A&P Exam #2 Ch.18

The Adrenal Glands: The Adrenal Cortex is subdivided into __ regions: 1. Zona _____ is the outer region 2. Zona ______ is the middle region. 3. Zona _____ is the inner region.

3 Glomerulosa Fasciculata Reticularis

The Parathyroid Glands: There are __ parathyroid glands: Located on the ____ surface of the thyroid gland.

4 Posterior

The Hypothalamus: -Produces ____ and _____. -It secretes hormones that regulate the _____ _____ gland's release of hormones.

ADH and Oxytocin Anterior Pitutiary

An _____ ____ hormone are small molecules related to amino acids

Amino Acid

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

Amino acid Peptide Lipid

Zona Reticularis, the inner region of the adrenal cortex,: -Produces small amounts of _____. -Converted to ______ which stimulates muscle mass, blood cell formation and sex drive in women.

Androgens Estrogen

_____ effects: Opposing _____ effects: additive _____ effects: one hormone is necessary for another to produce the effect. _____ effects: hormones produce different and complementary results

Antagonistic Synergistic Permissive Integrative

The Pituitary Gland: -The _____ pituitary produces and release hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. -Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), stimulates the ____ gland to secrete thyroid hormones. -The Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the _____ _____ to secrete glucocorticoids.

Anterior Thyroid Adrenal Cortex

Andrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Produced: Target: Effect:

Anterior Pituitary Adrenal Cortex cortisol

Growth Hormone Produced: Target: Effect:

Anterior Pituitary All cells growth

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Produced: Target: Effect:

Anterior Pituitary Follicle cells ovulation formation and secretion of progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone

Follicle Stimulating Hormone Produced: Target: Effect:

Anterior Pituitary Follicle cells of ovaries estrogen and follicle development

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. Produced: Target: Effect:

Anterior Pituitary Thyroid Gland Thyroid Hormone

Oxytocin: Produced: Target: Effect:

Anterior pituitary Uterus and mammary glands labor contractions and milk ejection

Type 1 Diabetes: -_____ cells are destroyed by the immune system, so an insufficient amount of insulin is produced. -Must take ____. -Usually develops in _____.

Beta Insulin Childhood

Insulin and glucagon release is regulated by ____ glucose levels.

Blood

The Thyroid Gland: The Thyroid follicles also produce ________ (CT): -Produced by __ Cells. -It Lowers the concentration of ____ in the blood. It inhibits _______, which slows the rate of calcium release from bone. It also stimulates calcium ____ by the kidneys.

Calcitonin C Calcium Osteoclasts excretion

-High blood calcium levels stimulates _____ release. -Low blood calcium levels stimulates _____ release.

Calcitonin Parathyroid Hormone

Most communication between cells involves release and receipt of ______ messengers.

Chemical

_____ communication has transmission through gap junctions. -It is usually limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are interconnected by ______.

Direct connexons

______ communication has transmission through the bloodstream. -The target cells are primarily in other tissues and organs and must have appropriate receptors.

Endocrine

________ Communication is when endocrine tissues/cells release hormones into the bloodstream.

Endocrine

The _____ pancreas consists of cell clusters. -Alpha cells produce ____: Raises blood glucose. -Beta cells produce ______: Lowers blood glucose.

Endocrine glucagon insulin

The _____ pancreas consists of gland cells and their ducts. -Secrete ____ enzymes into the small intestine.

Exocrine digestive

They thyroid gland is comprised of thyroid _____. -It is formed by ____ epithelial cells that surround the follicle cavity. -The follicles are surrounded by a capillary network.

Follicles Cuboidal

Thyroid _____ produce T3 And T4. -Stimulates almost all body cells to quickly and temporarily increase _____. -In children, this is essential to normal development of muscular, skeletal, and nervous system.

Follicles Metabolism

When a cell receives instructions from two or more hormones at the same time, ____ outcomes are possible.

