geography 309

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percent of renewable energy consumed in the US

9 percent of those 9 percent 22% wood , 21% biofuels

Biomass

Any plant mass harvestable for conversion to fuel, including animal and human wastes converted to fuel

top coal exporters

Australia, and Indonesia

coal exporter

Australia: world's largest coal exporter to E Asia, S Asia, SE Asia, Europe, L. Amer

coal emissions

Coal: ~44% of global CO2 emissions ~29% of global energy supply

top importer

Japan: world's top importer from Australia, North America, Europe, etc.

formation of petroleum

Marine life (plant, animal) in seawater environment accumulate nheat and pressure organic portions turned into hydrocarbons

natural gas formation

Marine life (plant, animal) in seawater environmentaccumulationheat and pressureorganic portions turned into hydrocarbons

coal of US biofuel policy

from 6.8 to 36B gallons/yr ethanol by 2022 (blended with gasoline)

petroleum

naturally occurring oily liquid, mostly hydrocarbons with small amounts of other compounds

Hubert solution

nuclear power

biomass renewable future

o Ethanol (from maize (US) , Sugarcain (Brazil) o Biodiesel (from soy(Europe) , palm oil (tropics)

onshore wind resources

o Potential = 11 million GWh/YR o Extraction rate= 20-25% (capacity Factor) o Adjusted potential = 2-3 million Gwh/YR (50% current electricity demand in US)

amount of ethanol in gas in the US vs Brazil

o USA -> E85 : 85% ethanol 15 gas o Brazil -> pure ethanol (alcohol) and gashol (25% ethanol

Energy systems imperatives

permeant quest for energy through biological or artificial conversion

biological:

plants and animals EX: burning plants , using animals to carry stuff

natural gas in industries

precise temperature control possible with gas;

coals importance

~25% of total global energy consumption; ~40% of world electricity; ~75% of world steel

international trade of gas

~30% of total production of gas ... of which 75% is pipeline (gaseous state)

natural gas trade cont

#3 Canada to US (74 BCM); Central Asia to China; North Africa to Europe #4 Central Asia (28.3), SE Asia (7.7) to China => LNG + pipeline (SW Asia?) #5 Bolivia to Brazil, Argentina (pipeline) #6 US to Mexico (pipeline, Eagle Ford + Permian)

US consumption and production

- Trends: increasing for electricity production; CPP, MATS (coal declinenatural gas increase) - Unconventionals => major influence on US production

more critics of biofuels

- Unnecessary intensification of farming • More mechanization, more fertilizersmore fossil fuels, more nitrogen runoff, less land for conservation • Carbon "debt": how much time is required for biofuel "savings" to offset carbon emissions from clearing land for planting biofuels?

transporting natural gas

- Very low density (energy content per volume is much lower than for oil)5 times more expensive to transport

japan march 2011

- nuclear provided 30% of electricity...until - triple meltdown at Fukushima - Sept. 2013: nuclear = 0%...Sendai restart approved Sept. 2014

LNG trade

-#1 importer = Japan (sources = Malaysia, Australia), 36% of all LNG imports -#2 importer = S. Korea (sources = Indonesia), 15% of all LNG imports

federal renewable electricity production tax credit

-$19 credit per 1 MW/hr generated in first 10 yrs of renewable project -lapsesuncertain signals...but now extended through 2012

natural gas trade

#1 Russia to Europe (120 BCM => all by pipeline) #2 to Japan: from Australia (25), W Africa (6.5), SE Asia (35.7), Russia (11.5), SW Asia (34) => all LNG (maritime)

summary of coal

-coal is ~20% of U.S. total energy supply -nearly all coal is burned for electricity (~93%) -44% of electricity comes from burning coal

petroleum in US energy flow

-domestic > imports total US -petroleum exports mainly refined -gasoline ~47% total petroleum, then diesel, then LPG, then jet -transport ~71% total petroleum consumption

type of solar power generators

-heat (solar cookers, water and space heaters; solar towers) -electricity (PV cells)

how have imports/ production changed over time

-increasing domestic production -decreasing exports

international oil trade

-key flow #1: Russia to Western Europe (296.4 M tonnes) -key flow #2: SW Asia to Asia/Pacific (Japan, Korea) (237.0 M tonnes) -key flow #3: SW Asia to China (171.7 M tonnes) -key flow #4: Canada to US (167.7 M tonnes)

international oil trade CONT

-key flow #5: SW Asia to India (121.1 M tonnes) -key flow #6: SW Asia to Europe (101.6 M tonnes) -key flow #7: SW Asia to US (93.0 M tonnes)

renewable portfolio standard (RPS)

