A&P Chapter 8 Fill in the blanks WB

Immediately following depolarization, the neuron membrane becomes very permeable to___ions which rush____the cell. This is called_____.

K, outside, repolarization

During polarization, the ____are more abundant outside and the____ions are more abundant inside.

Na, K and negative

Depolarization is brought about by a stimulus, which makes the neuron membrane very permeable to the _____ions, which rush_____the cell.

Na, into

The autonomic nervous system is part of which division?

PNS

_____carries impulses away from the cell body.

axon

regulates accessory movements

basal ganglia

The central nervous system consist of the

brain and spinal cord

_____contains the nucleus of the neuron.

cell body

What are the three major parts of a neuron?

cell body, dendrites, axon

Cerebrospinal fluid is found within the_____

central canal

coordinates voluntary movement

cerebellum

regulates muscle tone and equilibrium

cerebellum

The tunnel through the midbrain called______connects the third to the fourth ventricle.

cerebral aqueduct

The gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres is called the____and is made of the_____of neurons.

cerebral cortex, cell bodies

responsible for thinking and memory

cerebrum

What groups of spinal nerve supply the diaphragm?

cervical

What groups of spinal nerve supply the neck, shoulders, and arms?

cervical and first thoracic

What is the inactivator for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

cholinesterase

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood plasma by capillary network called_____that are found within the____of the brain.

choroid plexus, ventricles

connects cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

______carries impulses toward the cell body.

dendrites

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the

dorsal root ganglion

The outermost of the meninges is called the

dura mater

What are two functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

exchanges nutrients and waste products between the CNS and blood absorbs shock and cushions the CNS

sensation in the face and teeth

facial

secretion of saliva

facial and glossopharyngeal

taste

facial and glossopharyngeal

In length, the spinal cord extends from the_______of the skull to the disc between the______vertebrae.

foramen magnum, first and second lumbar

The ventricle between the cerebellum and the medulla-pons is called the____ventricle

fourth

Motor areas the initiate voluntary movement and motor speech area(left lobe only)

frontal lobe

The cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons are located in the_____.

gray matter

Movement of the tongue

hypoglossal

Integrates the functioning of the autonomic nervous system

hypothalamus

Is the biological clock for the body's daily rhythms

hypothalamus

Produces ADH and oxytocin

hypothalamus

Regulates body temperature and eating

hypothalamus

Regulates the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland

hypothalamus

The part of the brain that integrates the functioning of the ANS is the

hypothalumus

What groups of spinal nerve supply the hips, legs, and pelvic cavity?

lumbar and sacral

Regulates blood pressure

medulla

Regulates coughing and swallowing

medulla

Regulates heart rate and respiration

medulla

Encloses the cerebral aqueduct and helps maintain equilibrium

midbrain

regulates visual and auditory reflexes

midbrain

Made of both sensory and motor neurons

mixed nerve

Also called efferent neurons

motor neurons

Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors

motor neurons

Explain why it is important that these are spinal cord reflexes that do not depend directly on the brain

no conscious decision is required-that would take too much time

parasympathetic division dominates in____situations

non-stress

In the PNS, the neurolemma is formed by which parts of the Schwann cells?

nuclei and cytoplasm

visual areas

occipital lobe

constriction of pupil of eye

oculomotor

movement of eyeball

oculomotor, abducens, and trochlear

smell

olfactory

In the CNS, the myelin sheath is made by cells called

oligodendrocytes

vision

optic

All neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

parasympathetic

One preganglionic neuron synapses with only a few postganglionic neurons which all go to one effector

parasympathetic

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are in the brain and sacral spinal cord

parasympathetic

ganglia are located near or in the visceral effector

parasympathetic

General sensory areas for cutaneous sensations and taste areas, which overlap the temporal lobes

parietal lobes

The innermost layer is the_______, which is on the surface of the______and_____.

pia mater, brain, spinal cord

Is anterior to the medulla and helps regulate respiration

pons

During repolarization, the membrane has a____charge outside and a____charge inside.

positive, negative

When a neuron is not carrying an impulse, its cell membrane has a______charge outside and a_____charge inside.

positive, negative

Explain the everyday importance of flexor reflexes

protect the body from potential harm

The neurolemma permits _____ of damaged axons or dendrites in the PNS.

