PCC Speech 1 Midterm Review

primacy and recency effects

audience remembers the 1st and last thing you said the best more than the middle of your speech

During the speech ... (for anxiety reduction)

Breathe, engage in positive self talk, don't apologize, accept that you're experiencing some level of fear, focus on the audience not yourself

3 uses of muted group theory

1. determines how men and women perceive the world differently due to different societal roles 2. explores how the dominant group enacts their power and suppress subculture ideas 3. examines how marginalized groups must convert their ideas, experiences, and meanings into the dominant language in order to be heard

rules of informative speaking

1. be thorough, 2. cant be boring, 3. get organized

10 most important steps for public speaking

1. care, 2. organize, 3. start strong/end strong, 4. look great/feel great, 5. show your personality, 6. never drop the ball, 7. control your body, 8. make eye contact, 9. control your voice, 10. rehearse your speech

3 steps in choosing a topic

1. compile a list of potential topics, 2. evaluate each topic, 3. commit to your topic

sexual orientation

An individuals attraction to other people, same gender, other gender, both genders, or neither gender

Communication

An interactive process of sharing symbols to construct meaning

Assimilation

Blending in with the dominant group

Quality

Concerns the level of preparation and skill level of the delivery of the speech before they even hear the speech

Negative Self Talk

Convincing yourself about all of your flaws before the speech

Memorized delivery

Deliver this speech with out any note cards at all

What should you focus on when answering "who is the anticipated audience for the speech?"

Ethnic/cultural background, Nationality, Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Religious affiliation, socioeconomic status, group membership

What kind of outline do we use in class?

Full sentence outline

Difference between hearing and listening?

Hearing is a passive process, listening is an active process

Advice

Imagine your audience is dangling from a cliff and only what you're telling them, will save them

Feeling different than the audience

It may be hard to relate to a group if they appear different

Communication Apprehension

Individual fear or anxiety associated with anticipated communication with another person or persons

State Apprehension

Individuals are only nervous sometimes before and during a speech

Trait Apprehension

Individuals who are shy in many types of situations are often identified as shy

What does mutedness mean?

It doesn't mean that low-power groups are completely silent. The issue is whether people can say what they want to say when and where they want to say it

Presentation aids: Graphs

Line graph (for trends), bar graph (comparing sets of data), pie graph (slice represents a percentage of the whole)

What should you always do when transitioning walking?

Look in the direction you are walking, should start with leg in the direction you are headed, walk parallel

Separation

Minimizing any contact with the dominant group

Accommodation

Persuading the dominant group to incorporate the experiences of the co-cultural group

Procrastination

Putting off a speech to the last minute. related to anxiety.

Gender

Refers to a person's cultural, social, and psychological identification as male or female. does not always align with biological sex.

Situational factors of a speech

Temperature, seating arrangement, lighting, acoustic

communication channel

The medium—print, broadcast, the Internet—that carries the message.

closure

The way you say the last line of the speech, will bring closure to it. Don't say thank and goodbye. Close with your tone and pitch.

Construction of meaning

We interpret symbols around us in order to make sense of the world around us

Content

What the audience expects you to talk about before they even hear the speech

Nationality

Where the person is from/born. ex: not everyone is from America

Fight or flight

Your body will go into fight mode and respond to the challenge by preparing and delivering the best possible speech or you choose flight which can make you avoid the causes of anxiety by avoiding the speech and class

A speech of demonstration uses ____

a chronological pattern

to show place or direction transitions

above, below, beyond, farther on, nearby, opposite, close to left

to show time transitions

after, as, before, next, during, later, finally, meanwhile, then, when, while, immediately

to compare transitions

also, in the same manner, similarly, likewise

Organization

an outline gives you a framework in organize your ideas

To show addition transitions

and, also, besides, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, next, too, fast, second

Evaluate each topic

ask these questions: is it appropriate, is is researchable, is it interesting to you and to the audience, does it affect their lives, and can it be covered within time. If no to any, then reject it.

What is in the intro?

attention getting device, relevance to audience, roadmap, thesis, credibility statement

What is in the conclusion?

attention getting device, thesis, roadmap, lasting statement

to contrast transitions

but, however, on the other hand, in contrast, nevertheless, still, even though, on the contrary, yet, although

Degree of unpredictability

can be anything from the sudden change in environment, being asked to speak at the last minute, etc.