-min % electricity from renewables, state-by-state

backyard drilling

-mineral rights separate from surface - "vested" rights...permit came first, then subdivision"subsequent development" - "constitutional takings"... mineral rights trump surface...unless non- arbitrary and reasonable procedures

nuclear and hydro US total energy

-nuclear ~7.5% -hydro ~2.5%

coal vs natural gas

-steady increase in natural gas, steady decrease in coal -Jan. 2015more electricity from natural gas than coal (!) -price differences: "relatively low price of natural gas"

reserves of natural gas

-top reserves: Middle East (Iran 18%; Qatar 13%); Russia (18%), US (4.5%) -top producers: Russia (18%), US (20%), Canada, Iran, Quatar (~4% each) -top consumer: US (22%)

US coal production in 2006

-western coal increased production, Appalachian decreased -underground mine accidents in West Virginia -western region: ~53% of US total (Wyoming is leading state Powder River Basin) -Texas produced 45.5Mt, compared to 92.7Mt at Black Thunder Mine (WY)

nuclear fussion

Heavy atoms (Uranium-235) hit by a neutron absorbed, ---then splits into two lighter atoms, ejecting -----2-3 neutronskinetic energy released, and neutrons hit other atoms that break apart (chain reaction)----converted to heat ----turbine ---- electricity

Asia and hydro

Hydro: most new capacity to be built in Asia -55% of global total in China

who is the leader in wind capacity

texas

cane biofuel in 2000

- "Flex" engines • Any blend of alcohol and gasoline (but: energy content difference) • August 2007: Flex cars ~85% of new cars sold - Mega-investments in sugarcane mills - Historic high petroleum prices - US commitment to increase ethanol consumption - Pressure on US to lower tariff on Brazilian ethanol

biomass renewable future?

- "Green" cloak of farm subsidies • US direct corn subsidies: $8.9B in 2005 • US protection against imported ethanol - Increase cost of food • Biofuel "could starve the poor": corn for ethanol lower stockshigher prices for corn • Biofuel as "crime against humanity"

movement against dams

- 1960s: criticism of high cost (corruption; overruns) - 1970s: environmental costs - 1980s: social costs resettlement; construction workers; livelihoods of fishers and farmers

transportation of oil

- Approx 65% of total crude oil is transported between different countries and regions - Tanker, pipeline

theory of non renewable resources

- Bell-shaped (normal; Gaussian) distribution of production over time - Production will peak at known time and slowly decline at predictable rate - Assumption: well known geologic structure - Ultimate Recoverable Resource - Successful prediction of US "peak oil" (early 1970s)

why renewables ?

- Carbon policy - Energy self-sufficiency

coal combustion

- Coal -> Steam ->Turbine - Coal -> Gas ->(gasification)

coal environmental issues

- Coal combustion: release PM, CO2, CO, SOx, NOx, mercury (coal = half of total mercury emissions), etc. - Secondary pollutant: surface O3 - Mobile: affect people distant from coal-burning power plants

what is coal

- Dead trees, covered by sediment and water, protected from atmosphere

what will renewable cost?

- Economic cost: $/MJ - Compare with cost of fossil fuels

civil nuclear power

- Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" speech at UN (1953)

public opposition of nuclear

- Emerges in mid/late 1970s in US and western Europe - Focus: risk of radiological contamination...reactors close to large urban centers - 1979: Three Mile Island accidentmechanical failures, operation error (but only slight release of radiation) - 1986: Chernobyl (Ukraine)flawed design, operator errors (large release of radiation)r

what do renewables require?

- Energy - Land, resources - Policies

critics of biofuels

- Expensive and ineffective at lowering petroleum consumption for transport: esp. maize poor maize efficient

reliance on hydro power

- High: Uganda (99%); Norway (99%); Brazil (84%); Venezuela (74%) - Medium: Canada (58%); Bolivia: 50%; Sweden (46%); India (14%); China (16%) - Low: US (<7%), Japan (8%)

unconventional hydrocarbons

- Hydrocarbons trapped in unconventional manner...economic use requires complex and technically advanced production methods...higher EROI

common processes of wind power

- Immobility: wind power should adjust to existing natural, cultural and social conditions...but adjustment might reduce productivity - Immutability: faith in the permanence of landscape collides with rapid change that energy projects create - Solidarity: people have deep ties to landscape...they are not just "unoccupied" - Imposition: someone else proposed wind farms, and someone else will benefit from them...continues processes of marginalization - Place: wind power may represent threat to place identity and place attachment (emotional bond with place)

clean coal idea

- Improve efficiency of coal-powered electricity plants • Replace ageing plants • Improved combustion technology

