A&P - Exam 1 Study Material on Modules 1-4

extracellular matrix

The chemical substances located between connective tissue cells consists of protein fibers and ground substance composition is different depending on tissue type

Medial

Toward the midline of the body ex: heart is medial to the lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity separated from the ventral cavity by the diaphragm

Palpation

an examination technique in which the examiner's hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts

Deep

away from the surface, more internal ex: the stomach is deep to the rectus abdominis

Having a matrix is a characteristic of which type of tissue?

connective

wandering cells

continuously move throughout the connective tissue proper and are components of the immune system macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, phagocytic cells

Muscular Tissue

contraction and generation of force generates heat (for warmth and homeostasis)

middle layer

cortex - major part of shaft with elongated cells with pigment in darker granules

outer layer

cuticle

neuron structure

dendrites, cell body, axon, terminal buttons

dermal root sheath

dense dermis surrounding the hair follicle

Tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous hard, semi-solid, liquid

mask of pregnancy

estrogen in pregnancy may cause an increasein melanin production, which may darken nipple, areolar, and genitals may also darken cheek bone, forehead, and chest a darkline may also appear on midline of abdomen

tension lines (cleavage lines)

indicate predominant direction of underlining collagen fibers

inner layer

medulla

stratified epithelium

more than one layer of cells used for protection

digestive system components

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, (small and large) intestines, liver, pancreas, anus

dermal papilla in thick skin

numerous and tall arranged in patterned rows

Which of the following bone supports some of the weight of the brain?

occipital

If a needle pokes your skin and results in instant bleeding, which skin layer has the needle reached?

papillary layer

apoptosis

programmed cell death

sudoriferous glands

sweat glands

Posterior

toward the back ex: heart is posterior to the ribcage

epithelial membrane

composed of epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue ex: skin

Dorsal cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavities (brain and spinal cord). Back of body

lymph

contains liquid matrix and white blood cells

what influences melanin color

genetic factors expose to light/hormones

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head ex: liver is inferior to heart

Respiratory system components

Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs.

Umbilical region

The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus middle

Ventral cavity

Thoracic cavity: pleural cavities, mediastinum, pericardial cavity

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits electrical signals. detects changes in various environments nerve impulses activate ex: muscle contraction and gland secretion

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat-- provides insulation loose connective tissue fat cells w/ little extracell matrix

X-ray

a form of energy that travels in electromagnetic waves exposed on photographic plate, creating a radiograph

melanocytes

about the same in all people produce melanin irregularly shaped with many long projections melanin is transferred to keratinocytes through phagocytosis

how to adjust blood flow in dermis

blood vessels dilate with high temps constrict in low temps

Micro filaments

threadlike structures made up of protein called ACTIN; helps cells move help provide support and structure to cytoplasm of cell cell division (actin subunit creates cleavage during div.) thinnest type of cytoskeleton

How do merocrine glands secrete their products?

through exocytosis

Eumelanin

Brown to black pigments in the hair

Which statement does not accurately describe the anatomical position?

Palms are pressed lightly against the thighs

Which cranial bones form the orbit?

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

right iliac region

lower right region cecum, appendix. where the ilium is located

prone position

lying on abdomen, facing downward

supine position

lying on back, facing upward

When epithelial cells are flat they are referred to as _____________ cells.

squamous

The parietal and temporal bones are separated by which suture?

squamous suture

what do you call the external and internal root sheath as a whole?

Epithelial root sheath

The outside lining of bone that helps it attach to fascia and circulatory components is the:

Periosteum

Auscultation

listening to sounds within the body

dermis

middle layer of skin second deepest

tubular

secretory cells that form tubes

endocrine glands

Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

what are the racial variations of skin color due to

1) types of melanin produced 2) amount of melanin produced 3) size of melanosomes (melanin filled vesicles in cell) 4) # of melanosomes 5) distribution of melanosomes -- distribution means how long the melanocyte projection reaches light skin people only reach stratum spinosum while darker individuals might reach stratum granulosum

Urothelium (transitional epithelium)

Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched allows for relaxation and distended Allows for filling of urinary tract Locations: ureter and bladder

internal root sheath

ONLY has hair matrix made from germinal layer of cells which arises from stratum basale (site of cell division aka stem cells) produced by hair matrix and forms a cellular tubular sheath of epithelium between external RS and the hair

When a fracture is not given the correct medical treatment and therefore does not heal properly, bone formation begins to form at the area of fracture. What cell contributes to this bone formation:

Osteoblast

hair cuticle

Outermost layer of hair; consisting of a single, overlapping layer of transparent, scale-like cells that look like shingles on a roof. single cell layer that contains hard keratin

important characteristics of hair

PROTECTION reduction of heat loss sensitivity to light touch

chemical level of organization

atoms combine to form molecules

During the intramembranous ossification process, the development of the trabeculae will cause the formation of (the):

cancelous bone

Leukemias

cancers of the white blood cells

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

capsulated nerve endings (like dermis) sensitive to pressure because it is deeper in the skin

supporting connective tissue

cartilage -- hyaline, fibro, elastic bone -- compact and spongy bone

Chondroblasts

cartilage forming cells retain capacity for cell division secrete extracell matrix

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage elastic fibers, collagen, and proteoglycans gives rigid support and elasticity due to presence of elastic fibers

________ is a type of dense connective tissue that is often found in joints to reduce friction. _________ is a type of fibrous connective tissue which attaches a bone to another bone.

cartilage; ligament

effector negative feedback loop

causes a change to reverse situation and return value back to normal range -- goes back to homeostasis ex of negative FBL: endocrine cells control excess glucose in pancreas by detecting excess glucose in blood stream excess glucose is stimulas endocrine cells are the sensor pancreatic beta cells respond by releasing insulin into bloodstream skeletal muscles fibers, fat cells, and liver are effectors because they take up the insulin to return levels back to normal

tissue level of organization

cells come together to form tissue epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous groups of similar cells with similar embryological origins come together to perform specialized functions

control center negative feedback loop

compares value from sensor to normal range and if it deviates too much, it activates the effector

