A&P II Ch. 27: Nutrition and Metabolism
Metabolism
"Use of foods"
Which are metabolic functions of the liver?
- lipid and carbohydrate metabolism - detoxification
Insulin affects the body in which ways?
-Adipocytes absorb triglycerides from the blood, -The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen, -Most cells absorb glucose from the blood
Which factors can influence our nutrient requirements?
-Body Mass -Gender -Age
Vitamins serve many roles in the body including?
-Calcium absorption -Formation of visual pigments -Blood clotting
Which options are required to be on nutrition labels?
-Calories per serving -Servings per container -Total Fat content
Which are categories that vitamins are separated into?
-Essential -Fat-soluble -Water-soluble -Nonessential
Which of the following categories are correctly identified as types of nutrients which must be consumed?
-Essential nutrients -Macronutrients -Micronutients
Which blood cholesterol levels would indicate an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease?
-High total cholesterol -Low HDLs -High LDLs
Effects of the hormone glucagon on the body include which of the following?
-Increased Glycogenolysis -Increased Lipolysis -Increased Gluconeogenesis
Fiber: Reducing Cholesterol Absorption and Obesity Risk
-Viscous fiber consumption reduces cholesterol absorption -Reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver -Low in kcal -Satisfied, full after meal
Place the events of cellular respiration in order: Intermediate stage Electron transport system Glycolysis Citric acid cycle
1 Glycolysis 2 Intermediate stage 3 Citric acid cycle 4 Electron transport system
You are on a long overnight flight to Asia and have not had any food for many hours. Place the following events in order: Your blood glucose levels drop Your blood sugar levels go up Your pancreas releases glucagon
1 Your blood glucose levels drop 2 Your pancreas releases glucagon 3 Your blood sugar levels go up
You drink a can of soda pop. Place the events in order: Your blood sugar levels fall Your pancreas releases insulin Your blood sugar levels rise
1 Your blood sugar levels rise 2 Your pancreas releases insulin 3 Your blood sugar levels fall
Events of cellular respiration in order
1. Glycolysis 2. Intermediate stage 3. citric acid cycle 4. Electron transport system
ALL CONCEPT CHECKS IN ONE
1. Which food groups are the primary sources of carbohydrate in our diets? Grains, fruits, vegetables, and dairy are the food groups that are the primary sources of carbohydrate. 2. What specific foods contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrate? The top ten foods with the highest percentage of carbohydrate are table sugar; hard candies and gummies; sugary cereals; dried fruits; low-fat crackers, rice cakes and potato chips; cakes and cookies; jams and preserves; potatoes (hash browns, French fries, baked potato); low-fat salad dressings; and pizza. 3. What are the common nutritive sweeteners? Common nutritive sweeteners added to foods include sucrose, maple sugar, honey, brown sugar, agave nectar, and high-fructose corn syrup. 4. Which alternative sweeteners are approved for use in food? For people who want to limit calories from sugar intake, alternative sweeteners are available and include saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame-K, stevia, luo han guo, and advantame. Of these, aspartame is the most common alternative sweetener in use. Concept Check 4.4 1. In what form are carbohydrates absorbed, and what happens to these compounds after absorption? Carbohydrate digestion is the process of breaking down larger carbohydrates into smaller units, and eventually to monosaccharide forms which are absorbed. Following primarily an active absorption process, glucose and galactose (resulting from the digestive process or present in the meal) are taken up by absorptive cells in the intestine. Fructose undergoes facilitated absorption. All of the monosaccharides then enter the portal vein that goes directly to the liver. In the liver, galactose and fructose are converted into glucose. Glucose can be released into the bloodstream or stored as glycogen or fat. 2. What are the names and locations of the enzymes that digest carbohydrates? The enzymatic digestion of starches in the body begins in the mouth with salivary amylase. Enzymes made by the pancreas (amylase) and small intestine (sucrase, maltase, and lactase) complete the digestion of carbohydrates to single sugars in the small intestine. 3. Why do some individuals feel discomfort after they consume large amounts of lactose? How can they avoid these symptoms? Lactose maldigestion is a condition that results when cells of the intestine do not make sufficient lactase, the enzyme necessary to digest lactose, resulting in symptoms such as abdominal gas, pain, and diarrhea. Most people with lactose maldigestion can tolerate cheeses and yogurt, as well as moderate amounts of milk. When significant symptoms develop after lactose intake, it is called lactose intolerance. 4. What are the beneficial effects of fiber in the intestinal tract? Nonfermentable (insoluble) fiber adds bulk to the stool, which eases elimination. Viscous (soluble) fiber slows down the absorption of glucose from the small intestine and also binds to cholesterol, thereby reducing cholesterol absorption to some extent. Viscous fiber can also be fermented by bacteria in the large intestine to yield fatty acids that promote the health of the large intestine. Concept Check 4.5 1. What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the body? Carbohydrates supply energy for all cells, especially the red blood cells and parts of the brain and nervous system, which can only derive energy from glucose. 2. How does the body respond when too little carbohydrate is consumed? When carbohydrates are in short supply, the body cells must metabolize fatty acids or amino acids for energy. In the absence of carbohydrates, however, the metabolism of fatty acids is inefficient, resulting in the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood. To supply energy to cells that rely on glucose for fuel, amino acids are metabolized to make glucose. Over time, this leads to wasting of muscles and organs. 3. What are the mechanisms by which blood glucose levels are maintained within a narrow range? Blood glucose concentration is maintained within a narrow range. When blood glucose rises after a meal, the hormone insulin is released in great amounts from the pancreas. Insulin acts to lower blood glucose by increasing glucose storage in the liver and glucose uptake by other body cells. If blood glucose falls during fasting, glucagon and other hormones increase the liver's release of glucose into the bloodstream to restore normal blood glucose concentrations. In a similar way, the hormone epinephrine can make more glucose available in response to stress. This balance in hormone activity helps maintain blood glucose within a healthy range. 