A&P chp 19

In the cell and Intracellular

Approximately two-thirds of the total body fluid is found ___ and is called ___.

Filtration

Blood plasma becomes tissue fluid by the process of ____.

Acidosis

Depresses synaptic transmission in the CNS, result in confusion, coma, and death.

Electrolyte

A substance that, in water, dissociates into its positive and negative ions, is called an ___.

Increased

If the osmolarity of a solution increases, this means that the relative amount of dissolved substances has ___.

Decreased

If the osmolarity of a solution increases, this means that the relative amount of water has ___.

Potassium and Phosphate

In intracellular fluid, the major cation is ___ and the major anion is ___.

Proteins

In plasma and tissue fluid ___ are significant organic anions.

Sodium and Chloride

In the blood plasma, the major cation is ___ and the major anion is ___.

Sodium and Chloride

In tissue fluid, the major cation is ___ and the major anion is ___.

Alkalosis

Increases synaptic transmission in the CNS and PNS, result is irritability, muscle spasms and convulsions.

Sulfate (SO4-2)

Part of some amino acids and proteins.

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Part of the bicarbonate buffer system.

Salt and weak acid

The phosphate buffer system buffers a strong acid by forming ___ and a ___.

Kidney's

The phosphate buffer system is important for pH regulation by the ____.

Intracellular fluid

The protein buffer system is the most important buffer system in ___.

Bicarbonate and H+

To compensate for alkalosis, the kidneys will excrete more ___ions and retain more ___ ions.

Increase and release

To compensate for metabolic acidosis, respirations will ___ in order to ___ carbon dioxide.

Decrease and retain

To compensate for metabolic alkalosis, respiration will ___ in order to ___ carbon dioxide.

Ingestion of liquids

Most of a person's daily water intake comes from ____.

Urine, Sweat, and Breathing

Most of the loss of body water is by way of ___, and secondary losses are by way of ___ and ___.

Kidney's

The ___ have the greatest capacity to prevent fatal acidosis because they are able to remove H* ions from the body fluids and excrete them in urine.

Plasma and tissue fluid

The bicarbonate buffer system is important for the regulation of pH in the body fluids ___ and ___.

Salt and Weak acid

The bicarbonate buffer system will buffer a strong acid by forming a ___ and a ___.

Weak base and Water (H2O)

The bicarbonate buffer system will buffer a strong base by forming a ___ and ___.

Osmolarity

The concentration of dissolved substances in a solution is called ____.

Chloride and Hydrochloric acid (HCL)

The electrolyte that is an important part of gastric juice is ___ because it is part of ___.

Calcium

The electrolyte that is essential for blood clotting is ___.

Iron

The electrolyte that is essential for efficient oxygen transport is ___.

Phosphate

The electrolyte that is part of ATP is ___.

Phosphate

The electrolyte that is part of DNA and RNA is ___.

Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium

The electrolytes that are essential for normal muscle contraction are ___, ___, and ___.

Sodium and Potassium

The electrolytes that are essential for normal nerve impulse transmission are ___ and ___.

Calcium and Phosphate

The electrolytes that are part of bones and teeth are ___ and ___.

ADH

The hormone that directly increases water reabsorption by the kidneys is ___.

ANP

The hormone that increases excretion of water by the kidneys following excretion of sodium ions is ___.

Aldosterone

The hormone that increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys following reabsorption of sodium ions is ____.

Depression of the CNS

The major effect of acidosis on the body is ___.

Over excitability of the CNS

The major effect of alkalosis on the body is ___.

Filtration

The movement of water through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an are of lower pressure is called ____.

Osmosis

The movement of water through a membrane to an area of greater dissolved material is called ___.

Kidneys (Renal)

The pH regulating mechanism that has the greatest capacity to buffer an ongoing pH imbalance is the ___.

Buffer system

The pH regulating mechanism that has the least capacity to buffer an ongoing pH imbalance is the ___.

Buffer, Respiratory, and Kidney's (Renal)

The pH regulating mechanisms, in order from most rapid to slowest are the ___, ___ and ___.

Buffer system

The pH-regulating mechanism that works most rapidly is the ____.

Kidneys (Renal)

The pH-regulating mechanism that works most slowly is the ___

Hypothalamus

The part of the brain that regulates the water content of the body is the ____.