Advantages of Visual Aids

clarify complex concepts, can convey powerful emotions, improve recall, show comparisons, add interest, promote conciseness, serve as evidence

Successful speakers consider their audiences by...

communicating clearly and accurately.

Intrapersonal communication

communication in our head

interpersonal communication

communication with 2 or more people

Muted Group Theory

concerning the certain groups of people who remain powerless compared to others

Ethnic/cultural background

could be the identity of race or cultural or religious group.

literal comparison

describes actual similarities between concepts that share physical or observable characteristics

Presentation aids: Handouts

don't distribute until the end of your speech, can be a distraction

dropping the ball

drawing attention to your mistakes, don't do it

message overload

excessive written or verbal information so the person stops focusing on the message and instead on something else

Sustained eye contact

eye contact with individual audience members for a complete thought before moving onto the next

to give examples transitions

for example, for instance, to illustrate, in fact, specifically

Acoustic

how the sound of your voice will travel in the speaking location

to indicate logical relationship transitions

if, so, therefore, consequently, thus, as a result, for this reason, since

to summarize or conclude transitions

in other words, in short, in summary, in conclusion, to sum up, that is, therefore

4 ways to collected audience info

interviews, research, observations, surverys

Three major areas of a speech

introduction, info and points, and conclusion

Communication is a process that ________

is always ongoing

Reasons for speech anxiety

lack of speaking experience, negative experience, the fear of being the center of attention, low self esteem

verbal filler words

like, so, well, y'know, basically, really, okay... get rid of them

Impromptu delivery

limited preparation

volume

loudness of your voice

4 different types of delivery

manuscript, memorized delivery, impromptu, extemporaneous delivery

spatial sequence speech structure

ordered based on physical location (east to west, left to right)

structure-function sequence speech structure

ordered to describe something and then show how it works

Stereotypes

oversimplified picture of someone different from us

types of support

personal experiences, definitions, descriptions, explanations, examples, factual examples, statistics and numeral data, visual and audio aid, testimony, compare and contrast

chronological sequence speech structure

points are ordered from the first to last, earliest to latest, past to present to future

Strategies for anxiety reduction

prepare for the speaking event, know weaknesses and strengths, familiarize yourself with speech situation, physical and mental prep

project

reach your voice towards the back and sides of the room

figurative comparisons

relates objects or ideas that may appear to have nothing in common, aka simile or metaphor

linear model of communication

sender->message->channel->receiver->feedback; interference, context

Presentation aids: PowerPoint

should be used as a visual for unfamiliar words, don't overwhelm audience with too much text

Speech anxiety

sometimes called stage fright, speech phobia, shyness, or performance anxiety

rate

speed with which you verbalize

High stakes

the higher the reward the more nervous you become

support

the info you pull from your research sources to use in your speech

research

the process of reviewing an array of published materials, conducting interviews, and/or conducting field research in a subject area

a speech of explanation uses _____

the structure function sequence

self-fulfilling prophecy

the tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave. ex: tell yourself you cant do something, you'll start to believe it

goal of informative speaking

to educate and teach your audience something

Types of transitions

to show addition, to give examples, to compare, to contrast, to summarize or conclude, to show time, to show a place or direction, to indicate logical relationship

a speech of revelation uses a _________

topical pattern

How to cite a source verbally

use the source title, the authors, and the year of publication; before the info

Critical thinking

use this to distinguish between fact and opinion in speeches and everyday life

pauses

used sparingly but with purpose, can send a powerful non verbal message

expert testimony

using words of a specialist

lay testimony

using words of average people

Presentation aids: Media

videos: used sparingly, 30 sec max

ways to research

web based research, interviews, library and database research

Unspeak

when a person raises their voice at the end of a sentence

vocal fry

when people draw out sentences. gives the impression you are lost in thought and don't know what to say

message distortions

when the messages received are fundamentally different than those that were sent

Manuscript delivery

when you read word for word what is written, maintain conversational tone and eye contact

Presentation aids: People

you are taking a risk when using someone in the audience

Extemporaneous delivery

you don't write the speech out word for word but you rehearse with an outline

Topic revelation statement

your speech in one sentence; time indicator, communicating verb, vibrant adjectives, conversational voice; most important part