino individual lacks the ability to produce

melanin.

Perspiration is produced by ________ glands

merocrine sweat

Name the type of cell that assists the discharge of merocrine secretions, and list the glands in which such cells are present. (Module 5.8D)

myoepithelial cell; apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands

The nail body covers the

nail bed.

All of the following are derived from epithelial columns except

nails

The highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands is found

on the palms of the hands.

Cyanosis signifies that a patient has

oxygen-starved skin

All of the following are true of perspiration produced by merocrine sweat glands except that it

produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating."

All of the following are functions of accessory structures of integument except

production of skin pigments

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.

reticular

Nail production occurs at the nail

root.

Each of the following statements concerning hair is true except

scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life

Which of the following is a holocrine exocrine gland?

sebaceous

Merocrine sweat glands

secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.

Identify the first stage in skin repair. (Module 5.12A)

inflammation

Dandruff is a disorder that results in dry skin flakes forming in the scalp. A common cause of dandruff could be

inflammation around sebaceous glands.

All of the following are true of the hypodermis except it

is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

"goose bumps" are formed

Which layer is the primary barrier against environmental hazards?

1 ( Epidermis Layer)

The following are stages in the regeneration of skin following an injury. 1. blood clot/scab formation 2. cellular migration 3. epidermis covers granulation tissue 4. epidermis covers scar tissue Which of the following places the steps in the correct order?

1, 2, 3, 4

An intradermal injection is administered into which layer?

3 (Dermis Layer)

Which layer contains most of the accessory organs?

3 (Dermis Layer)

A 32-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with third-degree burns on her entire right leg, entire right arm, and the back of her trunk. Estimate the percentage of her body surface area affected by these burns. (Module 5.5D)

45%

The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers.

4; 5

While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate?

5

Where does nail production occur? (Module 5.9A)

At the nail root

What are epidermal derivatives? (Module 5.6A)

Epidermal derivatives are accessory structures that originate from the epidermis during embryonic development, including hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails.

Describe granulation tissue. (Module 5.12B)

Granulation tissue is a combination of blood clots, fibroblasts, and capillaries in healing tissue.

________ is a small connective tissue peg that contains nerve endings and blood vessels.

Hair papilla

________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.

Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

Which exocrine glands are in the integument? (Module 5.6B)

Sweat glands and sebaceous glands

Identify and describe the general functions of the exocrine glands found in the skin. (Module 5.8A)

Sweat glands and sebaceous glands; the glands help with thermoregulation, excrete wastes, and lubricate hairs and the epidermis.

________ hairs are coarse pigmented hairs.

Terminal

Explain why a healthy 6-month-old might have yellow-orange skin. (Module 5.3E)

The child may have eaten foods with a high amount of carotene causing the pigment to accumulate in the skin making it look yellow-orange.

What happens when an arrector pili muscle contracts? (Module 5.7B)

The hair follicle becomes erect, producing "goose bumps."

Why does hair turn white or gray with age? (Module 5.10A)

The melanocyte activity declines, making the hair white or gray.

Predict the degree of scarring after the healing of a horizontal cut on the forehead just above the eyebrow. (Module 5.4B)

The scarring will be significant because the cut is at a right angle to the direction of the tension lines.

Describe the layers of the dermis. (Module 5.4A)

The superficial papillary layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The deep reticular layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

Define hyponychium. (Module 5.9B)

The thickened stratum corneum underlying the free edge of the nail.

Why does the free edge of a nail appear white? (Module 5.9C)

There are no underlying blood vessels.

Compare thin skin with thick skin. (Module 5.2A)

Thin skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces. Thick skin has 5 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

Which type of burn usually requires skin grafting? Why? (Module 5.5B)

Third-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself.

Why does exposure to sunlight or sunlamps darken skin? (Module 5.3B)

UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin.

________ are fine hairs that lack pigment and cover much of the body surface.

Vellus hairs

Rickets can be prevented by

adequate sunlight and dietary intake of cholecalciferol.

What is the most common type of cells in the subcutaneous layer?

adipocytes

Skin wrinkle and sagging is caused by

all of the choices.

The ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty.

apocrine sweat

Deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland? (Module 5.8C)

apocrine sweat glands

All of the following can be used in the management of severe burn except

corticosteroids.

The two components of the integumentary system are the

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

All of the following are true of the pigment melanin except that it

decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun.

Identify the two major components of the cutaneous membrane. (Module 5.1A)

dermis and epidermis

The keratinocytes are tightly connected with each other by

desmosomes.

From what structure does merocrine secretion occur?

eccrine sweat gland

The repair of the epidermis after a wound begins as basal cells produce new

epidermal cells

At the base of a nail, keratinized skin called the cuticle is also called the

eponychium.

In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis

fibroblasts

If the epidermis, dermis, and part of hypodermis are burned, it is classified as

full thickness.

Vitamin D3 formed within the skin has all of these effects on other organ systems except that it

functions in the activation of plasma cells by the lymphatic system.

The combination of fibrin clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network that is formed in injured skin is called

granulation tissue.

List some hormones that are necessary for maintaining a healthy integument. (Module 5.11A)

growth hormone, sex hormones, growth factors, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones

Which of the following is not an effect of ultraviolet radiation?

hair growth

Describe the secretory method and functions of sebum. (Module 5.8B)

holocrine; sebum lubricates hair and skin, protects the keratin of the hair shaft, and inhibits bacterial growth

Milk is produced by ________ glands

mammary

All of the following are characteristics of the epidermis except that it

is vascularized.

The type of most cells that form the strata in the epidermis are

keratinocytes.

Scar tissue is the result of

large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.

Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of

loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis.

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed

malignant melanoma.

The substance called sebum is commonly known as

skin oil.

Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because

stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury.

Epidermal growth factor exerts all of the following effects on the epidermis except

stimulating melanin production.

From what layer of skin are melanosomes released?

stratum basale

In which layer of skin are keratinocytes produced?

stratum basale

The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the

stratum basale.

Dandruff is caused by excessive shedding of cells from the outer layer of skin on the scalp. So, dandruff is composed of cells from which epidermal layer? (Module 5.2C)

stratum corneum

Identify the five layers of the epidermis (from superficial to deep). (Module 5.2B)

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Insensible perspiration takes place in the

stratum corneum.

The tough "horny" superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the

stratum corneum.

A splinter that penetrates to the third layer of epidermis of the palm is lodged in which layer? (Module 5.2D)

stratum granulosum

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except

synthesis of vitamin C.

Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following except

the epidermis.

If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed,

the follicle will lose its blood supply.