A&P Chapter 8 Fill in the blanks WB
Immediately following depolarization, the neuron membrane becomes very permeable to___ions which rush____the cell. This is called_____.
K, outside, repolarization
During polarization, the ____are more abundant outside and the____ions are more abundant inside.
Na, K and negative
Depolarization is brought about by a stimulus, which makes the neuron membrane very permeable to the _____ions, which rush_____the cell.
Na, into
The autonomic nervous system is part of which division?
PNS
_____carries impulses away from the cell body.
axon
regulates accessory movements
basal ganglia
The central nervous system consist of the
brain and spinal cord
_____contains the nucleus of the neuron.
cell body
What are the three major parts of a neuron?
cell body, dendrites, axon
Cerebrospinal fluid is found within the_____
central canal
coordinates voluntary movement
cerebellum
regulates muscle tone and equilibrium
cerebellum
The tunnel through the midbrain called______connects the third to the fourth ventricle.
cerebral aqueduct
The gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres is called the____and is made of the_____of neurons.
cerebral cortex, cell bodies
responsible for thinking and memory
cerebrum
What groups of spinal nerve supply the diaphragm?
cervical
What groups of spinal nerve supply the neck, shoulders, and arms?
cervical and first thoracic
What is the inactivator for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?
cholinesterase
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood plasma by capillary network called_____that are found within the____of the brain.
choroid plexus, ventricles
connects cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
______carries impulses toward the cell body.
dendrites
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the
dorsal root ganglion
The outermost of the meninges is called the
dura mater
What are two functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
exchanges nutrients and waste products between the CNS and blood absorbs shock and cushions the CNS
sensation in the face and teeth
facial
secretion of saliva
facial and glossopharyngeal
taste
facial and glossopharyngeal
In length, the spinal cord extends from the_______of the skull to the disc between the______vertebrae.
foramen magnum, first and second lumbar
The ventricle between the cerebellum and the medulla-pons is called the____ventricle
fourth
Motor areas the initiate voluntary movement and motor speech area(left lobe only)
frontal lobe
The cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons are located in the_____.
gray matter
Movement of the tongue
hypoglossal
Integrates the functioning of the autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
Is the biological clock for the body's daily rhythms
hypothalamus
Produces ADH and oxytocin
hypothalamus
Regulates body temperature and eating
hypothalamus
Regulates the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland
hypothalamus
The part of the brain that integrates the functioning of the ANS is the
hypothalumus
What groups of spinal nerve supply the hips, legs, and pelvic cavity?
lumbar and sacral
Regulates blood pressure
medulla
Regulates coughing and swallowing
medulla
Regulates heart rate and respiration
medulla
Encloses the cerebral aqueduct and helps maintain equilibrium
midbrain
regulates visual and auditory reflexes
midbrain
Made of both sensory and motor neurons
mixed nerve
Also called efferent neurons
motor neurons
Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors
motor neurons
Explain why it is important that these are spinal cord reflexes that do not depend directly on the brain
no conscious decision is required-that would take too much time
parasympathetic division dominates in____situations
non-stress
In the PNS, the neurolemma is formed by which parts of the Schwann cells?
nuclei and cytoplasm
visual areas
occipital lobe
constriction of pupil of eye
oculomotor
movement of eyeball
oculomotor, abducens, and trochlear
smell
olfactory
In the CNS, the myelin sheath is made by cells called
oligodendrocytes
vision
optic
All neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
parasympathetic
One preganglionic neuron synapses with only a few postganglionic neurons which all go to one effector
parasympathetic
Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are in the brain and sacral spinal cord
parasympathetic
ganglia are located near or in the visceral effector
parasympathetic
General sensory areas for cutaneous sensations and taste areas, which overlap the temporal lobes
parietal lobes
The innermost layer is the_______, which is on the surface of the______and_____.
pia mater, brain, spinal cord
Is anterior to the medulla and helps regulate respiration
pons
During repolarization, the membrane has a____charge outside and a____charge inside.
positive, negative
When a neuron is not carrying an impulse, its cell membrane has a______charge outside and a_____charge inside.
positive, negative
Explain the everyday importance of flexor reflexes
protect the body from potential harm
The neurolemma permits _____ of damaged axons or dendrites in the PNS.