Developmental

complete history from fertilization to death

fur

hair if it is dense and covers most of body surface

nonciliated epithelial tissue

no cilia on surface

This kind of section separates right and left portions of the body in anatomical positions but misses the midline. Which kind of section is this?

parasagittal section

nervous tissue

receive stimuli and send signal to brain/spinal cord

fixed cells

remain in connective tissue fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells

What is the correct order of events for bone remodeling?

resorption, deposition, osteocyte mineralization

tissue repair

restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury

right hypochondriac region

right lateral region just below the ribs (upper right) liver, gallbladder

2 types of macrophage

roaming free macrophage, which engulf infection and cell debris fixed macrophage, which are permanent in their tissue

Hyaline cartilage

short, dispersed collagen fibers large amount of proteoglycans growth plate is made of hyaline cartilage which allows for growth

muscular system components

skeletal muscle tissues tendons

layers of thin skin deep to superficial

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

epidermis of nail bed lacks ______

stratum granulosum

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

fibrocartilage

tough large collagen dispersed intervertebral discs made of this

when is the rate of cell division in stratum basale changed?

when the top layer of epidermis is stripped away (abrasion/burn)

How many abdominopelvic quadrants

4

Tissues

Groups of cells with a common structure and function.

organ level of organization

Organs are made up of different types of tissues (2 or more) ex: urinary bladder is formed by smooth muscle tissue and skeletal muscle specific function and recognizable shape

Pheomelanin

Produces yellow to red pigments in the hair

The space between the visceral and parietal layer

Serous cavity (fist in half filled balloon example)

Epithelial tissue

Skin lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts forms glands

Ventral

Toward the belly ex: stomach is ventral to the pancreas

necrosis

abnormal condition of death disease, injury, or failure of blood supply

Moles (Nevus or Nevi)

benign vocalized overgrowth of melanocytes

Increased levels of calcium in the blood of a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of:

calcitonin

Melanocytes

cells that produce melanin stratum basale has projections up until the stratum granulosum melanin is phagocytized by keratinocytes everyone has same # of melanocytes, but difference in amount of melanin produced melanin helps absorb damaging UV light

adipocytes

fat cells that make up most of the subcutaneous layer store lipids as droplets which fill most of cytoplasm more white fat, less brown fat fixed cell

What regulates homeostasis

feedback loops (negative and positive)

predominant fixed cell in dermis

fibroblasts

Embryology

first 8 weeks of development after fertilization

capillary loops

found in all dermal papilla blood capillaries

macrophages in dermis

help phagocytize bacteria and viruses that pass intradermal macrophages of the epidermis

function of ridges and grooves

increase surface area of epidermis increase grip of hands and feet by increased friction creates a strong bond between epidermis and dermis in regions of high mechanical stress due to increased surface area, there are increased tactile corpuscles, which means increased tactile sensitivity sweat in ridges form finger prints

smooth muscle

involuntary muscle found in internal organs moves food involuntary control of respiration, urinary tract, menstration moves secretions regulates blood flow in arteries located in walls of major organs and passage ways short spindle shape, no striation, single nucleus in each fiber

How does melanin produce pigment?

involves enzymatic modification of amino acids tyrosine and intermediate filament

intermediate filament subunit

keratin

where is melanin least found

lips, palms of hands, soles of feet

cellularity

little/no space between cells due to specialized cell junctions

pleura

lungs

Which bone cell stimulates bone resorption?

osteoclasts

other name for hair

pili

synthesis of vitamin D in integument system

requires activation of precursor molecule in skin by UV light enzymes in liver and kidneys modify to activated molecule producing calcitriol

vellus hair

short, fine, unpigmented downy hair that appears on the body where there isnt terminal hair, with the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. at puberty, terminal hair replaces vellus hair especially in pubis and axillary regions (armpit)

stratum corneum is much _______ on thick skin

thicker

atrophy

(n.) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; (v.) to waste away

Epindymal cells

production of CSF

monocytes

what phagocytic cells are derived from enter connective tissue from blood vessels

Micro filaments subunit

actin

The gallbladder belongs to which organ system?

digestive

acinar

secretory portions that are more rounded

how long does it take to go from stem cell to corneocyte?

4-6 weeks

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail skin + subcutaneous

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart. contracts to pump blood cardiomyocytes contract to own intrinsic rhythm short, branched, striated, single central nuclei

macrophage

Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells found in lymph nodes and other tissues of body

multicellular exocrine glands

Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct and a secretory unit Usually surrounded by supportive connective tissue Supplies blood and nerve fibers Extends into and divides gland into lobes

Julia explains to her friend that the integument is composed of skin and its derivatives, like hair, nail and glands. That the skin is formed by the epidermis and the dermis. She describes the epidermis as having four layers in thin skin and the dermis as having a papillary and reticular region. She asserts that the dermis is located below the subcutaneous layer. What makes Julia's statement incorrect?

She inaccurately describes the location of the dermis.

Which of the statements below is correct about connective tissue?

abundant extracellular material between cells

mesenchymal cell

adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived

decreased blood flow =

conserves heat

Which of the following molecular composition is the second greatest in the body?

hydrogen

Tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles

one type of mechanoreceptor that sense gentle pressure on the skin encapsulated touch receptor detect touch

type of epithelial tissue used for secretion/absorption

simple cuboidal epithelium, nonciliated simple columnar, nonciliated pseudostratified columnar

ridges and grooves

surfaces of palms and fingers lines the cleavage of tension lines appear as straight lines on palms and loops on fingers