Metabolic Alkalosis

i.Possible causes: Overingestion of bicarbonate medications, gastric suctioning. ii. Compensation: Decreased respirations to retain CO2.

Positive and Sodium

A cation is a ___ such as ___.

Amine and Hydrogen ion

An amino acid acts as a base in body fluids when the ___ group picks up a ___.

Carboxyl and Hydrogen ion

An amino acid acts as an acid in body fluids when the ___ group gives off a ___.

Negative and Chloride

An anion is a ___ such as ___.

Respiratory Acidosis

I. Causes: Decreased rate of efficiency of respirations: emphysema, asthma, pneumonia, paralysis of respiratory muscles. ii. Compensation: Kidneys excrete H+ ions and reabsorb Na+ ions and HCO3 ions.

Metabolic Acidosis

I. Causes: Kidney disease, ketosis, diarrhea, or vomiting. ii. Compensation: Increased respirations to exhale CO2

Potassium (K+)

I. Creates much of the osmotic pressure in ICF. The most abundant cation in ICF. ii. Essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells.

Sodium (Na+)

I. Creates much of the osmotic pressure of ECF, The most abundant cation in ECF. ii. Essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells.

Respiratory Alkalosis

I. Increased rate of respiration: anxiety, high altitude. ii. Compensation: Kidneys retain H+ ions and excrete Na+ ions and HCO3- ions.

Magnesium (Mg+2)

I. Most (50%) is found in bone ii. More abundant in ICF than in ECF iii. Essential for ATP production and activity of neurons and muscle cells.

Phosphate (HPO4-2)

I. Most (85%) is found in bones and teeth ii. Primarily an ICF anion. iii. Part of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids iv. Part of HCl in gastric juice

Calcium (Ca+2)

I. Most (98%) is found in bones and teeth. ii. Maintains normal excitability of neurons and muscle cells. iii. Essential for blood clotting.

Chloride (Cl-)

I. Most abundant anion in ECF, diffuses easily into tand out of cells, helps regulate osmotic pressure ii. Part of HCl in gastric juice.

Decrease

If the kidneys are excreting fewer hydrogen ions, the pH of body fluids will probably ___.

Increase

If the kidneys are excreting more hydrogen ions, the pH of the body fluids will probably ___.

Decreased

If the osmolarity of a solution decreases, this means that the relative amount of dissolved substances has ___.

Increased

If the osmolarity of a solution decreases, this means that the relative amount of water has ___,

6.8 and 7.0

Intracellular fluid has a pH range of __ to __.

Alkaline

Involuntary muscle contractions are signs of pH imbalance with the body fluids becoming too ___.

Acidic

Lethargy and decreased awareness are signs of a pH imbalance with the body fluids becoming too ___.

Cell respiration

Metabolic water is the water produced in the body during ____.

CO2

The respiratory system is important for the pH regulation because it controls the amount of ___ in body fluids.

Foods

The second largest source of daily water intake for a person comes from ___.

Metabolic water

The smallest source of daily water intake for a person comes from ____.

Aqueous humor

The specialized fluid ___ is the tissue fluid of the eye.

Serous fluid

The specialized fluid ___ prevents friction between the pleural membranes.

Synovial Fluid

The specialized fluid ___ prevents friction in joints.

Cerebrospinal fluid

The specialized fluid is a shock absorber for the central nervous system.

Osmosis

Tissue fluid becomes intracellular fluid by the process of ____.

H+ and Bicarbonate

To compensate for acidosis, the kidneys will excrete more ___ ions and retain more ___ ions.

Dehydration, sweating, and vomiting

Too little water in the body is called ___, and may be caused by ____, ___, diarrhea, hemorrhage, severe burns, and fever.

Interstitual

Water located between cells is called ____.

Intracellular

Water within cells is called ___.

Lymph

Water within lymph vessels is called ____

Plasma

Water within the blood vessels is called ___.

Increases and Decreases

When there is too little water in the body, the secretion of the hormone ADH ___, and urinary output ___.

ADH and decreases

When there is too little water in the body, the secretion of the hormone ___ increases, and urinary output ___.

ADH and increases

When there is too much water in the body, the secretion of the hormone ___ decreases and urinary output ____.

Aldosterone and ADH

With respect to the kidneys, the two hormones that increase the reabsorption of water are ___ and ___.

Decreases and Increases

when there is too much water in the body, the secretion of the hormone ADH ___, and urinary output ___.