4. How can the glycemic index be applied in meal planning? Glycemic index (GI) of a food is the ratio of the blood glucose response after consuming a given food compared to the blood glucose response after consuming a reference food (either glucose or white bread). A high-GI food raises blood glucose more than a medium- or low-GI food. This information is helpful for planning a diet to avoid hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) and high insulin output. 5. What are some of the important functions of fiber? Fiber-rich foods can help in weight control and reduce the risk of developing obesity and cardiovascular disease, and possibly colon cancer. Soluble fiber can also be useful for controlling blood glucose in patients with diabetes and in lowering blood cholesterol. Whole-grain breads and cereals, vegetables, beans, and fruits are excellent sources of fiber. Concept Check 4.6 1. What is the recommended intake of total carbohydrate per day, and how do typical dietary intakes compare? The RDA for carbohydrate is 130 grams per day. Carbohydrates should make up 45% to 65% of total kilocalorie intake. The typical North American diet provides 180 to 330 grams of carbohydrates per day, or about 50% of total kilocalories. 2. How much fiber is recommended each day? The recommended intake of fiber is 25 to 38 grams per day for women and men, respectively. 3. How can we reduce our consumption of added sugars? North Americans eat about 82 grams of sugars added to foods each day. Most of these sugars are added to foods and beverages in processing. To reduce consumption of sugars, one must reduce consumption of items with added sugars, such as some baked goods, sweetened beverages, and presweetened ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. 4. What is the link between sugar and oral health? Sugars in the diet increase the risk of developing dental caries, also known as cavities, which are formed when sugars and other carbohydrates are metabolized into acids by bacteria that live in the mouth. These acids dissolve the tooth enamel and underlying structure. Bacteria also use the sugars to make plaque, a sticky substance that both adheres acid-producing bacteria to teeth and diminishes the acid neutralizing effect of saliva. Wardlaw's Contemporary Nutrition Tenth Edition
You are on a long overnight flight to Asia and have not had any food for many hours. place the following events in order
1. Your blood glucose levels drop 2. Your pancreas releases glucagon 3. Your blood sugar levels go up
You drink a can of soda pop. Place the following events in order
1. Your blood sugar levels arise 2. Your pancreas releases insulin 3. Your blood sugar levels fall
Place the events in order as they occur when you drink a can of soda pop
1. Your blood sugar levels rise 2. Your pancreas releases insulin 3. Your blood sugar levels fall
Events of Cellular Respiration in order
1.Glycolysis 2.Intermediate stage 3.Citric acid cycle 4.Electron transport system
whole grain
2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Choose fiber-rich fruits, vegetables, and whole grains often - three or more ounces of grains, roughly one-half of one's grains, should be whole. Whole grain is the entire grain seed or kernel made of three components: the bran, germ, and endosperm Consume two to three servings of whole grains per day. Increase whole-grain intake by replacing refined grains with whole grains Limit consumption of foods containing refined grains, especially refined grain foods containing solid fats, added sugars, and sodium 9 in 10 people don't meet whole-grain recommendation of three servings per day Consumers confronted with deceptive marketing strategies Look beyond front label to list of ingredients The Whole Grains Council developed the Whole Grain Stamp for use on grain products to help us identify whole-grain foods. 100% stamp: used if all grain ingredients are whole grains and there is a minimum of 16 grams (a full serving) of whole grain per serving. Basic Stamp: used if a product contains at least 8 grams (a half serving) of whole grain - it may also contain some refined grain.
Polysaccharides: Starch
3,000 or more monosaccharides Starch Amylose--straight chain polymer Amylopectin--highly branched polymer
Normal body temperature is ______ degrees C.
37
Normal body temperature is ______ degrees C.
37 C
Normal body temperature
37 degrees Celsius
What is the normal body temperature?
37C
Normal body temperature is _________ degrees F.
98.6
Too Much Fiber
> 60 grams/day Extra fluid needed May decrease availability of some minerals Unmet energy needs in children
Which vitamin is a precursor molecule for the formation of visual pigments
A
Which vitamin is a precursor molecule for the formation of visual pigments? D A E K
A
Which individual will have the highest BMR?
A 6'2" man weighing 200 Ibs
Which individual will have the highest BMR
A 6'2'' man weighing 200 lbs (taller and heavier because he has more surface area)
Identify each process of carbohydrate metabolism in the hepatocyte pictures
A Formation of gluose from non carbohydrate sources B Formation of glycogen from glucose C Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Identify each process of carbohydrate metabolism in the hepatocyte pictures
A Gluconeogenesis B Glycogenesis C Glycogenolysis
Identify the stages of cellular respiration in the diagram
A Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvates B Each pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA C Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate forming citric acid D Energy in NADH and FADH2 is converted to ATP
Identify the structures of a liver lobule
A Hepatocytes B Central vein C Sinusoid D Bile duct
saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.
unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
Your fathers annual physical exam shows he has a low level of HDLs. This concerns you because you know this puts him at an increased risk for?
A heart attack
1. What is a polysaccharide and what are the differences between the plant polysaccharides?
A polysaccharide is a polymer made of many glucose units bound together. These are all storage forms of glucose. Amylose and amylopectin are two digestible forms of plant polysaccharides. The structure of amylose is a straight chain of glucose molecules, while amylopectin is a highly branched molecule. Dietary fiber is also made of many molecules of glucose bound together, but the bonds between the glucose units are not digestible by human enzymes.
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
How Much Fiber Do We Need?