Tissue Inflammation

- initial, non specific response to injuries. - goal is to limit further damage and eliminate any harmful agents

characteristics of epidermis

- stratified squamous epithelium - avascular - cellularity - arranged in layers - protects underlying tissue

unicellular exocrine gland

-composed of one cell -goblet cell

percent of melanocytes in epidermis

8%

visceral pleura

Membrane surrounding the lungs

avascularity

no blood vessels

cancer stem cells

sub-type of cancer reflecting tissue of origin

integumentary system components

hair, SKIN, nails, sweat glands

Organs that develop from the embryonic epidermis

hair, skin glands, and nails

sensor negative feedback loop

detects deviation from set point monitors physiological value changes and reports abnormal levels to control center

types of glial cells

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

characteristics of dermis

- resistant to pulling/stretching forces because of flexible elastic fibers - cells present are scattered (fixed and wandering cells) - stretches and recoils easily - Contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to epidermis by diffusion - adjacent layers form many structural and functional relation which support the tissue - Contains free nerve endings - Contains neural receptors: Meisners and Pacinian - Contains sweat glands - Contains hair follicles/oil-glands - Contains cutaneous lymphatics

keratinocytes in stratum granulosum

-have membrane enclosed lamellar granules which fuse with plasma membrane and release lipid bridge secretion -this secretion is deposited in the spaces between the cells of the 3 epidermal layers (granulosum, lucidum, and corneum) -this is a lipid rich secretion which acts as a water repelling sealant that prevents loss of body fluid

how does the integument system protect

-keratin protects underlining tissue from microbes, abrasions, heat and chemicals -lipids release by laminar granules that are present in stratum granulosum that inhibit water from entry through skin surface protects from dehydration and reentry of water through skin -sebaceous glands produce sebum to stop hair and skin from drying out and release bacteracytochemicals that kill bacteria -sweat glands have a pH level that delays growth of some microbes -melanin protect against UV light -macrophages carry out protective immunological functions

stratum granulosum

3rd layer of the epidermis 3-5 layers of more flattened keratinocytes that are trying to undergo apoptosis cells begin to degenerate because they are moving farther away from their nutrient supply from blood vessels, causing death cells in this layer have the presence of the darkly staining protein called kerato hyaline

How many abdominopelvic regions

9

percent of keratinocytes in epidermis

90%

albinism

Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes usually recessive inability to produce tyrosine (enzyme with copper) that catalyzes the first 2 steps of melanin biosynthesis no tyrosine, no melanin synthesis, which means no pigment no change in # of melanocytes

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart contain patch-like structures (plaques) with intermediate filaments coming out of it transmembrane glycoproteins are between desmosomes, which hold them together (cadherin)

reticular region of dermis

Attached to subcutaneous layer, bundles of thick collagen fibers with fibroblasts in middle of collagen fiber, wandering macrophages and other floating cells, fibroblasts; some adipose cells in the deepest layers (hypodermis has many adipose cells); coarse elastic fibers; collagen fibers form a net-like network that is more regular than the papillary region (helps resist skin stretching); blood vessels, nerves, sebaceous (oil) glands, sudoriferous (sweat) glands occupy spaces between fibers; combination of collagen and elastic fibers provide the skin strength, extensibility, elasticity

osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells bone Chewing bone cell

gliomas

Brain tumors that develop from glial cells

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

sarcomas

Cancers that arise in the connective tissue cells, including bones, ligaments, and muscles.

Which branch of anatomy is defined by the study of cellular function and structure?

Cell biology

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk ex: the femur is proximal to the tibia

Reproductive system components

Gonads (testes or ovaries) and associated organs: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands (females), and epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate, ductus deferens, and penis (males)

cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion covers epithelial cells formed by micrtubules moves materials over cell's surface

liver spots

Harmless age spots that are flat gray, brown, or black, vary in size, and may appear on the face, hands, shoulders, and arms accumulation of melanin due to age

lymphatic system functions

Maintains tissue fluid balance carries lipids from GI tract to blood combats disease removes foreign substances from blood and lymph

serous membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body simple squamous epithelial on top of a line of connective tissue (covers organs)

Hemoglobin

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells can vary in color depending on skin color dark skin: yellow to reddish brown to black light skin: pink to red this is the reason white people get red while working out

hyponychium

Slightly thickened layer of skin that lies between the fingertip and free edge of the natural nail plate.

terminal buttons

Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters

Regional Anatomy

Specific regions of the body (i.e. chest region)

Gross anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye large structures that are easily observable (i.e. brain)

attachment of epithelial tissue

The base of an epithelium is bound to the thin basal lamina (basement membrane)

lunula

The half-moon-shaped, whitish area at the base of a nail

nail bed

The portion of the living skin on which the nail plate sits.

lymphatic capillaries

Very permeable allow large molecules and extra fluid from interstitial space to enter lymphatic vessels which are then drawn into the blood they deliver the molecules to the blood that cannot enter bloodstream directly

carcinoma

a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs.

mutation

a permanent change in a cell's DNA may not be noticeable at first, but as errors accumulate, cells will lose ability to form regular tissue

why do cells die in stratum granulosum?

because of the lipid-rich bridge secretion that is produced in stratum granulosum there are no blood vessels to give diffusion nutrients cannot pass through barrier

organismal level of organization

all parts of the human body functioning together create an organism functioning on the organismal level whole human body

connective tissue proper

allows water and salt through flexible (loose) -- areolar, adipose, reticular dense (abundant fibers) -- regular and irregular elastic

microtubules subunits

alpha and beta tubulin dimers

Basement membrane

anchors epithelium to connective tissue surface for epithelial cell migration (growth and wound healing) restrict passage of larger molecules participates in kidney blood filtration

keratinalization

as cells from stratum basale move up through epidermis, they accumulate more keratin

stratum basale (germinativum)

base layer of skin one cell layer (cuboidal/columnar keratinocytes) some are stem cells which are always under cell division to produce more keratinocytes

fluid connective tissues

blood and lymph blood contains erythrocytes and various types of leukocytes to circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix all derived from hematopoetic stem cells in bone marrow

fluid connective tissue

blood and lymph circulate throughout body

why is the integumentary system a _____ reservoir

blood reservoir dermis houses extensive blood vessel network 8-10% of total blood flow in resting adult

left hypochondriac region

left upper region below the rib cartilage

The part of the vertebra that transfers weight along the long axis of the vertebral column is the:

centrum

epigenetic modifications

changes that dont effect code of DNA but alter who teh DNA is decoded generates abnormal cells may be caused by environmental conditions ex: infectious agents/ error in replication of DNA

Which of the following describes a central canal of a bone?

contains blood vessels

types of anchoringjunctions

desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and adherens junction

nervous system functions

detects sensations and generates action potentials detects changes in body's internal and external environments interprets the changes and responds by causing: muscle contraction or glandular secretion intellectual functions

The hand is __________ to the shoulder.

