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What is a speaking outline? What are four guidelines for your speaking outline?

A speaking outline is basically a straight-forward and short outline utilized by the speaker to remember the main points and details of his or hers speech. The four guidelines of a speaking outline include: • Use of visual framework in the preparation outline - the actual speech outline that will be used should look similar to the one used in the preparation, meaning same symbols and indentations. It helps with the practice and can be used to the speaker's advantage, making it easy to find out what to say next. • Making sure the outline is legible - without a legible writing and rather, a lost train of thought, a speaking outline is nothing. It must be instantly readable from a distance. Large lettering, extra space, and ample margins with minimal notes within one side of them is ideal. • Keeping the outline as brief as possible - you shouldn't have anything too detailed, or you will have a difficult time trying to keep eye contact with your audience. Keep it short and simple, and only down to the main points. • Give yourself cues for delivering the speech - Highlight, bold, italicize, and leave notes as to indicate the parts of the speech that need to be emphasized. Delivery cues should be underlined, along with cue words such as "pause", "repeat", "slow down", etc.

Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech preparation? Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?

Determining the specific purpose of your speech is basically focusing on one aspect of a topic, in a single infinitive phrase. It is important so you can indicate precisely what you hope to accomplish with your speech. It is important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement because you need to keep the audience engaged; it helps to keep the audience at the center of your attention while delivering the speech.

Global plagiarism

When someone copies a paper/piece of work in entirety

What are the eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?

• Volume: should have a powerful voice; adjust your voice to the acoustics of the room, size of audience, level of background noise. Make sure you aren't speaking too loudly or softly. • Pitch: the highness or lowness of one's voice is significant; use inflections to convey meaning and emotion. • Rate: do not speak too slow or too fast. Speaking too slow causes boredom through your audience, and speaking too quickly tends to lead the audience to lose track of what you're saying. • Pauses: pauses are useful in the speech. They can signal the end of a thought process, dramatically impact a statement, or let an idea sink in the audience. Practice a keen sense of timing to use pauses correctly. • Vocal Variety: changes in rate, pitch, and volume will give a speech interest and expressiveness. • Pronunciation: many people tend to recognize words by the way they ordinarily read or say it, so pronounce words in the most common way spoken. • Articulation: sloppy articulation is common along with poor and careless articulation. Have a persistent effort to articulate words in a correct manner. • Dialect: using heavy dialect—either regional or ethnic—can be troublesome if the audience doesn't share the same dialect. This leads most everyone to learn the general American dialect. Dialects cause listeners to make negative judgments—whether it be about the person's personality, intelligence, etc.

Patchwork plagiarism

When someone copies paragraphs of different pieces of work and puts them all together as their own piece of work

Incremental plagiarism

When you take phrases of articles or other pieces of work and claim it as your own

What are the six demographic traits of audiences discussed in this chapter? Why is each important to audience analysis?

• Age: There is no generation where everyone has a similar mindset or does the same exact thing. • Gender: Men and women are different from everything on values and beliefs; women and men have different beliefs going through politics, education, health care, social justice, etc. due to their gender. • Religion: You can't assume your view on religion is the same as everyone else in your audience; you have to think openly when it comes to that, as everyone in your audience is possibly culturally diverse. • Sexual Orientation: The language towards those that are homosexual are derogatory, and referencing to a gay or lesbian "lifestyle" as if they live a specific lifestyle due to their orientation. There's just some things you have to consider with your audience while preparing your speech so you don't offend anyone. • Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background: You must be careful when covering race and ethnicity due to the generation we live in. Despite the similarities between cultures such as Americans and Europeans to Asians and African-Americans, everyone is used to different customs and beliefs. • Group Membership: National organizations, medical and civil organizations, even fraternities and sororities, youth groups, and other types of clubs count as a group membership. It is just another variable to consider in audience analysis. Knowing the audience's involvement in organizations helps to know what kind of audience your speech is targeted to.

What are three criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the Internet?

• Authorship: if the author is clearly identified, qualified, an expert of the topic, and if they are objective and unbiased. • Sponsorship: if it is published by someone reliable such as a government, business, interest group, instead of a blogger or random individual. • Recency: how recent the piece of work is due to its copyright date, publication date, or date of last revision.