AI is 25 grams/day for women AI is 38 grams/day for men Goal of 14 grams/1000 kcal DV is 25 grams for 2000 kcal diet Average U.S. intake: 14 grams/day for women 17 grams/day for men
A direct source of energy for doing cellular work is
ATP
Evaporation
Absorption of heat by water (sweat) vaporization
The ____ state include the time from which you eat a meal until the time you absorb the nutrients and generally last about four hours
Absorptive
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetic acid forming citric acid
A person's BMR is influenced by which of the following? Age Race Wealth Gender Education Body surface area
Age, Gender, Body surface area
A person's BMR is influenced by which of the following?
Age, body surface area, gender
If our diet contains only incomplete proteins, we will not have all of the essential _____ we need in order to survive
Amino acids
Complex Carbohydrates pt2
Amylopectin digestible branched chain type of starch Dietary fiber cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, gums, mucilages, the noncarbohydrate lignin
If you're lacking an essential vitamin you suffer from?
Avitaminosis
Which are water-soluble vitamins? E B C A D K
B C
Which options are correctly identified as a water-soluble vitamin? K B2 Niacin A B1
B2 Niacin B1
The total metabolic rate is calculated by adding the _____ metabolic rate to the metabolism required for physical activity
Basal
Your _____ metabolic rate is the amount of energy your body uses at rest.
Basal
If you don't eat for 12 hours then rest comfortably at room temperature, the amount of energy your body is using is your?
Basal Metabolic Rate
Which are dietary sources of proteins?
Beans, Fish, Nuts
which are dietary sources of protein?
Beans, Nuts, and Fish
In the liver, fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA for use in cholesterol synthesis by what process? Beta oxidation Dehydration synthesis Deamination Hydrolysis
Beta oxidation
Cholesterol produced by the liver is released into the body as which of the following?
Bile salts, and VLDLs
Fe mineral functions:
Binds oxygen in hemoglobin, binds electrons in the ETS
Ca mineral functions:
Blood clotting, Bone formation
The most important factor affecting a persons metabolic rate is their?
Body surface area
Blood flows into a liver lobule through which of the following? Branch of hepatic artery Central vein Branch of the spenic artery Branch of hepatic portal vein
Branch of hepatic artery Branch of hepatic portal vein
functions of glucagon
Breakdown glycogen -Released from muscle and liver Enhances gluconeogenesis Net effect: raises blood glucose
Catabolism
Breakdown of food compounds
Vitamins serve many roles in the body including _______
Calcium absorption, blood clotting, and formation of visual pigments
A ______ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
Calorie
A___ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius
Calorie
Food labels are required to have which of the following information?
Calories, Total fat, and Vitamins
What is the name of a water-filled chamber into which a person is placed, then changes in water temperature recorded in order to estimate their BMR?
Calorimeter
Proper nutrition requires the balance of the three basic food types:
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats
Which are the three major nutrient biomolecules?
Carbohydrates; Lipids; Proteins
Blood flows out the middle of a liver lobule through the _____ vein
Central
A liver lobule contains hepatocytes that radiate outward from a ______
Central vein
Glycolysis
Changes glucose to pyruvic acid
Produced by the liver, _______ is released into the blood as VLDLs, or made into bile salts
Cholesterol
______ is a lipid commonly found in animal cell membranes, from which Steroids, Bile salts, and Fat-soluble vitamins are made
Cholesterol
_________ is a lipid commonly found in animal cell membranes, from which steroids, bile salts, and fat-soluble vitamins are made.
Cholesterol
______________is a lipid commonly found in animal cell membranes, from which steroids, bile salts, and fat-soluble vitamins are made.
Cholesterol
Once a trglyceride is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, the fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA and then enter which stage of cellular respiration? Glycolysis Electron transport system Intermediate stage Citric acid cycle
Citric acid cycle
Once a triglyceride is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, the fatty acids are broken down into
Citric acid cycle
Once glucose has been changed to pyruvic acid, another process in which pyruvic acid is changed to carbon dioxide takes place. This reaction is known as the
Citric acid cycle
Disaccharides
Class of sugars formed by chemical bonding of two monosaccharides Also known as "simple sugars" Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose) Sugar Lactose (Galactose + Glucose) Milk products Maltose (Glucose + Glucose) Fermentation Alcohol production
Fructose (fruit sugar)
Component of disaccharide sucrose In fruit, honey, and high-fructose corn syrup Converted into glucose in the liver
Galactose
Component of lactose Converted to glucose in the liver Not commonly found in nature
The temperature of your head and torso is your _____ body temperature
Core
Iron is an integral component of which of the following? Cytochromes in the ETS Blood clotting factors Hydroxyapatite of bone Muscle contraction
Cytochromes in the ETS
Iron is an integral component of which of the following?
Cytochromes in the electron transport chain
Good dietary sources of iron include which of the following? Fruits Tea Dairy products Dark green leafy vegetables Red meat
Dark green leafy vegetables Read meat
Good dietary sources of iron include which of the following?
Dark green leafy vegetables & Red meat
In order for acids to be broken down in cellular respiration, the amine group must be removed by a process called ______
Deamination
Nutrition and Lifestyle Changes to Address Metabolic Syndrome
Decrease body weight. The most successful weight-loss and weight-maintenance programs include moderate dietary restriction combined with physical activity. Increase physical activity. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans include a recommendation to do the equivalent of at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity each week. Limit total fat consumption, especially animal and trans fat sources. Omega-3 fats, however, such as those found in fish and nuts, are considered healthy fats and should be included in your meal plan. For those with particularly high risk for cardiovascular disease, medications to lower blood pressure, total cholesterol, and triglycerides may be warranted.
LDL (description)
Delivers cholesterol from the liver to the cells
HDL (description)
Delivers lipids from the cells to the liver
VLDL (description)
Delivers triglycerides from the liver to the cells
How Much Sugar Is Too Much?