pollutions from emissions

- IsmercuryaCAApollutant?YESMATS - IsCO2aCAApollutant?YESCPP - MATS (Mercury and Air Toxics Standards for Power Plants)

grid connected soar energy

- Photovoltaic systems (S-facing rooftops) - Mirror arrays (solar thermal or concentrating); land requirements

solar resources

- Potential = 18.4 million GWh/yr - Conversion efficiency = 10% - Adjusted potential = 0.25% of US surface4 million GWh/hr (100% current electricity demand in US)

petroleum recovery

- Primary recovery: pumping + natural pressure removal of 20-25% - Secondary: heat increases flow of petroleum; injection of gas increases pressure additional 15- 20% "recovered"... but ~60% remains in "dry" fields

cases of opposition of wind power

- San Gorgonio Pass, near Palm Springs CA, 1980sindustrial landscape would interfere with visitor - Cape Wind project, Cape Cod negative visual change - Isle of Lewis cultural change feared - Lowland Oaxaca, Mexico low compensation

autonomous or of the grid solar energy

- Solution for energy issues of ~3B people lack electricity from the grid

wind tower

- Tower 60-80 m height - Blades 70-80 m diameter - Capacity 1.5-2 MW - Advances: materials; gearbox; location

coal trends vs natural gas

-EIA projections for electricity...coal decline from ~50% of electricity production to ~34% by 2040 -natural gas increase from ~16% to ~30% -coal loss, natural gas gain

energy density of fuels

-Gasoline: high-density fuel; high energy, low mass -Coal: ~ variable; lower energy content than gasoline -Biomass: lots of mass required to deliver energy

global solar trends

-Global trends: (1) Germany leads installed capacity; (2) rapid growth in grid-connected systems

manufacturing of solar generators

-Manufacturing: China and Germany lead production of solar panels; -China: government subsidizes firms that export (cheap credit; low regulation; currency manipulation); produces 50% of world's solar panels, 95% exported to US and Germany

Hubert prediction

-Peak US oil ~early 1970s...until recent increase -Peak global oil ~early 2000s

unconveiowal US petroleum

-Permian, ~2M b/d -Eagle Ford, ~1.5M b/d -Bakken, ~1.2 M b/d

way to promote solar energy

-Policies: (1) feed-in tariff: utilities pay above-market prices for renewable electricity, passed on to electricity consumers (German model; adapted in US); (2) subsidized PV installation; (3) renewable portfolio standards (cities; states)

determining factors of wind power expansion

-Potential -Market (population) ... but transmission lines? -Price for wind energy -Permitting model -Renewable energy portfolio

chinas oil demand

-Rapid increase in imports, 6.5M b/d in 2014 -Key sources: different from US: Saudi Arabia (16%), Angola (13%), Russia (11%), Oman (10%), Iran (9%

revising Hubert prediction

-Unconventional oil "shifts" peak into future -Unconventional oil follows Gaussian distribution -NGL = natural gas liquids -Polar: oil in areas covered by sea ice -Deepwater -Heavy crude oil: tar sands"unconventional"

international trade of coal

18% consumed

coal in the US

18% of total energy supply and demand => 93% for electricity

coal in the US

18% of total energy supply and demand => ~93% for electricity

amount of people that rely on biomass as source of domestics energy ?

2.7 billion

US ethanol production

2010: US ethanol production = 37 M gallons/day (exceeding Brazil)glut because of the 10% federal cap on ethanol in gasoline

electricity from natural gas

22%

natural gas total energy in US

23%

domestic + imports =>

31% total US

how much energy from land area

Ethanol o sugarcane -> 6,000 1/ha or 140 GJ/HA o maize -> 3000 1/ha , or 80 HJ/HA• biodiesel o soybeans-> 900 1/ha or 25 HJ/ha o oil palm -> 4500 1/ha or 150 gj/ha

first fuel ever used

biomass

global ethanol use

brazil- 32% US- 43%

top coal importers

china , japan, korea , ROC

bell shaped

distribution of production over time

where do we get our oil

domestic + imports (Canada 1 )

global biodiesel use

europe 75%

prediction for subsaharan africa death of indoor pollution

if current trends persist to 2030, ~9.8M people will die prematurely

hydro is predicted to

increase in electricity generation

coal issues

land disturbances , and mineral issues

wood in human history: USA

mid 1800 , biomass (wood) 90 percent of energy consumption • Iron mills • Steamboats • Railroads • Cities • Breweries, distilleries , brickwork , steam engines

impacts of coal

mining; ~30% of global CO2 emissions; toxic emissions

where does the excess ethanol get exported?