distal

transverse plane

divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

external root sheath

downward continuator of the epidermis and near surface of skin contains all epidermal layers aka means external RS has stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, and corneum at base, only contains stratum basale

Mesenchyme

embryonic connective tissue derived from mesodermal embryonic layer stem cell which all connective tissue develops from made of mesenchymal cells -- irregular shape abundant in semifluid extracellular matrix

epigastric region

epi= on top, gastric= stomach upper middle, above stomach superior to the umbilical region

where is melanin most found

epidermis of penis, nipples, axilla, areola, face, and elbows

positive feedback loop

feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction intensifies a change in the body's natural system, rather than reverse (NFBL) The deviation from the normal range results in more changes while the system moves farther from the normal range (often occurs because there is a definite endpoint which will result in returning to the normal range i.e. child birth)

The __________ (cells) secrete ___________ that forms the reticular lamina of the basement membrane.

fibroblasts; elastin

lanugo hair

fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development near time of birth, gets replaced with terminal hair

epidermal ridges

fingerprints produced in 3rd month of fetal development occurs as epidermis is projecting downward into dermis between dermal papilla and papillary region

ciliated epithelial tissue

has cilia which helps movement of things across a surface

exocrine gland

gland that releases its secretions through tubelike structures called ducts onto surface

eccrine glands

glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body

irregular dense connective tissue

has mostly collagenous fibers in random arrangement gives tissue strength greater in all directions but less strength in the one direction like regular has can form a mesh/crisscross or not ex: skin dermis is dense, irregular connective tissue

Tubulo-acinar glands

have both tubular and more rounded secretory parts

Which branch of anatomy is defined by the study of microscopic structure of tissues?

histology

The endocrine system produces these chemicals that help regulate growth.

hormones

Hyperplasia

increase in cell reproduction rate

ephelides

light freckles, inherited

dense connective tissue

more collagen fiber more resistant to stretching regular and irregular

The outer covering of bone is known as:

periosteum

Which bone feature is considered to be midsagittal?

perpendicular plate

Endocrine system components

pituitary gland, pineal gland, parathyroid, thyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, hypothalamus, gonads

skin major glands

sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, ceruminous glands, mammary glands all exocrine glands

erythrocytes

red blood cells, transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide

What is the correct order in which bone reformation occurs?

resting bone, resorption, reversal, matrix deposition, mineralization

What are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity lined by?

serous membrane

dermal papilla

small, finger-like structure which are projected into bottom surface of epidermis greatly increase surface area of papillary region and epidermis (like microvilli of the digestive system) vary in size and # throughout parts of dermis relatively few in most parts of skin, except sensitive parts and thick parts of skin small, irregularly scattered

areolar connective tissue

soft packaging material that cushions and protects body organs little specialization contains all cell types and fibers mentioned that are distributed randomly web-like structure (loose types) underlies most of epithelia

collagen fiber

strong, flexible bundle of collagen protein

laminal propria

technical term for basement membrane. helps support the above, fragile epithelial layer

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

Setpoint and normal range

the restrictive set of values that is optimally healthful and stable ex: human body is normally 37 degrees C The physiological value that the normal range fluctuates

stratified cuboidal epithelium

tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells

Dorsal

toward the back ex: spinal cord is dorsal to the heart

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

papillary region of dermis

1/5th of total thickness thin collagen fibers and fine elastic fibers surface area increased by dermal papilla

Connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body binds organs together through fibers stores energy reserves as fat provides body with immunity from specialized cells located in tissue

Microtubules

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella. help provide support and structure to cytoplasm of cell cell division helps maintain cell shape and structure thickest of the 3 types of filament

Flagellum

A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move. formed by microtubules ex: sperm cell

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. voluntary movement, produce heat, protect long cylindrical fibers, striated, peripherally located nuclei

melanin

A pigment that gives the skin its color and eye color provides UV protection

ultrasound imaging

A technique for mostly examining a fetus in the uterus. Ultrasonic sound waves echo off the fetus and are used to produce an image of the fetus.

Tight Junction

A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells. located in adjacent cells separates cells in apical portion and basal portion NO space between cells NO movement of substance through this space formed by strands of transmembrane proteins in cell

Which of the following is false when discussing the vertebrae?

All vertebrae have a superior costal facet

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body ex: fibula is lateral to the tibia

merocrine glands

Exocrine glands that secrete without losing cellular material

elastic fiber

Fiber formed from the protein elastin, which gives a rubbery and resilient quality to the matrix of connective tissue function to strengthen and support connective tissue and ahve different characteristics depending on tissue they are located in made of allistin and fibrillin found in skin, blood, and lung tissue

reticular fibers

Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues. provide support for blood vessel walls and forming branching networks around various cells

Microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells increase surface area aid in absorption formed by microfilaments

Reproductive system function

Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk.

The epidermis consists of stratified squamous epithelium. Which cell type found within these layers is a type of macrophage?

Langerhans cells

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine, other part of transverse colon

metaplasia

Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type occurs when environment changes

Anchoring junction

Mechanically attaches cytoskeletons of neighboring (adjacent) cells (desmosomes) or basement membrane stabilizes epithelial tissue common on lateral sides of epi. tissue and basal portion 3 types

serous membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body covers organs located in these cavities (ex: thoracic, pleural, pericardium, peritoneum cavity) forms double sheet of mesenteries that suspend many digestive organs

mucous membrane

Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist. lines body cavities and hollow passageways that open to external environment covers epithelial layer

Michael has darker skin than Melanie. What is likely the explanation for this difference?

Michael's melanocytes has projections that reach the stratum granulosum

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

Only in thick skin Thin, translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum A few (4-6 layers) rows of flat, dead keratinocytes cells appear flat, clear, and are dead keratinocytes contain large amt of keratin and plasma membrane appears thickened keratin is more regularly arranged parallel to the skins surface provides an additional layer of toughness

Estrogen is a hormone that aids in the absorption of calcium. When a woman reaches menopause, the production of estrogen is greatly reduced. Mary recently reached menopausal age and was advised to take a calcium supplement to reduce her risk of Osteoporosis. How can a menopause affect Mary's bones?