Diet quality declines when sugar intake is excessive Upper limit of 25% of total calorie intake from "added sugars" has been set by FNB Diets above upper limit are likely to be deficient in vitamins and minerals American Heart Association upper limit is 100 calories added sugar for women, 150 for men Reduce calories from sweet desserts and soft drinks
Sugar and Oral Health
Dietary starches fermented in mouth contribute to dental caries Breads and crackers Dental caries erosions in surface of tooth caused by acids made by bacteria as they metabolize sugars
Sugar and Hyperactivity
Does high sugar intake cause hyperactivity (ADHD) in children? Most researchers find sucrose may have opposite effect, inducing sleepiness Cause more likely excitement/tension in situations where sugar rich foods are served Birthday parties and Halloween
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Does not eat flesh; does eat eggs, and cheese
Vegetarian
Does not eat meat
In which stage of cellular respiration is the energy carried by FADH2 and NADH converted into ATP?
Electron transport system
Which hormones can influence body temperature? Aldosterone Epinephrine Thyroid hormone Growth hormone Melatonin Oxytocin
Epinephrine Thyroid hormone Growth hormone
Which hormones can influence body temperature?
Epinephrine, thyroid hormone, growth hormone
Which of the following categories are correctly identified as types of nutrients which must be consumed? Essential nutrients Macronutrients Nonessential nutrients Micronutrients
Essential nutrients Macronutrients Micronutrients
T/F: Cholesterol is found primarily in plant-bases products.
False
True of false: Cholesterol is found primarily in plant-based products.
False
When cells have an inadequate amount of glucose to catabolize they will catabolize
Fats
What mineral binds oxygen in red blood cells and bind electrons in the electron transport chain
Fe
Match each mineral with its function in the human body
Fe - Binds oxygen in hemoglobin, binds electrons in the ETS Ca - Blood clotting, bone formation I - Integral part of thyroid hormone Zn - Protein synthesis, wound healing
Match each mineral with its function(s) in the human body: Fe Ca I Zn Integral part of thyroid hormone Protein synthesis, wound healing Binds oxygen in hemoglobin, binds electrons in the ETS Blood clotting, bone formation
Fe--Binds oxygen in hemoglobin, binds electrons in the ETS Ca--Blood clotting, bone formation I--Integral part of thyroid hormone Zn--Protein synthesis, wound healing
Functional Fiber
Fiber added to food Provides health benefits Prebiotics Type of functional fiber Stimulate growth or activity of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine Oligosaccharides
4. What makes fiber a very different kind of carbohydrate, and what is the difference between nonfermentable, viscous, and functional fiber?
Fiber is essentially the portion of plant food that remains undigested as it enters the large intestine. There are two general classes of fiber: nonfermentable and viscous. Nonfermentable (insoluble) fibers are mostly made up of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignins. Viscous (soluble) fibers are made up mostly of pectins, gums, and mucilages. Both nonfermentable and viscous fibers are resistant to human digestive enzymes, but bacteria in the large intestine can break down (ferment) viscous fibers.
Radiation
Flow of heat waves away from the blood
Metabolic Syndrome Risk Indicators
For a patient to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, he or she must have three of these five risk factors High blood pressure ≥ 130 / ≥ 85 mmHg Low HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL for men <50 mg/dL for women Elevated fasting blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL Elevated triglycerides (blood fat) ≥ 150 mg/dL Abdominal obesity (waist circumference) >40 inches for men >35 inches for women
A mountain climber get separated from his party and is lost for days. Though he is found and survives, his fingers are white and blistered. He is suffering from a condition known as ______
Frostbite
A mountain climber gets separated from his party and is lost for days. Though he is found and survives, his fingers are white and blistered. He is suffering from what condition? ___________________
Frostbite
What are the 4 categories found on MyPlate?
Fruits, Grains, Proteins, and Vegetables
Type 2 Diabetes
Generally in people > 40 years of age Increasing rates in younger individuals Obesity Treatment Weight loss Oral medications Diet therapy Insulin
Minerals serve many functions in the human body including which of the following?
Generation of an action potential, binding oxygen, and blood clotting
If blood sugar levels are low, what hormone does the pancreas produce to bring them back up
Glucagon
If blood sugar levels are low, what hormone does the pancreas produce to bring them back up?
Glucagon
If blood sugar levels are low, what hormone does the pancreas produce to bring them up? ___________________
Glucagon
1. What are the name and locations of the storage form of glucose in the body?
Glycogen is a storage form of glucose in our liver and muscle cells.
Some athletes consume large amounts of carbohydrates 2-3 days before an athletic event to store glycogen in skeletal muscles. This practice is called
Glycogen loading (aka carbo-loading)
In which stage of cellular respiration is a glucose molecule broken down into two pyruvate molecules?
Glycolysis
In which stage of cellular respiration is a glucose molecule broken down into two pyruvate molecules? Electron transport system Citric acid cycle Intermediate stage Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Once a triglyceride is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, the glycerol enters cellular respiration in which stage?
Glycolysis
The process that changes glucose to pyruvic acid is called
Glycolysis
Identify the stages of cellular respiration in the diagram
Glycolysis- Glucose is broken into two pyruvates Intermediate stage- Each pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle- Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate forming citric acid Electron transport system- Energy in NADH and FADH2 is converted to ATP
Which lipoproteins transports lipids to the liver? LDL MCL VLDL HDL
HDL
______ are released 'empty' from the liver into the blood where they 'fill' with lipids before returning back to the liver
HDLs
Your core body temperature is the temperature of which body parts?
Head and Torso
Your Core Body Temperature is the temperature of which body parts?
Head, and Torso
Your father's annual physical exam shows he has Low Level of HDLs. This concerns you because you know this puts him at an increased risk for?