What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are appropriate for informative speeches? Which is most appropriate for persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?

• Chronological order, spatial order, causal order, problem-solution order, topical order. • Chronological order, spatial order, causal order, and topical order is most appropriate for informative speeches. • Causal order, problem-solution order, and topical order can be used for persuasive; problem-solution is most appropriate for persuasive speeches. • Topical order, due to its versatility, can be applicable to almost any speech on virtually almost any topic.

Questions of Policy

• Evidently, questions of policy arise daily in almost everything we do. Questions of policy deal with specific courses of action. They invevitably involve questions of fact, and might also involve questions of value. But questions of policy always go beyond questions of fact or value to decide whether something should or should not be done. • Examples: What measures should be taken to protect the United States against terrorist attacks? Should the electoral college be abolished? What steps should be taken to reduce America's dependence on foreign oil?

Characteristics of an Effective Public Speaker

• Eye contact • Good pacing • Strong voice • Creates specific tone for speech • Well prepared—not dependent on the manuscript

Ten Logical Fallacies

• Hasty Generalization: the most common fallacy in reasoning from specific instances. It occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases. • False Cause - The fallacy of false cause is commonly connectd to its Latin name, post hoc, ergo propter hoc, meaning "after this, therefore because of this". It basically means that one event occurs after another does not translate to the first being the cause of the second. The time the two events take place in can be entirely coincidental. • Invalid Analogy - It occurs when the two cases (referring to when the speaker concludes what is true in one case is also true in the other) being compared are not exactly similar. It is as if saying employees are like nails, nails must be hit on the head to get them to work, so must employees. This statement is obviously false. • Bandwagon - A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular,, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. An example would be advertising products; a lot of advertisements are based off of bandwagon fallacy. An example is the fact that more people take Tylenol than Advil does not prove that Tylenol is better. • Red Herring -This fallacy refers to when a speaker introduces an irrelevant issue in order to get the attention of the subject under discussion. It's like a distraction in the case that the speaker talks about something completely off topic, taking away from the issue at hand. • Ad Hominem - This fallacy refers to a speaker attacking a person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute; this would be if one was talking about the head of a business proposing interesting economic ideals, but focusing on the issue that she comes from a wealthy family, meaning she will benefit from it more than others. • Either-Or - Typically known as a false dilemma, this fallacy makes two listeners of a speech choose between two alternatives or choices when more than just simply two choices exist. This could be when a speaker states how the government must either raise taxes or eliminate services for the poor. That is absurd because there is so much more than just those two options. • Slipper Slope - This is a fallacy that assumes that taking the first step will inevitably to a second step and so on down the slope disaster. • Appeal to Tradition - This fallacy, evident to the name, assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. • Appeal to Novelty - This fallacy assumes that something new is automatically better than something older.

What guidelines are given in the chapter for preparing visual aids?

• Prepare visual aids well in advance: visual aids only benefit and give you an advantage if it is integrated smoothly with the rest of your speech. Prepare your visual aids because if you lose place, stumble, or drop your aids it will distract your audience and ruin their concentration. • Keep visual aids simple: Don't make them too cluttered, because it will confuse and distract the audience rather than help inform them. They should be simple, clear, and to the point. • Make sure visual aids are large enough: It is basically useless if your audience can't read it. Make sure the visibility is alright even from back of a room. So you can avoid having to repeat everything on the slides and start it with "I know you can't see this but...". All caps is harder to read than normal text, so save it for individual words that need emphasis. • Use a limited amount of text: Briefer is better, and only the key necessary words are on the slides so the audience can grasp the point across easily, There should be no more than half a dozen lines of words to type on each slide. If you have numbers of points to cover, spread them over multiple slides. • Use fonts effectively: Not all fonts are suitable for visual aids, and you should avoid the more decorative fonts. Choose ones that are easy and clear to read, avoid all caps, don't use more than two fonts (one for title and one for information), etc. • Use color effectively: Not all colors work well together, and some are easier to read than others. Stick to one color for background, one for titles, and one for other texts. This consistency unifies the slides together. Use either dark print on a light background or light print on a dark background (eg. White on black, NOT red on green). • Use images strategically: Don't add images just because it is easy; have a point to each image meaning all photographs, charts, graphs, etc. Make sure to make them large, choose high res images, and keep graphs and charts clear and simple. For videos edit them so you can fit in in the slides seamlessly.