Osteoclasts will begin to break down calcium stored within the bone which can cause osteoporosis

free edge

Part of the nail plate that extends beyond the fingertip white because there are no underlining capillaries

Urinary system functions

Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells

synovial membrane

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space. lubricates joint lines the capsule of a joint composed entirely of connective tissue

keratinocytes

The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin. nuceli is large, cytoskeleton has scattered intermediate filaments (called keratin intermediate filament or tono filament) produce keratin in the superficial layer of the epidermis

cutaneous membrane

The skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers stratified squamous epithelial membrane rests on top of connective tissue apical surface exposed to environment covered in dead, keratinized cells that help protect body from pathogens

stratum spinosum

The spiny layer just above the stratum germinativum layer. consists of numerous keratinocytes (that were formed in S. basale) forming 8-10 layers has same organelles from stratum basale keratinocytes in this layer produce coarser bundle of keratin intermediate filament than those in S. basale

intermediate filaments

Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments (middle-most thick) help provide support and structure to cytoplasm of cell helps maintain cell shape and structure cell division fibrous subunit, keratin bonds together to make a rope-like structure

Histology

Tissue= histo study of tissue microscopic structure of tissue

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward, feet flat

cardiovascular system functions

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body plays a role in the immune response regulation of body temperature.

Oligodendrocytes

Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath. protects signal that travels through axon

Percussion

a diagnostic procedure designed to determine the density of a body part by the sound produced by tapping the surface with the fingers. Used to determine the size, consistency, and borders of body organs.

hair matrix

a germinal layer of cell/cell division responsible for the growth of existing hairs and the production of new hairs when old hairs are shed

exocrine gland

a gland that secretes its product into a duct, which ultimately carries the product to the surface of the body or into a body cavity. Example: sweat glands

negative feedback loop (NFBL)

a mechanism that reverses a deviation from the body's natural setpoint. This maintains body parameters and keeps it within normal range. The way that homeostasis stays in balance is by using feedback loops

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream. Provides information on metabolic state because the "radioactively labeled glucose" is taken up by tissue and then detected by PET scan.

tissue replacement

a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production and the loss of some tissue function

Calcitriol

active form of vitamin D aids in absorbing calcium in food in GI tract and takes it into blood vitamin D is believed to enhance phagocytic activity which increases production of antimicrobial substances by phagocytes that regulate immune function to help reduce inflammation

caherin

an adherins junction in which they attach to the adjacent cell membrane

integrin

an adherins junction where they attach to the plasma membrane

Skeletal system components

bones, joints, associated cartilage

nervous system components

brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, special senses organs (eyes, ears, tongue, olfactory)

computed tomography (CT)

brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

What component of the bone matrix gives it its toughness?

calcium phosphate

Which structure of the osteon will allow communication of one osteocyte with another osteocyte?

canaliculi

Which term below is defined by the fact that cells present in the epithelium are going to be tightly packed together with little or no space between them?

cellularity

Common structure characteristics of epethelia

cellularity polarity attachment basement membrane avascularity regeneration covers body surfaces

development of cancer

change in cell size, nucleus size, and organization in tissue

Which type of epithelium below would function to help the egg reach the uterus?

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

used for movement of material

ciliated simple columnar, ciliated psuedostratified columnar

cellulite

collection of fat in subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) more common in women because they have thinner dermis

hair structure

columns of dead keratinized epidermal cells bonded together by extracellular proteins divided in 3 parts (shaft, root, hair follicle)

Through the process of cell differentiation:

each cell develops a characteristic set of structural features.

integumentary system functions

encloses internal body structures (skin) site of many sensory receptors (skin to nervous system) provides protection regulates temperature prevents water loss helps produce vitamin C when exposed to sunlight

regular dense connective tissue

enhance tensile strength and resistance to stretching in direction of fiber orientation fibers are parallel to each other

hair

everywhere except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and parts of external genitalia

polarity

exposed apical surface basal surface attached to basal lamina organelles not evenly distributed

covers body surfaces

exterior surface (skin) internal surface digestive and respiratory tract lining heart blood vessels linings of body cavities

where do men have more terminal hair women

face, chest, legs, and arms

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk ex: carpals are distal to the humerus

connective tissue

few cells scattered sparsely throughout tissue surrounded by large amt of extracell matrix has blood vessels receive nutrients from diffusion from blood vessels arranged in sheets/layers fibers are parallel (dense regular CT) fibers re not parallel (dense irregular CT)

Which of the following bone markings are used for the passage of blood vessels?

foramen, fissure, and cana

Which step of the endochondral ossification occurs right after the development of the secondary ossification center

formation of articular cartilage

Angiogenesis

formation of new blood vessels

Neural Tissue

formed by neurons and glial cells

Fibroblasts

forms fibrous tissue retains capacity for cell division secretes extracell matrix most abundant cell type that secretes polysaccharides and proteins that combine with extracell fluid to form extracell matrix moves through connective tissue fixed cell

gap junctions

forms intercellular passageway between adjacent cells facilitates movement of small molecules and ions between cytoplasm of adjacent cells allows electric and metabolic coupling of adjacent cells which can coordinate the function of a group of cells formed by connexons connects cells in a way that they can communicate with each other

Mucus connective tissue

found only in the umbilical cord not present after birth

Merkel cells

function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings least numerous in epidermis located in stratum basale neuron that detects touch because it is located further up in the skin

Inspection

general observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas

apocrine glands

glands that lose small portions of their apical glandular cell bodies during secretion portion is pinched off and secreted ex: milk and fats from mammary glands

Pathologic Anatomy/Pathology

gross to macroscopic associated with the study of disease

bone

hardest connective tissue protects internal organs outer layer- compact bone

hypogastric region

hypo= under gastric = stomach inferior to the umbilical region

Which layer below belongs to the integumentary system, but is not part of the skin?

hypodermis

adherens junctions

if they attach to the adjacent cell membrane, it is a cadherin if they attach to the plasma membrane, it is called an integrin actin filament is present helps w muscle contraction help connect isolated patches and form a belt like structure which influences the shape in folding of the epi. tissue

product of sweat glands

isotonic fluid, mostly water, salt (NaCl and NH3), urea, uric acid, and lactic acid salty water