Heart attack
During catabolism, food molecules are converted to _____ rather than being transported to ATP.
Heat
Calorie
Heat unit
glycogen
Highly branched polysaccharide Stored form of carbohydrate for animals and humans Structure similar to amylopectin More sites for enzyme action Stored in the liver and muscles
1. What are the names and definitions of the monosaccharides and disaccharides, and what happens to them when they are digested and absorbed?
Important monosaccharides in nutrition are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Glucose is a primary energy source for body cells. Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides bond together. Important disaccharides in nutrition are sucrose (glucose-fructose), maltose (glucose-glucose), and lactose (glucose-galactose). Once digested into monosaccharides and absorbed, most carbohydrates are transformed into glucose by the liver.
You fly from your home in sunny warm California to Alaska for a family vacation. In response to the colder temperature there your TMR will?
Increase
You fly from your home in sunny warm California to Alaska for a family vacation. In response to the colder temperatures there, your TMR will ____
Increase
Effects of the hormone glucagon on the body include which of the following?
Increased gluconeogenesis, increased glycogenolysis, increased lipolysis
Effects of the hormone glucagon on the body include which of the following? Increased glycogenolysis Increased beta oxidation Increased lipolysis Increased gluconeogenesis Increased glycogenesis
Increased glycogenolysis Increased lipolysis Increased gluconeogenesis
During the absorptive state of digestion blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids are?
Increasing
fiber
Indigestible starch Body cannot break the bonds Insoluble or non-fermentable fiber Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin Not fermented by the bacteria in the colon Soluble or viscous fiber Gum, pectin, mucilage Fruit, vegetable, rice bran, psyllium seed
Minerals are ____ ions
Inorganic
Minerals are ______ ions
Inorganic
Minerals
Inorganic elements or salts found naturally within the earth
After you eat a meal, your pancreas releases what hormone to help store the nutrients you just ate, bringing blood sugar levels down?
Insulin
The hormone _____ is released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels
Insulin
The hormone _______ is released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels
Insulin
The only hormone that lowers blood glucose level is
Insulin
I mineral functions:
Integral part of thyroid hormone
Someone who does not eat red meat or dark green leafy vegetables is
Iron
Someone who does not eat red meat or dark green leafy vegetables is probably lacking in what mineral?
Iron
What mineral binds oxygen in red blood cells and binds electrons in the electron transport chain?
Iron
Which are minerals?
Iron, calcium, and zinc
Which options are correctly identified as a fat-soluble vitamin? Riboflavin Thiamine K D A
K D A
Which options are correctly identified as a fat-soluble vitamin?
K, A, and D
________ are considered the "bad cholesterol" while _______ are considered the "good cholesterol". VLDLs, HDLs LDLs, HDLs LDLs, VLDLs HDLs, LDLs
LDLs, HDLs
regulating glucose
Lack of glucose control can produce two conditions Hyperglycemia -high blood glucose, above 125 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood Hypoglycemia -low blood glucose, below 40 to 50 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood for nondiabetics
A disaccharide found in milk, and thus also called 'milk sugar' is?
Lactose
Which are the 3 major nutrient biomolecules?
Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Proteins
What is the largest internal organ that has several hundred functions including bile production and serving as a glucose 'bank'?
Liver
What is the largest internal organ that has several hundred functions including bile production and serving as a glucose 'bank'? ______________
Liver
Which organ is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins plus plays a central role in the transport of lipids throughout the body?
Liver
Which organ is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins plus plays a central role in the transport of lipids throughout the body? Pancreas Liver Spleen Brain
Liver
Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) have ______ cholesterol levels than low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Lower
Insulin
Lowers blood sugar
_________________ are organic biomolecules that must be consumed in large quantities.
Macronutrients
producing energy
Main function of glucose is to supply calories/energy for use by body Certain tissues can use only glucose -Red blood cells -Brain prefers glucose, can use ketone bodies -Ketone bodies Partial breakdown products of fat that contain three or four carbons
Thermoregulation
Maintaining homeostasis of body temperature
Glucose
Major monosaccharide in the body Six-carbon, usually exists in a ring form In table sugar bonded to fructose; also known as dextrose In bloodstream called blood sugar Digestion of starches and sucrose Source of fuel for cells
The ____ rate is a measure of how much energy is used by the body in a given amount of time
Metabolic
The _____ rate is a measure of how much energy is used by the body in a given amount of time
Metabolic
The ______ rate is a measure of how much energy is used by the body in a given amount of time
Metabolic
In 2011, the USDA replaced the food pyramid with ______ to help people see the proportion and types of foods they need to eat in order to stay healthy.
My Plate
Because our body can synthesize _____ vitamins, we do not need to ensure they are part of our diet
Nonessential
Our body is able to synthesize some of the 20 amino acids it needs to produce proteins. These amino acids are called ______ amino acids
Nonessential
The digestive system absorbs Biomolecules, Vitamins, and Minerals, which are collectively referred to as?
Nutrients
_____ include most organic biomolecules needed by organisms to grow and maintain homeostasis
Nutrients
____ is the study of the means by which an organism both obtains and utilizes nutrients
Nutrition
_________________ is the study of the means by which an organism both obtains and utilizes nutrients
Nutrition
Nutritive Sweeteners
Nutritive sweeteners provide calories Monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharides, sucrose, lactose, maltose -Most Americans consume average of 20 tsp of sugar per day, exceeding recommendation of 8 tsp per day -Most coming from sugar-sweetened beverages, desserts, fruit drinks
Type 1 Diabetes
Occurs more often in children Genetic link Body stops producing insulin Treatment Insulin therapy Diet therapy
1. Why are carbohydrates considered our most valuable energy source?
On average, carbohydrates provide 4 kcal per gram and are a readily available fuel for all cells, both in the form of blood glucose and glycogen stored in the liver and muscles.