Four

Zona Fasciculata, the middle region of the adrenal cortex,: -Produces glucocorticoids that affect _____ metabolism. -______ causes cells to preserve glucose and break down amino acids and fatty acids instead. -Anti-inflammatory effects.

Glucose Cortisol

Gonadotropins affect _____. -Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates _____ to develop follicles and secrete estrogen. Is stimulates the _____ to produce sperm. -Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Triggers _____ and stimulates the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogen. It stimulates the testes to secrete tesosterone.

Gonads ovaries testes ovulation

The Endocrine System: -Releases _________. Often regulates the activity of cell in _____ part of the body. -Targets cells _____ the body. -_______ responses and the effects last _____.

Hormones Another throughout Slower longer

_______ = Abnormally high glucose levels in the blood.

Hyperglycemia

The ______ provides the highest level of endocrine control.

Hypothalamus.

They thymus secretes thymosins, which develop and maintain _______.

Immunity

The Adrenal glands lie above each _____. -They are superficial to the ____ ____. -They store _____, especially cholesterol and fatty acids. -They secrete ____ hormones.(corticosteroids).

Kidney adrenal cortex lipids steroid

Erythropoietin Produced: Target: Effect:

Kidneys Red bone marrow red blood cell production

A _____ hormone are Eicosanoids and steroid hormones.

Lipid

Diabetes ______: When glucose concentrations are high enough to overwhelm reabsorption abilities of the kidneys.

Mellitus

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone stimulates T3 and T4 when blood level or _____ rate is low.

Metabolic

Most hormonal regulation is done so by _____ feedback.

Negative

The Endocrine system works with the ______ system to regulate body processes. -Especially ___-term processes like growth, development and reproduction. -It uses chemical messengers to relay information and instructions between cells.

Nervous Long

What determines whether an endocrine cell will secrete its hormones? -_____ system -Chemical changes in _____ composition -Other _____.

Nervous blood hormones

The _____ contains exocrine and endocrine glands.

Pancreas

Gulcagon Produced: Target: Effect:

Pancreas Liver and Adipose Tissue Breakdown of glycogen

Insulin Produced: Target: Effect:

Pancreas Most Cells lowers blood sugar levels

_______ communication uses chemicals to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue.

Paracrine

_____ communication has transmission through extracellular fluid. -It is primarily limited to a local area, where paracrine factor concentrations are relatively high. -The target cells must have appropriate _____.

Paracrine Receptors

What is the most common form of intercellular communication.

Paracrine Communication

Parathyroid Hormone Produced: Target: Effect:

Parathyroid gland Bone and Kidneys Increase level of Calcium in blood

A _____ hormone is chains of amino acids.

Peptide

The _____ _____ secretes melatonin. -May influence ____ rhythms -More secreted during the ____ than the day. -It is an ______.

Pineal Gland circadian night antioxidant

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) Produced: Target: Effect:

Pituitary Melanocyte melanin synthesis in epidermis

The Pituitary Gland: -The ____ pituitary does not make hormones. -It stores and releases hormones made in the ______. _______ axons extend into the posterior pituitary. Hormones are transported down axons and release via ____ into the posterior pituitary.

Posterior Hypothalamus Hypothalamic exocytosis

Antidiuretic hormone Produced: Target: Effect:

Posterior Pituitary Kidneys Reabsorption of water

The pituitary gland: -The _____ hormones stimulate synthesis and secretion of one or more anterior pituitary hormones. -The _____ hormones prevent synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe. -The rate of secretion is controlled by ____ feedback.

Releasing Inhibiting Negative

The inner adrenal medulla is: -Controlled by the _____ division of the ANS. -It secretes ____ and _______, which stimulates skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, liver and heart in typical sympathetic response.

Sympathetic epinephrine norepinephrine

______ communication has transmission across a Snyaptic cleft. -It is limited to a very _______ area, target cells must have an appropriate receptor.

