A&P - Dynamic Study: Chapter 12, Module 5

Match the disease with its description: Alzheimer's disease. a) Progressive degenerative disease associated with plaques and tangles in the brain b) The cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop because the neural folds fail to fuse rostrally c) Failure to close the caudal end of the neural tube during embryonic development d) Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the basal nuclei e) Hereditary disease associated with massive degeneration in the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

Progressive degenerative disease associated with plaques and tangles in the brain (explanation: Alzheimer's disease ultimately results in dementia. Examinations of brain tissue reveal senile plaques littering the brain like shrapnel between the neurons. The plaques consist of extracellular aggregations of beta-amyloid peptide. Another hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the presence of neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons. These tangles involve a protein called tau, which functions like railroad ties to bind microtubule "tracks" together)

Choose the true statement regarding second-order neurons. a) Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the thalamus. b) Second-order neurons conduct impulses to the spinal cord or brain stem, where they synapse. c) Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. d) Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.

Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (explanation: The cell bodies of second-order neurons reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or in medullary nuclei. They transmit impulses to the thalamus or to the cerebellum where they synapse.)

In the spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid fills which of the following? a) Subdural space between the dura and arachnoid meninges b) Space between the pia mater and the surface of the spinal cord c) Subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater meninges d) Epidural space between the bony vertebrae and the spinal dura mater

Subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater meninges

Which of the following descriptions of the gray matter of the spinal cord is correct? a) The ventral horns contain cell bodies of autonomic (visceral) motor neurons. b) The dorsal horns contain cell bodies of interneurons. c) The lateral horns contain cell bodies of sensory neurons. d) All of the descriptions are correct. e) None of the descriptions is correct.

The dorsal horns contain cell bodies of interneurons (explanation: All neurons whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord gray matter are multipolar. The dorsal horns consist entirely of interneurons.)

Select the area of the CNS where damage could lead to spastic paralysis. a) Lower motor neurons b) Ventral roots c) Dorsal roots d) Upper motor neurons

Upper motor neurons (explanation: Spastic paralysis occurs if only the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex (or their axons in the spinal cord) are damaged. In this case, the spinal motor neurons remain intact and spinal reflex activity continues to stimulate the muscles irregularly. As a result, the muscles remain healthy longer, but their movements are no longer subject to voluntary control. In many cases, the muscles shorten permanently.)

Which of the following is UNTRUE concerning Alzheimer's disease? a) Up to half of deaths for those over 85 is contributed to by Alzheimer's disease. b) Alzheimer's patients represent nearly half of the people living in nursing homes. c) An alternate pronunciation of Alzheimer's disease is "old-timers" or "all-timers" disease. d) Between 5 and 15% of people over 65 develop this condition.

An alternate pronunciation of Alzheimer's disease is "old-timers" or "all-timers" disease.

Damage to which area of the spinal cord could lead to quadriplegia? a) Cauda equina b) Thoracic region c) Cervical enlargement/region d) Lumbar enlargement

Cervical enlargement/region (explanation: Transection (cross sectioning) of the spinal cord at any level results in total motor and sensory loss in body regions inferior to the site of damage. If the injury occurs in the cervical region, all four limbs are affected and the result is quadriplegia)

Select the term that refers to the inferior end of the spinal cord. a) Filum terminale b) Lumbar enlargement c) Conus medullaris d) Cauda equina

Conus medullaris

Select the example of a direct (pyramidal) pathway. a) Vestibulospinal tract b) Tectospinal tract c) All the choices are direct (pyramidal) tracts. d) Corticospinal tract e) Reticulospinal tract

Corticospinal tract (explanation: The direct pathways originate mainly with the pyramidal cells located in the precentral gyri. These neurons send impulses through the brain stem via the large pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts. The direct pathways are so called because their axons descend without synapsing from the pyramidal cells to the spinal cord.)

Match the disease with its description: Parkinson's disease. a) Failure to close the caudal end of the neural tube during embryonic development b) Progressive degenerative disease associated with plaques and tangles in the brain c) Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the basal nuclei d) The cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop because the neural folds fail to fuse rostrally e) Hereditary disease associated with massive degeneration in the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the basal nuclei (explanation: Parkinson's disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra. As those neurons deteriorate, the basal nuclei become overactive. Afflicted individuals have a persistent tremor at rest,a forwardbent walking posture and shuffling gait, and a stiff facial expression. They are slow initiating and executing movement.)

Select the structure that contains sensory (afferent) fibers. a) Dorsal horn b) Lateral horn c) Ventral root d) Ventral horn e) Dorsal root

Dorsal root (explanation: Afferent fibers carrying impulses from peripheral sensory receptors form the dorsal roots of the spinal cord that fan out as the dorsal rootlets before they enter the spinal cord.)

Select the spinal cord tract that transmits impulses concerned with pain and temperature to opposite side of brain for interpretation by somatosensory cortex. a) Fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis (dorsal white column) b) Ventral spinothalamic c) Lateral spinothalamic d) Dorsal spinocerebellar

Lateral spinothalamic