Vitamin
Organic molecules needed in small quantities for normal metabolism
Your friend tells you she has iron deficiency. Which of the following symptoms might she have?
Pale skin, sensitivity to cold, & fatigue
The USDA now uses an image of a _____ to visually show the proportions of each food type that should be in a healthy diet
Plate
______ are carbohydrates made of long chains of simple sugars.
Polysaccharides
_______ are carbohydrates made of long chains of simple sugars
Polysaccharides
Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides Starch and glycogen Carbohydrates containing many glucose units, from 10 to 1000 or more Amylose Digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units
Fatty acids are separated into which groups?
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, Unsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids
Someone who is growing, pregnant, or healing from injury will have a ______ nitrogen balance.
Positive
While you are sleeping, your body must rely on stored nutrients in order to maintain homeostasis, so you are in the _______ state.
Postabsorptive
While you are sleeping your body must rely on stored nutrients in order to maintain homeostasis so you are in the?
Postabsorptive state
functions of insulin
Promotes glycogen synthesis Increases glucose uptake by the cells -Includes muscle and fat cells Reduces gluconeogenesis -Conversion of amino acids into glucose Net effect: lowers blood glucose
Meat, dairy products, poultry, fish, beans, and nuts are all good sources of what nutrient?
Protein
Which nutrient is a good source of nitrogen? Lipid Vitamins Carbohydrate Protein
Protein
Zn mineral functions:
Protein Synthesis, Wound healing
functions of carbs
Protein sparing -A diet that supplies enough carbohydrate will prevent protein from being used for energy Prevention of ketosis -ketosis is a high concentration of ketone bodies and related breakdown products in bloodstream and tissues
Carbohydrates— Our Most Important Energy Source
Provide 4 kcal per gram Glycogen, carbohydrate made of multiple glucose molecule Highly branched structure. It is the Storage form of glucose in humans and is synthesized (and stored) in the liver and muscles
dairy
Provide carbohydrates in form of lactose Lactose content varies depending on product Dietary need varies depending on your age Choose no or low fat options
fruits
Provide carbohydrates primarily in form of natural sugar and fiber Those who eat as part of healthy diet have reduced risk of chronic disease Choose whole or cut up over fruit juices -Juices contain little fiber
Carbohydrate Needs
RDA is 130 grams/day for adults Average U.S. intake is 180-330 grams Recommendations: Food and Nutrition Board: 45%-65% of total calories Nutrition Facts panel: 60% Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains
The most informative cholesterol blood test is _____
Ratio of HDL to LDL
The government has established dietary guidelines in the form of ______ daily allowances
Recommended
BMR
Represents the amount of food that a person's body must catabolize each day in order to stay alive and awake
BMR can be measured using which instruments?
Respirometer
BMR can be measured using which of the following instruments? Skin fold caliper Respirometer Calorimeter Bioelectrical impedance
Respirometer Calorimeter
blood glucose control
Role of the liver -Regulates glucose that enters bloodstream Role of the pancreas -Release of insulin -Release of glucagon
If our body starts to get too cold, the hypothalamus will initiate which of the following? Vasodilation Shivering Sweat gland secretion Vasoconstriction in the extremities
Shivering Vasoconstriction in the extremities
If our body starts to get too cold the hypothalamus will initiate which of the following?
Shivering, and Vasoconstriction in the extremities
Liver lobules contain modified capillaries known as?
Sinusoids
Liver loubles contain modified capillaries known as
Sinusoids
Two minerals necessary for nerve conduction and contraction of muscle fibers are
Sodium, Calcium
Which are lipids?
Steroids, Triglyceride, Phospholipids
Which are functions of the liver
Storing glucose Production of clotting proteins Production of bile
What carbohydrate is a disaccharide found in table sugar ?
Sucrose
Anabolism
Synthesis of cells, the building up of cell tissues
2015-2020 dietary guidelines
The 2015-2020 DGAs provide the following recommendations regarding carbohydrate intake as part of a healthy eating pattern while staying within their calorie needs: Include a variety of vegetables from all of the subgroups—dark green, red and orange, legumes (beans and peas), starchy, and other. Include fruits, especially whole fruits. Include grains, at least half of which are whole grains. Limit intake of calories from added sugars to less than 10 percent per day.
Insulin affects the body in which ways? Glucagon secretion is enhanced Glycolysis increases rapidly The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen Adipocytes absorb triglycerides from the blood Most cells absorb glucose from the blood
The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen Adipocytes absorb triglycerides from the blood Most cells absorb glucose from the blood
Which hormones can influence body temperature?
Thyroid hormone, Growth hormone, and Epinephrine
Your core body temperature is the temperature of which body parts? Arms Feet Torso Hands Legs Head
Torso Head
The ____ metabolic rate is the amount of energy used by the body including that needed for physical activity
Total
The _____ metabolic rate is the amount of energy used by the body including that needed for physical activity
Total
Our body requires only small amounts of what type of mineral?
Trace
Our body requires only small amounts of what type of mineral? Nonessential Trace Major Complete
Trace
Convection
Transfer of heat energy to air that is continually flowing away from the skin
Conduction
Transfer of heat energy to the skin and then to the external environment
Because iron is toxic in an unattached form, it is carried in the blood bound to the protein _____
Transferrin
Fats and Oils are dietary sources of?
Triglycerides
Which lipid is an important energy source?