regeneration

Also called afferent neurons

sensory neurons

Carry impulses from receptors to the CNS

sensory neurons

The dorsal root may also be called the _____ root because it is made of _____ neurons.

sensory, sensory

Ascending tracts may be called______tracts because they carry impulses_____the brain.

sensory, toward

The dura mater lines the_____and______.

skull, vertebral canal

The autonomic nervous system consists of motor neurons to visceral effectors, which are_____muscle,_____, and_____.

smooth, cardiac, glands

The sodium and potassium ions are returned to their proper sites by the______.

sodium and potassium pumps

The peripheral nervous system consists of the

spinal and cranial nerves

The enteric nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system and is found in the

stomach and intestines

sympathetic division dominates in____situations

stressful

The patellar reflex is an example of a stretch reflex, which means that the stimulus is_________, and the response is_______.

stretching of the muscle, contraction of the muscle

One preganglionic neuron synapses with many postganglionic neurons which go to many effectors

sympathetic

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

sympathetic

most ganglia are located in two chains outside the spinal cord

sympathetic

the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and norepinephrine are released

sympathetic

The two divisions of the ANS are the

sympathetic and parasympathetic

The space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the cell body of the next neuron is called the_____.

synapse

Auditory areas and olfactory areas

temporal lobes

Integrates sensations before relaying them to the cerebral cortex

thalamus

Suppresses unimportant sensations

thalamus

Normally, the rate of reabsorption's is_____the rate of production.

the same as

Cerebral spinal fluid is the circulating tissue fluid of the CNS located in

the ventricles within the brain subarachnoid space around the brain central canal within the spinal cord subarachnoid space around the spinal cord

The ventricle within the hypothalamus and thalamus is called the____ventricle

third

What groups of spinal nerve supply the trunk of the body?

thoracic

What are two functions of the spinal cord?

transmit impulses to and from the brain and integrating center for spinal cord reflexes

Contraction of chewing muscles

trigeminal

decreasing the heart rate

vagus

peristalsis of the intestine

vagus

sensory in cardiac and respiratory reflexes

vagus and glossopharyngeal

Contain choroid plexuses that form cerebrospinal fluid

ventricles

Four cavities within the brain

ventricles

The spinal cord is protected from mechanical injury by the

vertebrae

The ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord are located in the

white matter

How many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves?

1

What is sequence of parts of a reflex arc?

1. receptors that detect a change and generate impulses 2. sensory neurons that transmit impulses from receptors to the CNS 3. The central nervous system, with one or more synapses 4. motor neurons that transmit impulses fro the CNS to an effector 5. An effector, which performs the reflex action

How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves?

12

The meninges consist of how many layers of CT

3

How many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves?

5

How many pairs of sacral spinal nerves?

5

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves?

8

In the PNS, the myelin sheath is made by cells called

Schwann cells

contraction of shoulder muscle

accessory

Speaking (larynx)

accessory and vagus

Equilibrium

acoustic

hearing

acoustic

The complete impulse, depolarization followed by repolarization, is an______.

action potential

Define reflex

an involuntary response to a stimulus

The middle layer is called the

arachnoid membrane

The subarachnoid space is between the_____and the_____and consist of______.

arachnoid membrane, pia mater, cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed from the cranial subarachnoid space through the_____, into the blood in the_____.

arachnoid villi, cranial venous sinuses

The postsynaptic neuron contains an______to prevent continuous impulses by inactivating the neurotransmitter.

inactivator chemical

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

insulation

Neurons found entirely within the CNS

interneurons

Explain the everyday importance of stretch reflexes

keep the body upright-maintain posture

The two ventricles within the cerebral hemispheres are called_____ventricles

lateral

Descending tracts may also be called____tracts because they carry impulses_____the brain

motor, away from

The ventral root may also be called the______root because it is made of______neurons.

motor, motor

During depolarization, the membrane has a____charge outside and a____charge inside.

negative, positive

A group of functionally related neurons within the CNS

nerve tract

The term that means nerve cell is

neuron

At synapses, the nerve impulse is carried by a _______ that is released by the synaptic knobs of the _______ of a neuron.

neurotransmitter, axon