A&P II Chapter 25

which hormone stimulates the first mechanism

ADH

when the pH rises above 7.45, a state of _________ exists

alkalosis

Which body system is not involved in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance?

all systems produce metabolic wastes and therefore, ae involved in fluid and electrolyte balance

What would happen to the blood PCO2 of a patient who has an airway obstruction?

blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis

the hemoglobin buffer system exists in

both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

buffer

A(n) __________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion

buffer system

when the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys

excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions

Consuming a meal high in salt will

result in a temporary increase in blood volume

Normal K+ concentration in extracellular fluid is ______mEq/L

3.5 - 5.0

In an adult female, the body consists of about _______ percent water

50

In an adult male, the body consists of about ________percent water

60

The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is

7.35 - 7.45

Describe a fluid shift

A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.

Define acidemia and alkalemia

Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45.

What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF?

Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in the EFC

Summarize the relationship between PCO2 levels and pH

An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH

What effect does inhibition of osmoreceptors have on ADH secretion and thirst?

Decreases ADH secretion and suppresses thirst

which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?

aldosterone

Explain dehydration and its effect on the osmotic concentration of blood

Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase

Define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia

Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L.

Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system?

ICF, urine

Describe metabolic acidosis

Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys.

Describe metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated.

Define mineral balance.

Mineral balance occurs when ion gains are equal to ion losses.

The principal cation in cytoplasm is

Potassium

Identify factors that cause potassium excretion

Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases.

How would a decrease in pH of body fluids affect the respiratory rate?

Respiratory rate would increase

what is the primary challenge to acid-based homeostasis?

The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH

A(n) __________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere

Volatile

Identify routes of fluid loss from the body.

Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces.

When the body pH falls below 7.35, __________results

acidemia

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

aldosterone

what intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF?

carbonic acid

Antidiuretic hormone does not

cause water to shift out of the ICF.

Intracellular fluid is found only within

cells of the body

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and

chloride

which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema

which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-based disorder metabolic alkalosis?

consequences of prolonged vomiting

which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?

copper

The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the following response

decrease of ADH release

Increased blood volume will

decrease thirst

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the

extracellular fluid

A(n) _____acid is an acid that can not leave solution and enter the atmosphere

fixed

Small amounts of ________ acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups

fixed

Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed

fluid shift

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

kidneys

Which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF?

kidneys

the primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids

if the kidneys are conserving HCO3- and eliminating H+ in acidic urine, which is occurring: metabolic alkalosis or metabolic acidosis?

metabolic acidosis

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks

metabolic alkalosis

Prolonged vomiting can result in

metabolic alkalosis

When water is lost, but electrons are retained,

osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid

All of the following factors are consistent with hypokalemia except

overuse of diuretics

Identify the body's three major buffer systems.

phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Which solid component makes up most of the body mass?

protein

Hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis

Describe the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the hydrogen ions created by metabolic and fixed acids to generate carbonic acid which dissociates into H2O and CO2, which can be eliminated by the lungs

Which buffers/buffer system exist(s) only in intracellular fluid?

the phosphate buffer system

_____ play(s) a key low in maintaining acid-based homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide

the respiratory system

Hyperventilation will _______ pH

to raise (increase)

About two-thirds of body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________fluid

vital

metabolic water is

water produced through catabolic processes

When is your body in acid-base balance?

when the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by their loss and when the pH of body fluids remains within normal limits