Triglycerides
Which lipid is an important energy source? Phospholipids Eicosanoids Triglycerides Steroids
Triglycerides
_____ are fats composed of Glycerol and fatty acids
Triglycerides
T/F: All minerals are obtained from the diet
True
identify each type of lipoprotein involved in lipid transport in the picture
VLDL LDL HDL
Match each lipoprotein with it's description: VLDL LDL HDL Delivers lipids from the cells to the liver Delivers triglycerides from the liver to the cells Delivers cholesterol from the liver to the cells
VLDL--Delivers triglycerides from the liver to the cells LDL--Delivers cholesterol from the liver to the cells HDL--Delivers lipids from the cells to the liver
veggies
Valuable source of starch and fiber Usually rich in vitamins and minerals Naturally low in fat and calories Fiber in vegetables may reduce risk of heart disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes Follow MyPlate guidelines when making selections
Match each term with its definition: Vegetarian Lacto-ovo vegetarian Does not eat flesh; does eat milk, eggs, and cheese Does not eat meat
Vegetarian--Does not eat meat Lacto-ovo vegetarian--Does not eat flesh; does eat milk, eggs, and cheese
Which vitamin is a precursor molecule for the formation of visual pigments?
Vitamin A
Lipid-Soluble vitamins:
Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E,
Water soluble vitamins:
Vitamin C, and Vitamin B
Which options are fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin K, D, A
Organic molecules needed in small amounts for normal metabolism are
Vitamins
____ are organic molecules which are required for normal metabolism but are only present in small amounts in foods
Vitamins
It is especially important to have a varied diet in order to assure you meet your body's need for?
Vitamins, and Minerals
Determine if each vitamin is water-soluble or lipid-soluble
Water-soluble - Vitamin C - Vitamin B Lipid-soluble - Vitamin D - Vitamin E - Vitamin A
Determine if each vitamin is water-soluble or lipid-soluble.
Water-soluble: Vitamin C; Vitamin B Lipid-soluble: Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vitamin D
Your father's annual physical exam shows he has a low level of HDLs. This concerns you because you know this puts him at increased risk for: a heart attack low blood pressure emphysema anemia
a heart attack
If you have breakfast at 7AM, your body is in the ________ state until 11AM. postabsorptive pre-absorptive quasi-absorptive absorptive
absorptive
The _____ state includes the time from which you eat a meal until the time you absorb the nutrients and generally lasts about four hours
absorptive
A person's BMR is influenced by which of the following
age, gender and body surface area (most important factor)
If our diet contains only incomplete proteins, we will not have all of the essential _____ we need in order to survive
amino acids
If your diet contains only incomplete proteins, we will not have all of the essential ___________ we need in order to survive. nucleic acids amino acids triglycerides monosaccharides
amino acids
Triglycerides
an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.
If you are lacking an essential vitamin, you suffer from _______
avitaminosis
The total metabolic rate is calculated by adding the ____ metabolic rate to the metabolism required for physical activity.
basal
The total metabolic rate is calculated by adding the _________ metabolic rate to the metabolism required for physical activity.
basal
Your ___ metabolic rate is the amount of energy your body uses at rest.
basal
Your __________ metabolic rate is the amount of energy your body uses at rest.
basal
Your___metabolic rate is the amount of energy your body uses at rest
basal
Which are dietary sources of protein? beans nuts dark green leafy vegetables fish table salt fruit
beans nuts fish
A vegetarian can obtain all of their essential amino acids by eating ______
beans and rice
A vegetarian can obtain all of their essential amino acids by eating: eggs and beans fish and beans meat and rice beans and rice
beans and rice
Cholesterol produced by the liver is released into the body as which of the following? VDLs LDLs bile salts HDLs
bile salts
The most important factor affecting a person's basal metabolic rate is their
body surface area
A ______ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
calorie
A ___________ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
calorie
Nutrients provide energy to the body in the form of a ______.
calorie
Nutrients provide energy to the body in the form of a ______________.
calorie
nutrients provide energy to the body in the form of a
calorie
What is the name of a water-filled chamber into which a person is placed, so that changes in water temperature can be recorded in order to estimate their BMR?
calorimeter
What is the name of a water-filled chamber into which a person is placed, then changes in water temperature recorded in order to estimate their BMR?
calorimeter
Which are metabolic functions of the liver? carbohydrate metabolism production of essential amino acids electrolyte balance detoxification lipid metabolism
carbohydrate metabolism detoxification lipid metabolism
Which are the three major nutrient biomolecules? carbohydrates lipids proteins water nucleic acids ATP
carbohydrates lipids proteins
which carbohydrate is a good source of fiber in our diet
cellulose
Blood flows out the middle of a liver lobule through the ______________ vein.
central
A liver lobule contains hepatocytes that radiate outward from a _________. portal triad bile ductule central artery central vein
central vein
Produced by the liver, _______ is released into the blood as VLDLs, or made into bile salts. clotting factor X glycogen cholesterol bilirubin
cholesterol
A chylomicron contains ____________? monosaccharides bile salts cholesterol acetyl CoA triglycerides protein
cholesterol triglycerides protein
The temperature of your head and torso is your _________ body temperature.
core
The temperature of your head and torso is your _____body temperature
core
In order for amino acids to be broken down in cellular respiration, the amine group must be removed by a process called _______________.
deamination
Intermediate stage
each pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA
Its been many hours since you've eaten and you're quite hungry. Your glucagon levels should be _______
elevated
Electron Transport System
energy carried by FADH2 and NADH converted into ATP
_______ amino acids cannot be made in the body and must come from the diet.
essential
If insulin levels rise, blood sugar levels should then ______
fall
Your friend tells you she has iron deficiency. Which of the following symptoms might she have? warm, dry skin fatigue sensitivity to cold increased metabolism night sweats pale skin
fatigue sensitivity to cold pale skin
Iron is stored in the liver bound to ______
ferritin
Cellulose is a good source of ______ in our diet and helps 'keep you regular'
fiber
Cellulose is a good source of _________ in our diet and helps 'keep you regular'. glucose fiber minerals vitamins
fiber
Iron is stored in the liver bound to: hemosiderin mucosal transferrin blood transferrin mucousal ferritin
hemosiderrn
The "thermostat" of our body that regulates our body temperature is the
hypothalamus
If blood glucose levels start to fall, the pancreas will _______ glucagon secretion.