Why are hemidesmosomes important tight junctions?

it holds the basal part of the epithelial cells attached to the basal lamina

corneocytes

keratinocytes of the stratum corneum present as thin and flat and have packages of keratin in plasma membrane no longer have nuclei or organelles this is the final product of the differentiation process of keratinocytes (goes from stem cell to keratinocyte to corneocyte) overlap each other

When analyzing a histology section of the skin, you notice the presence of hair. This means that you will see:

keratinocytes with 4 different characteristics

types of epidermis cells

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells close, packed epithelial cells little to no space between them

Urinary System components

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

skin

largest organ of the body protects from environment receptors that allow us to differentiate touch, pressure, pain regulate body temp

The penis is ______________ to the gluteus.

lateral

visceral pericardium

layer closest to the heart

Left lumbar region

left middle region near the waist; descending colon, left kidney

2 ways of temperature regulation in homeostatic regulation

liberating sweat adjusting blood flow in dermis heat can be generated through skeletal muscle contractions

Parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the body wall (side that touches wall)

parietal pericardium

lines the pericardial wall cavity

mucus membrane

lining inside certain passages of the body such as nose, lungs, rectum, genital area secretes from mucus gland

Hemidesmosomes

looks like half a desmosome anchor cells to the basement membrane attaches the basal part of membrane to the basal lamina

left iliac region

lower left region small intestines, descending colon, sigmoid colon, ilium

Lymphatic system components

lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses

The following are major types of body tissues, except:

lymphatic tissue

wandering cells in the dermis

macrophages mast cells eosinophils neutrophils dermal interstitial dendritic cells

which cells are part of the immune surveillance cells in dermis

macrophages mast cells eosinophils neutrophils dermal interstitial dendritic cells

microglial cells

macrophages of CNS cell acts on infection if there is one

elastic connective tissue

made of elastic fibers and collagen fibers allows ligament to return to original length after stretching ex; vocal cords

Which statement about stratum spinosum is correct?

made up of several cell layers, where keratinocytescontain tonofibrils which are made up of keratin protein filaments

Fibrocytes

maintains fibrous tissue secretes elastic fibers and collagen fibers as well as ground substance second most cell type fixed cell

In which bone is the mandibular condyle located?

mandible

epithelial tissue

many cells packed together no extracellular matrix avascular cellularity

Which cell type present in the connective tissue will be involved in the secretion of histamine during an allergic reaction?

mast cells

histamine

mast cells release when they degranulate vasodilator makes endothelium become leaky, which allows white blood cells to move to interstitial spaces from blood causes swelling

osteocytes

mature bone cells can do cell division monitors/maintains extracellular matrix maintains bone tissue bone cell

Chondrocytes

mature cartilage cells can do cell division monitors/maintains extracell matrix monitors cartilage

digestive system functions

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food absorbs nutrients eliminates waste products

Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

mediastinum

alopecia

medical hair loss autoimmune disease that makes hair fall out because it attacks hair follicles genetic makeup may trigger autoimmune response along with a virus sometimes grows back, sometimes doesnt

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

melanocyte stimulating hormone can increase pigmentation ex: addisons disease

synovial membrane

membrane lining the capsule of a movable joint

Which of the following cell type is found in the epidermis?

merkel cells

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

merocrine (eccrine) and apocrine release of contents through merocrine type secretion exocytosis through secretory vessicles (most common) simple, coiled tubular gland that opens directly onto surface of skin through sweat pores

Dermis

middle layer of skin vascular houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands

mammary gland

modified apocrine gland produce milk (usually after birth)

ceruminous glands

modified eccrine glands, located in external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax) produces cerumen with sebaceous glands protects tympanic membrane by preventing dirt and small insects from going deep within the ear canal accumulation can cause blockage and make hearing difficult because it stops ear drum from vibrating

cellular level of organization

molecules come together to form cells. cells are the basic functional and structural living unit of an organism

developmental dysplasia

more common in children form of hip dysplasia refers to misalignment of the hip joint

myeloma

myeloid tissue or blood cells

nail structures

nail body (plate) free edge root

White blood cells called _______ work to consume bacteria and remove damaged tissue and debris.

neutrophils and macrophages

If you were to do a coronal section in a cadaver, which two organs or body parts listed below would you possibly be separating?

nipples and the buttocks

Eponychium (cuticle)

occupies the proximal borders of nail and consists of stratum corneum

stretch marks

occurs when skin is overstretched dermis ruptures and leaves lines that are visible in epidermis occurs in individuals that experience rapid growth

Which of the following cells are in charge of bone resorption?

osteoclasts

parietal pleura

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

stratum corneum

outermost layer of the epidermis, which consists of dead, flattened, keratinized cells 25-30 layers ranges in thickness from a few cells thick to up to 50 cells thick

Which organ is shared by the endocrine and the digestive organ systems?

pancreas

name of the thin superficial region and thicker deep region in dermis

papillary and reticular region

the bulb of the hair

part at base of follicle that surrounds the dermal root sheath. onion shaped houses hair papilla contains hair matrix

how is fingerprint pattern determined

partially genetic, but doesnt change as you age, only gets larger

The ankle is said to be distal to the _______________ but proximal to the __________.

patella; metatarsals

nail

plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized, epidermal cells that form a clear, solid covering over dorsal, distal surface of digits

terminal hair

present in scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows longer, coarser pigmented hair in rest of body, gets replaced by vellus hair, which is short, thin, unpigmented hair

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that "subtracts" or removes structures (like superimposed bone and soft tissue densities) not being studied. Injection of a contrast solution is how they are able to study blood vessels. Angio = blood vessel

The function of an osteoprogenitor cell in osseous tissue is to:

produce new osteoblast

muscular system functions

produces body movement maintains posture produces body heat

functions of integumentary system

protection against microorganisms from entering and dehydration, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion, production of vitamin D

nail functions

protection for tips of fingers and toes support and counter pressure to palmer surface of finger grasp and manipulate smaller objects with finger tips scratching body parts

skeletal system functions

provides a surface area for muscle attachment supoprt + protects body aids in body movement houses cells that produce blood cell (bone marrow) stores mineral lipids