Synaptic Specific

Androgens Produced: Target: Effect:

Testes Most Cells Maturation of sperm

Calcitonin Produced: Target: Effect:

Thyroid Gland Bone and kidneys Lowers Calcium levels in blood

Thyroxine (T4) and Trilodothyronine (T3) Produced: Target: Effect:

Thyroid Gland Most Cells Energy

Hormones change the _____ of target cells. -The activate or inactivate an ____. -They change the permeability of the _____ membrane They change ____ activity. -

activity enzymes plasma genetic

Gonads: -Testes produce ______ (testosterone). This regulates sperm production and maintains male secondary sex characteristics. -Ovaries produce ____ and _____. -The ____ secretes human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and estrogens/progestins.

androgens estrogens progestins placenta

Prolactin (PRL) Produced: Target: Effect:

anterior pituitary mammary glands production of milk

The parathyroid glands produce Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): -Raises concentration of calcium in the ____. It _____ increases osteoclast numbers, which increases the rate of calcium release from bone. It also stimulates the kidneys to _____ more calcium and secrete calcitrol.

blood indirectly reabsorb

Alpha cells secrete glucagon when blood sugar _____. -Stimulates the liver and skeletal muscle cells to ____ glycogen and release glucose into the blood. -Stimulated _____ to break down triglycerides.

declines breakdown adipocytes

Many organs of other body systems have secondary functions: - Intestines (digestive system) also produce hormones important to coordination of _____ activities. -Kidneys (Urinary System) secrete ______ and erythropoietin (EPO) -_____ is secreted when the kidneys are stimulated by PTH. -Erythropoietin stimulates ___ bone marrow to produce red blood cells when oxygen levels are low.

digestive calcitriol Calcitriol red

Zona Glomerulosa, the outer region of the adrenal cortex,: -Produces mineralocorticoids that affect _____ composition of body fluids. -Aldosterone stimulates kidneys, sweat glands, and salivary glands to retain _____ ions.

electrolyte Sodium

The Pituitary gland (_____): -Is protected within the _____ _____. -Is connected to the hypothalamus by ________ -Releases ____ important peptide hormones. -_____ pituitary (adenohypophysis) is the largest portion ~75% -_____ pituitary (Neurohypophysis).

hypophysis sella turcica infundibulum nine anterior posterior

Adipose tissue secretes ____ upon nutrient absorption. This works on the hypothalamus to suppress _____.

leptin appetite

The Pituitary gland: -Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates ____ glands to produce milk during pregnant and nursing. It also stimulates mammary gland development. -Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): Stimulates ______ to produce melanin. During fetal development, young children and pregnant women.

mammary melanocytes

The heart secretes natriuretic ____ when blood volume increases: -This stimulates the kidneys to excrete more _____.

peptides water

The Pituitary Gland: -Growth Hormone (GH): Stimulates cell growth and division by increasing ____ synthesis. All cells respond to GH, especially skeletal muscle cells and ______.

protein chondrocytes

Any given target cell is capable of responding to multiple hormones: -They will have _______ specific to each hormone. -Target cells cannot be affected by hormones that they don't have ______ for. -Cells in different tissues have different _____ of receptors.

receptors receptors combinations

The pituitary gland: -The hypophyseal portal system transports ________ hormones to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus. -Blood vessels that link two capillary networks together are _____ vessels.

regulatory portal

Type 2 Diabetes: (Most common) -Cells are insulin ______. -Associated with _____. Weight loss through diet and exercise can be effective.

resistant obesity

Beta cells secrete insulin when blood sugar _____. -Stimulates most cells to ____ glucose from the blood. -Increases cell's use of glucose. -Increases _____ synthesis in skeletal muscle cells and liver cells.

rises uptake glycogen

The Pituitary Gland: -Oxytocin (OXT): Stimulates ___ muscle contractions of the uterus. It stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands. -Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Stimulates the _____ to return more water to the blood. Alcohol and caffeine inhibit the secretion of ADH.

smooth kidneys

The hormones in endocrine communication alter metabolic activities of _____ cells in other tissues.

target