mostly to the EU

what caused the introduction to ethanol in brazil in 1975

program to produce ethanol and reduce oil imports - Military dictatorship gets loans from World Bank - Private industry: get subsidies to build new mills for guaranteed market - Ethanol as additive for automobiles gasohol

percent renewable in US and total wind and solar?

renewable- 9 % -wind 1% -solar .2%

hydro power generator

water in motion-->energy (electricity) -water --> turbine -->generator --> electricity

artificial:

windmills, engines coal or nuclear power

coal in china

worlds largest producer and consumer of coal (13% of coal reserves) • 2/3 of energy consumption from coal, and ~75% of electricity comes from coal

advantages of natural gas

• "Clean" burning: less CO2 emissions (and mercury, SOx, NOx) than coal • Electricity production by coal produces environmental gains (fewer externalities) • Moved by pipe easy terrestrial transport, but expensive because low density

brazil ethanol policies

• 1979 oil price shock - Production of sugarcane for automobile fuel, not only additive • 1981 - Area planted in sugarcane had doubled from 1975 area - Total government investment: US$3.8 billion • 1985 - 85-90% of new cars sold in Brazil burned ethanol - Investment now totaled US$7 billion

sugarcane- ethanol

• 40 percent of passenger car fuel consumed in brazil • 15 percent brazil energy consumption (= hydroelectricity)

characteristics of political energy systems

• Appropriations (control) of energy -> who controls access to energy • Consumption of energy-> who consumes energy • Energy rent: wealth produced (for whom)

wood in human history: England

• Charcoal supplied iron furnaces for weapons

polygeneration

• Coal synga sturbine s(electricity) and liquidfuels • Sulfur removed in gasification • But, CO2 emissions would increase

surface strip mining

• Compared to deep mining: greater safety, increased rate of recovery, lower cost of recovery ... but destruction of surface (remediation?

conversion of energy problems

• Energy at right quality • Energy in place • Energy right time

coal -> liquid form

• Examples - Heat anthracite to produce syngas, then converted to liquid fuel; - Heat lignite into liquid • Approx 60% energy efficient

efficiency of cane

• Five cuttings after planting, with 10% yield reduction • Two-thirds of sugarcane mass is used in producing ethanol bagasse burned to generate the electricity

EROI

• How much energy does it take to make things? To make energy? - Energy expended to extract crude oil, move, refine; overall (conventional) gasoline EROI = 20 - Unconventional EROI...low (increased GHG emissions, increased water use); Alberta, ~6-7

importance of ethanol in IOWA

• In 1973 US gets cut from OPAC and IOWA became successful to make ethanol

household fuel choice?

• Income : increasing incomes -> move up energy ladder • Urbanization : limited firewood or dung ; distribution for LPG or electricity • Aplliances costs : stoves are expensive • Relative fuel costs : cost of obtaining wood or dung vs purchasing kerosene or LPG

theory of energy ladder

• Increasing income -> change in fuel type, increase in energy use • From dung or wood kersone , then LPG, natural gas or electricity

characteristics of stability in energy systems

• Investments required to sustain energy systems • Unique dynamics of energy systems

brazil cane in 1980s

• Late1980s-mid 1990s - Democratic regime +decline in oil prices program described as "resounding economic flop" because subsides for ethanol more expensive than purchasing oilsubsidies removed by late 1990s - 1994: only 17% of new cars burned ethanol

characteristics of ecological energy systems

• Location of energy source • Application of technology to obtain energy • Extraction and transport • Conversion of energy • Interaction of components (site , technology, extraction , conversion)

nuclear and hydro power

• Low-carbon, low emissions - Role in stabilization wedges

coal tranport

• More expensive to transport than fluid or gas, because it has to be "pushed" • Less energy content per mass than oil or gas

deep mining

• Remove "overburden" and follow coal seam contour • Used to extract hard coals • Cave-in problems; mine safety

carbon capture and storage

• Sites: (former) oil and gas fields • Several examples, major energy companies involved • Stabilize CO2 concentrations ...at a price...paid by whom?

five facts on OIL

• US consumption ~19M b/d (21% global, 92M b/d) • US production ~11.6M b/d (13% global), shortfall imported • 40% of oil consumed was traded internationally ...oil is easily transported • Oil is a dense source of energy • Several products result from oilseveral uses are possible from oil

wood in human history : classical rome

• Wood for silver ore smelting.... Struggles to maintain silver output -> output limit by

2.7 people rely on biomass as primary source of domestic energy

• location : mainly less developed countries • technology : 3 stone open fire • implications ... gender inequity , labor demands , land use change , human health


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