What kind of epithelium would you find lining the nasal cavity?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Effector positive feedback loop

pushes the positive feedback loop to an end ex: pushing the baby farther down the birth canal makes the cervix stretch further, which causes more oxytocin to be released, which causes harder contractions, which causes the baby to be pushed farther down the canal etc after the baby is released, contractions stop and the endgoal of the PFBL is reached.

signs of inflammation

redness (vasodilation)(mast cells degranulate and produce histamine), heat(vasodilation), swelling(excess liquid in tissue, edema), pain(edema causes squeezing of pain receptors, prostaglandins activate pain neurons), loss of function (depends of severity of the injury)

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

refers to the area encompassing portions of the small and large intestines, descending colon, the left ureter, and the left ovary and uterine tube in women or the left spermatic duct in men. [jejunum, anus, ilium (both sides)]

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

refers to the area encompassing portions of the small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ureter, ascending colon, and the right ovary and uterine tube in women or the right spermatic duct in men [jejunum, anus, ilium (both sides)]

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

refers to the area encompassing the right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, medial portion of the pancreas, and portions of the small and large intestines, part of transverse colon

apocrine sweat glands

releases content through merocrine way and some holocrine NOT through the apocrine way same morphology as eccrine (simple, coiled, tubular) usually opens into superficial hair follicle to the sebaceous gland these glands usually found in axilla and genitalia (male scrotum and female labia majora) and anus DOESNT help regulate body temp become active at puberty because of sex hormone produced secretions are more viscous than merocrine because they contain lipids and proteins odorless, but can produce BO when interacting with bacteria (pheromones)

Which type of connective tissue fiber is found in blood vessels and form branching networks around smooth muscles?

reticular fibers

right lumbar region

right middle region near the waist; ascending colon of large intestine passing thru lumbar region (middle right)

holocrine glands

secrete product by accumulating their products within them until they rupture -- when they reach maturity secretion consists mainly of lipids from plasma membrane and intercellular membrane ex: sebaceous gland of skin

Stimulus positive feedback loop

sends a message to the brain which activates the pituitary gland to release hormones into the blood stream ex: the first contraction of labor sends a message to the brain which activates the pituitary gland to release oxytocin into the blood stream. This causes harder contractions of smooth muscle , which is the effector

subcutaneous (hypodermis) layer

serves as storage deposition for fat deep of dermis but not part of skin made of connective tissue part of integument system contains large blood vessels supply and drains the capillaries of the skin amount of fat deposited in subQ layer varies from person to person

sebaceous glands

simple or compound aveolar gland that produces sebum oily white substance that is rich in lipids sebum is released by lysis/death of secretory cells (holocrine gland) prevents dryness and bacterial growth by releasing secretions into upper part of hair follicle through sebaceous gland ducts other sebaceous glands located in lips, eyelids, genitalia

types of epithelial tissue

simple, stratified, pseudostratified (number of layers) squamous, cuboidal, columnar (shape)

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened cells function to diffuse/filter

The following are examples of connective tissue, except:

skeletal muscle

corn

skin over a bony province develop a corn (cone shaped structure) and the apex will extend deep into the skin

excretion and absorption in integument

small role excretes 400 mL of water from evaporation daily sweat insignificant amount of absorption except for certain lipid soluble materials (vitamin A,D,E,K, drugs, oxygen, CO2 gases and organic solvents(acetone, salts, heavy metals), and certain toxins (poison ivy and oak))

What would you expect to see when looking at a histological tissue preparation that contains a simple cuboidal epithelium?

square cells organized in one cell layer

skin functions

stratified squamous epithelium-- protects against potential danger reduction of water loss dermis is responsible for tissue strength

In which layer of the skin are melanocytes located?

stratum basale

Most stem cells differentiate into keratinocytes in which skin layer?

stratum basale

where is the cell body of melanocytes found

stratum basale

In which layer(s) of the skin of the forearm would you find keratinocytes? Make sure to place them in order from the most superficial to the most deep.

stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Layers of thick skin from superficial to deep

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

layer that marks the transition between deeper (metabolocally active) strata and dead cells of superficial strata

stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum

what is the dermis composed of

strong, dense, irregular connective tissues containing collagen and elastic fibers

systemic anatomy

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

Cell biology

study of cellular function and structure

Anatomy

study of external and internal structures careful observation of the human body

Sectional anatomy

study of internal structure and relationships of the body through the use of sections

dermato glyphics

study of pattern of epidermal ridges for ID and classification of fingerprints

surface anatomy

study of the surface markings of body to understand relationship to deep/internal anatomy through either visualization (superficial) or palpitations

hair shaft

superficial portion of hair most projects from surface of skin, but starts beneath the skin shape varies with ethnic group consists of 3 concentric circles

Which bone feature(s) does the head of the rib articulate with?

superior and inferior costal facets

astrocytes

supply building blocks of neurotransmitters most abundant fuels neurometabolism

hair follicle

surrounds root of hair made of external root sheath and internal root sheath

cutaneous sensation in integument

tactile/ touch sensation environmental temperature changes pain sensations (impending and actual tissue damage)

dermal papilla in sensitive regions of the skin

taller, more numerous

If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity, how will the mass of the bone be affected?

the bone would have a decreased mineral content and, as a result, it would also be weaker.

blackhead

the dark colored material is melanin from disintegrated cells

How is child birth an example of positive feedback loop?

the initiation of the positive FBL occurs at the beginning of labor when the first contraction occurs (stimulus), with the end goal of expelling the child from the body (oxytocin stimulation). During labor, the contraction get greater and greater until the baby is birthed

parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

Epidermis

the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier composed of epithelial tissue avascular

nail root

the portion of a nail that is buried in a fold of skin

Physiology

the study of the function of body parts structure determines function

fibrosis

the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury.

tissue membranes

thin layer/sheet of cells that cover in ins and outs of body

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers

Anterior

toward the front ex: trachea is anterior to vertebrae

Superior

toward the head, above ex: lungs are superior to the pancreas

Cranial

toward the skull/head ex: heart is cranial to uterine bladder

Superficial

toward the surface of the body ex: the sternum is superficial to the heart

caudal

toward the tail, near tail of posterior part of body ex: the Sacrum is caudal to the lumbar vertebrae

respiratory system function

transports Oxygen by diffusion into the blood stream. Its also receives waste Carbon Dioxide from the blood and exhales it. helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluid production of sound from air passage through the glottis (vocal cords)

reticular connective tissue

type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver made from a network of reticular fibers