regeneration
Also called afferent neurons
sensory neurons
Carry impulses from receptors to the CNS
sensory neurons
The dorsal root may also be called the _____ root because it is made of _____ neurons.
sensory, sensory
Ascending tracts may be called______tracts because they carry impulses_____the brain.
sensory, toward
The dura mater lines the_____and______.
skull, vertebral canal
The autonomic nervous system consists of motor neurons to visceral effectors, which are_____muscle,_____, and_____.
smooth, cardiac, glands
The sodium and potassium ions are returned to their proper sites by the______.
sodium and potassium pumps
The peripheral nervous system consists of the
spinal and cranial nerves
The enteric nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system and is found in the
stomach and intestines
sympathetic division dominates in____situations
stressful
The patellar reflex is an example of a stretch reflex, which means that the stimulus is_________, and the response is_______.
stretching of the muscle, contraction of the muscle
One preganglionic neuron synapses with many postganglionic neurons which go to many effectors
sympathetic
Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
sympathetic
most ganglia are located in two chains outside the spinal cord
sympathetic
the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and norepinephrine are released
sympathetic
The two divisions of the ANS are the
sympathetic and parasympathetic
The space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the cell body of the next neuron is called the_____.
synapse
Auditory areas and olfactory areas
temporal lobes
Integrates sensations before relaying them to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
Suppresses unimportant sensations
thalamus
Normally, the rate of reabsorption's is_____the rate of production.
the same as
Cerebral spinal fluid is the circulating tissue fluid of the CNS located in
the ventricles within the brain subarachnoid space around the brain central canal within the spinal cord subarachnoid space around the spinal cord
The ventricle within the hypothalamus and thalamus is called the____ventricle
third
What groups of spinal nerve supply the trunk of the body?
thoracic
What are two functions of the spinal cord?
transmit impulses to and from the brain and integrating center for spinal cord reflexes
Contraction of chewing muscles
trigeminal
decreasing the heart rate
vagus
peristalsis of the intestine
vagus
sensory in cardiac and respiratory reflexes
vagus and glossopharyngeal
Contain choroid plexuses that form cerebrospinal fluid
ventricles
Four cavities within the brain
ventricles
The spinal cord is protected from mechanical injury by the
vertebrae
The ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord are located in the
white matter
How many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves?
1
What is sequence of parts of a reflex arc?
1. receptors that detect a change and generate impulses 2. sensory neurons that transmit impulses from receptors to the CNS 3. The central nervous system, with one or more synapses 4. motor neurons that transmit impulses fro the CNS to an effector 5. An effector, which performs the reflex action
How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves?
12
The meninges consist of how many layers of CT
3
How many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves?
5
How many pairs of sacral spinal nerves?
5
How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves?
8
In the PNS, the myelin sheath is made by cells called
Schwann cells
contraction of shoulder muscle
accessory
Speaking (larynx)
accessory and vagus
Equilibrium
acoustic
hearing
acoustic
The complete impulse, depolarization followed by repolarization, is an______.
action potential
Define reflex
an involuntary response to a stimulus
The middle layer is called the
arachnoid membrane
The subarachnoid space is between the_____and the_____and consist of______.
arachnoid membrane, pia mater, cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed from the cranial subarachnoid space through the_____, into the blood in the_____.
arachnoid villi, cranial venous sinuses
The postsynaptic neuron contains an______to prevent continuous impulses by inactivating the neurotransmitter.
inactivator chemical
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
insulation
Neurons found entirely within the CNS
interneurons
Explain the everyday importance of stretch reflexes
keep the body upright-maintain posture
The two ventricles within the cerebral hemispheres are called_____ventricles
lateral
Descending tracts may also be called____tracts because they carry impulses_____the brain
motor, away from
The ventral root may also be called the______root because it is made of______neurons.
motor, motor
During depolarization, the membrane has a____charge outside and a____charge inside.
negative, positive
A group of functionally related neurons within the CNS
nerve tract
The term that means nerve cell is
neuron
At synapses, the nerve impulse is carried by a _______ that is released by the synaptic knobs of the _______ of a neuron.
neurotransmitter, axon