Questions of Value

• Questions of value are basically demanding value judgments—judgments based on a person's beliefs about what is right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, fair or unfair. This goes over topics such as cloning, abortion, stem cell research, etc. • Examples: Is it morally justifiable to clone human beings? Is it ethically acceptable to clone human cells in an effort to cure diseases such as AIDS and cancer?

Questions of Fact

• Questions that can be answered absolutely; there is no right or wrong answer to it. Some may not be answered absolutely for there is a true answer but we don't have enough information to know what it is (ie: will the economy be better or worse next year). • A persuasive speech on a question of fact is different to an informative speech in the way that the two kinds of speeches take place in different kinds of situations and for different purposes. For an informative speech, the situation is nonpartisan meaning the speaker acts as a lecturer or a teacher. In a persuasive speech, the situation is partisan, meaning the speaker acts as an advocate. • An example of a persuasive speech on question of fact is on the assassination of John F. Kennedy; after 50 years there is still debate on what happened on that day. The question of fact seems to be, "Did Lee Harvey Oswald act alone, or was he part of a conspiracy? How many shots were fired at President Kennedy and from what locations? If there was a conspiracy, who was involved in it?

What are seven methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?

• Relate the topic to the audience: if they can relate to the topic, the more likely the class is to listen. • State the importance of your topic: to explain the reason you are giving the speech to your audience, and why it is significant to them as well. • Startle the audience: startle the audience with an arresting or intriguing statement so the audience pays close attention to the whole speech. • Arouse the Curiosity of the Audience: draw the audience in with a series of statements that increase the curiosity of the subject. • Question the Audience: it involves the audience, and adds a dramatic effect to let the question sink in so the audience can think of the topic. • Begin with a quotation: quotations,, normally short instead of lengthy, is how to stop the audience from losing interest. • Tell a story: it both catches the audience's interest and grabs their attention as well as gets the audience involved.

Four Types of Informative Speeches

• Speeches About Objects - When a speech is about anything tangible, visible, and stable in form. These speeches inform the audience about a specific purpose that focuses on one aspect of your subject. o Example: to inform the audience about three kinds of service dogs, to inform the audience about the role of Susan B. Anthony in the US women's rights movement, to inform the audience what to look for when buying an e-book reader. • Speeches About Processes - Speeches about a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. Specifically, they explain how something is made, done, or works. o Example: how U.S. currency is made, how to write an effective job resume, how hurricanes develop • Speeches About Events - These are speeches about events, or in other words, anything that happens or is regarded a happening. Specifically, events and occurences that can be accomplished and covered in a short speech. o Example: the events at Peru's Festival of the Sun ceremony, the major types of therapeutic massage, what occurred at the Battle of Little Big Horn. • Speeches About Concepts - These speeches include beliefs, theories, ideas, principles, and anything like it. o Examples: the basic principles of Confucianism, the doctrine of original intent in constitutional interpretation, the different philosophies of education in Asia and United States.

What are the six tips for using statistics in your speeches?

• Use statistics to quantify your ideas • Use statistics sparingly • Identify the sources of your statistics • Explain your statistics • Round off complicated statistics • Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

What are four criteria for using language effectively in your speeches?

• Using Language Accurately: Using the correct words instead of misinforming or misleading ideas to the audience. (Ex. when a speaker referred to the criminal justice system as criminal persecution when he meant criminal prosecution) • Using Language Clearly: Use familiar and concrete words that develop a clearer point rather than complex, flamboyant words so you don't confuse the crowd. Eliminate the clutter and avoid words that are unnecessary to the point. • Using Language Vividly: Be accurate and clear as well as interesting in your points. Emphasize and use word selections that stress your points. Utilize imagery with concrete words, similes, metaphors, rhythm, repetition, parallelism, antithesis, and alliteration • Using Language Appropriately: Count for the occasion, the audience, the topic, and yourself as a speaker. Make it appropriate and be careful of what you say.

Characteristics of an Ineffective Public Speaker

• Very fidgety—moving around frequently • Talking either too fast or too slow; evident that they are nervous • No tone whatsoever—maybe even quiet • Frequent pauses