Most of the small intestine is in the ____________ region.

umbilical region

Goblet cells are an example of:

unicellular gland

Functions of subcutaneous layer

unites upper layer of skin to deeper structures allows skin to move freely around deeper structures forms tough pads made of fibrous collagen bands an adipose tissue around soles and palms -- helps absorb shock and protect underlining muscles and bone energy storage from adipose tissue insulation helps delay heat loss from body

ground substance of connective tissue

unstructured material that fills the space between cells and fibers made up of water and organic molecules support cells and fibers -- which bind them together provide a medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells may be fluid, semi fluid, gelantinous, or calcified

system level of organization

various numbers and kinds of organs which together perform complex functions for the body 11 organ systems ex: urinary tract system (bladder, kidney, ureter)

The vertebral column and spinal cord are part of which body cavity?

vertebral canal

Choose the correct match for the type of rib and the number of ribs that belong to each category.

vertebrochondral; 3

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

The 2 sides of the serous membrane

visceral and parietal layer

nail body

visible part of the nail comparable to stratum corneum flat keratinized cells filled with a harder type of keratin that aren't shedding like they do in the epidermis under bail body looks pink because of blood flowing through underlining capillaries

Muscular tissue

voluntary or involuntary respond to stimulus contractile -- Contracts and moves the various parts of the body.

why is sweat released?

when body temp is increased above normal, allows it to cool down body when released through palms, soles, and axillary region it is because of emotional stress

When is a tumor malignant?

when it breaches the confines of its tissue and starts angiogenesis then spreads to other organs tumors have their own structure-- not random

glucosides

white blood cells defends against potential harm from microorganisms and molecules some white blood cells can cross the endothelial layer that line blood vessels and enter adjacent tissue

vitiligo

white patches on the skin caused by the destruction of melanocytes associated with autoimmune disorders autoimmune response to genetically susceptible individuals certain environmental factors may induce stress responses in skin that triggers new lesions or expansion of existing lesions triggers ex: sunburn, chem exposure, physical skin trauma, psychological

Carotene

yellow-orange pigment precursor of vitamin A used to synthesize pigments needed for vision stored in stratum corneum and fatty areas of dermis and hypodermis eating too much carotene may result in skin changing color ex: carrots and eggs

Endocrine system functions

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones Hormones: chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ

cutaneous membrane

The skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers external surface of body composed of epithelial epidermis connective tissue (dermis)

process of apoptosis

1. Death signalling causes cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation. 2. Membrane blebbing. 3. Nuclear collapse and more blebbing. No more protein synthesis. 4. Apoptotic bodies are formed. 5. Lysis of apoptotic bodies by white blood cells. "phagocytosis"

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

areolar, connective, and adipose tissue layer just under the dermis loose connective tissue layer of skin below the dermis connects skin to underlining muscle/bone serves as storage for fat part of integument system but not part of skin NOT a part of the skin

keratin intermediate filaments (tonofilaments)

attach to desmosomes (cell junctions) which connect the stratum basale to the stratum spinosum bind to hemidesmosomes these hemidesmosomes bind keratinocytes to basement membrane, which is between epidermis and dermis

cardiovascular system components

blood, heart, blood vessels

Osteoblasts

bone Building cells retain capacity for cell division secrete extra cell matrix bone cell

cell body

contains nucleus also receives stimulus

Visceral layer

covers external surface of organs (side that touches organ)

Which of the following bones can be considered either an irregular or a flat bone?

coxal

The spinal cord passes through which body cavity?

cranial and vertebral

Lengtigines

dark/sunburned freckles-- arise from sun exposure

Microscopic anatomy

deals with the same structures as gross anatomy, but on a microscopic scale (i.e. microcells of the brain)

root

deep to the shaft penetrates dermis and even subQ layer sometimes consists of 3 concentric circles: inner circle middle layer outter layer

free nerve endings

dendrites with no specialization, detects a variety of senses responds from warmth to cold, pain, tickling, itching

types of dermis cells

dense, irregular connective tissue

other function of epidermal ridges and dermal papilla

dermal papilla fits complementary with epidermal ridges, which forms a strong junction between the two layers

hair papilla

dermal tissue containing blood vessels that supplies nutrients to growing hair

which is thicker, the epidermis or the dermis?

dermis is much thicker

how are cells joined together in stratum spinosum?

in histology, the cells are pulled apart, and the thron like cell projections have bundles of keratin intermediate filament which insert into desmosomes, which join the cells together (except the cells that nuclei are bound by desmosomes) arrangement provides the strength and flexibility to skin

peritoneum

in the abdominal cavity

During long bone development where is the epiphyseal plate located?

in the metaphysis

dysplasia

increase in abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs mild, moderate, or severe can often be reversed

hypertrophy

increase in size of cell without cell reproduction

What is the function of microvilli?

increase surface area by 20 times

increased blood flow =

increased amount of heat lost from body

callus

increased growth of cells in the keratin layer of the epidermis caused by pressure or friction increased # of cells provides more protection in area that experiences more mechanical stress

tissue healing

inflammation, repair, remodeling collagen fibers laid down randomly by fibroblasts that move in to repair the area

tissue regeneration

injured tissue is replaced by the same kind of cells leads to normal function

spongy bone

inside bone, especially at ends of long bones

If a patient comes to see you complaining of a sore throat and you are the nurse on call, which diagnostic technique would be best used if you want to observe if there is presence of bacterial plaques on her tonsils?

inspection

Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells)

involved in immune responses recognition and processing of potentially dangerous microbials found in stratum spinosum arise from red bone marrow that migrate to epidermis where they make up small % of epidermis have long, arm-like projections and situate among surrounding kertinocytes responsible for initiating immune response against microbes that invade skin easily damaged by UV light

Which life process listed below is used to describe the process of moving your hand away from a hot stove?

irritability