increase
Right after eating a big meal, your metabolic rate will ___________ until the nutrients have been absorbed. stabilize increase decrease
increase
Shortly after eating a candy bar, your blood glucose levels will _____, causing an _____ in insulin secretion by the pancreas.
increase, increase
During the absorptive state of digestion, blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids are:
increasing
Minerals are ____ ions
inorganic
Minerals are___ions
inorganic
The hormone ______________ is released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels.
insulin
The ability to change one type of nutrient biomolecule into another is known as _______________.
interconversion
If someone is on a high protein, low carb diet (such as the Atkins diet), how does their body ensure enough glucose still gets to the brain?
interconversion of protein to glucose
A disaccharide found in milk, and thus also called 'milk sugar', is _______
lactose
A disaccharide found in milk, and thus also called 'milk sugar', is ___________.
lactose
which organ is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins plus plays a central role in the transport of lipids throughout the body?
liver
A 5'2" woman weighing 110 lbs will have a _________ BMR than a 6'1" man weighing 190lbs. lower higher equal
lower
Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) have __________ cholesterol levels than low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). lower higher the same
lower
Lacto-ovo vegetarians do not eat ______
meat
A decrease in ______ rate will result in a decrease in body temperature
metabolic
The ______ rate is a measure of how much energy is used by the body in a given amount of time Metabolic
metabolic
The amount of energy used by the body in a set amount of time is known as the ________ rate. metabolic caloric kinetic energetic
metabolic
A decrease in _________________ ________________ will result in a decrease in body temperature.
metabolic rate
Match each type of carbohydrate with the number of simple sugars it is composed of: monosaccharide Disaccharide polysaccharide one many two
monosaccharide --- one Disaccharide --- two polysaccharide --- many
Your New Year's resolution is to drastically reduce the amount of cholesterol in your diet by eating less meat and more fruits and vegetables. After a few months, your liver will respond by producing _________ cholesterol. more less no
more
Someone who suffers from poor nutrition will have a ____________ nitrogen balance.
negative
In addition to supplying our body with amino acids, proteins are a good source of _____
nitrogen
Because our body can synthesize _____ vitamins, we do not need to ensure they are part of our diet
nonessential
Because our body can synthesize __________ vitamins, we do not need to ensure they are part of our diet. incomplete nonessential essential complete
nonessential
Our body is able to synthesize some of the 20 amino acids it needs to produce proteins. These amino acids are called ______ amino acids
nonessential
Our body is able to synthesize some of the 20 amino acids it needs to produce proteins. These amino acids are called _____________ amino acids.
nonessential
Our body is able to synthesize some of the 20 amino acids it needs to produce proteins. These amino acids are called ________________ amino acids.
nonessential
Which are categories that vitamins are separated into? non-absorbable nonessential essential fat-soluble water-soluble
nonessential essential fat-soluble water-soluble
Which are categories that vitamins are separated into
nonessential, essential, water soluble, fat soluble
The digestive system absorbs Biomolecules, Vitamins, and Minerals, which are collectively referred to as?
nutrients
The digestive system absorbs biomolecules, vitamins, and minerals which are collectively referred to as what? _______________
nutrients
The USDA now uses an image of a___ to visually show the proportions of each food type that should be in a healthy diet
plate
The time between meals when your body is relying on stored nutrients is the __________ state. postabsorptive absorptive semi-absorptive pre-absorptive
postabsorptive
In the diagram, A represents what type of macromolecule which is broken down into amino acids which are then deaminated?
protein
because lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in blood, they must be transported throughout the body bound to a
protein
Meat, dairy products, and nuts are major sources of _____
proteins
The federal government has established dietary guidelines known as the ___________ daily allowances. required ratified referred recommended
recommended
The government has established dietary guidelines in the form of _____ daily allowances
recommended
Fatty acids are seperated into which groups? saturated fatty acids polyunsaturated fatty acids Tetricunsaturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids
saturated fatty acids polyunsaturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids
Liver lobules contain modified capillaries known as __________.
sinusoids
Liptor and Zocor are examples of ____________ drugs which help lower blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting it's synthesis in the liver. anticoagulant statin anticholinergic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
statin
Insulin affects the body in which ways?
stimulates most cells to absorb glucose from the blood, stimulates the liver to store glucose in the form of glycogen, and stimulates adipocytes to absorb triglycerides from the blood
which carbohydrate is a disaccharide found in table sugar?
surcose
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
Electron transport system
the final sequence of reactions in the aerobic production of ATP
Lipids are carried in the blood bound to proteins because _______
they are hydrophobic
Lipids are carried in the blood bound to proteins because: they are hydrophilic they are amphiboliv they are hydrophobic
they are hydrophobic
The ____ metabolic rate is the amount of energy used by the body including that needed for physical activity
total
The____metabolic rate is the amount of energy used by the body including that needed for physical activity
total
Fats and Oils are dietary sources of?
triglycerides
Fats and oils are dietary sources of ________
triglycerides
One concern about high fructose corn syrup is that it leads to higher blood levels of __________ and is linked to obesity as well as diabetes mellitus. triglycerides cholesterol amino acids trans fats
triglycerides
It is especially important to have a varied diet in order to ensure you meet your body's need for: vitamins and carbohydrates amino acids and vitamins lipids and minerals vitamins and minerals
vitamins and minerals
Which are minerals? ferritin albumin bicarbonate zinc calcium iron
zinc calcium iron
