A&P Smartbook CH 15
The ______ adrenergic receptors have stimulatory effects, whereas ______ adrenergic receptors may be stimulatory or inhibitory.
-alpha -beta
Which are cholinergic receptors?
-muscarinic -nicotinic
Match the cholinergic receptor with the chemical it is named for. These chemicals can bind to and activate the receptor. muscarinic nicotinic
-mushroom poison -chemical in tobacco plants
In response to a specific stimulus, autonomic reflex arcs can trigger which responses?
-secretion by glands -cardiac muscle contraction -smooth muscle contraction
Which organs are innervated by postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion?
-stomach -liver -spleen
Which structures receive sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion?
-sweat glands of the head -dilator pupillae muscle of the eye -smooth muscles in blood vessels of the neck
Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? (There are 4 cranial nerves)
1. facial (CN VII) 2. oculomotor (CN III) 3. vagus (CN X) *4. glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Correctly match the region of the central nervous system that influences autonomic function with its corresponding letter.
A. cerebrum B. hypothalamus C. brainstem D. spinal cord
Match the cranial nerve to its proper location on the figure of parasympathetic pathways.
A. oculomotor B. facial C. glossopharyngeal D. vagus
Identify the components of the signaling pathway in the somatic nervous system.
A. somatic sensory neuron B. posterior root ganglion C. anterior root D. somatic motor neuron
Identify the components of the signaling pathway in the autonomic nervous system.
A. visceral sensory neuron B. posterior root ganglion C. preganglionic autonomic motor neuron D. autonomic ganglion E. ganglionic autonomic motor neuron
Which segments of the spinal cord house the sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies?
T1-L2
Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within the spinal nerves numbered ______ to ______.
T1; L2(T1-L2)
Prevertebral ganglia are only located within the ______.
abdominopelvic cavity
Axons that release norepinephrine are called ______.
adrenergic
Generally, the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the same organ are ______ , opposing each other to produce different results.
antagonistic, opposite,
Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor neuron axons to exit the spinal cord and enter the ______.
anterior roots
Collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons, parasympathetic preganglionic axons, and some visceral sensory axons that provide complex innervation to target organs are known as ______ plexuses.
autonomic
The autonomic nervous system helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of ______ or visceral reflexes.
autonomic
The continuous activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is called ______ ______.
autonomic tone
Which autonomic effector is innervated by only the sympathetic division?
blood vessels
Autonomic nervous system functions are regulated by the hypothalamus, which controls autonomic nervous system regions in the ______.
brainstem and spinal cord
Postganglionic axons from the ______ ganglion innervate the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, proximal part of the duodenum, and part of the pancreas.
celiac
The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the celiac artery is the ______ ganglion
celiac
The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the celiac artery is the ganglion.
celiac
The most superior of the the prevertebral ganglia is the ______ ganglion
celiac
The sympathetic ganglion indicated by the letter A is the ______ ganglion.
celiac
The left and right greater thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse on ganglionic neurons within the ______.
celiac ganglion
Axons that release acetylcholine are called ______.
cholinergic
Parasympathetic innervation of which muscles results in lens accommodation?
ciliary muscle
In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels ______ to while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to dilate.
constrict, vasoconstrict
The location of preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system allows it to be also known as the ______ division.
craniosacral
Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the airways to ______.
decrease in diameter
An organ receiving innervation from postganglionic axons from both divisions of the autonomic system has _____ innervation.
dual
Visceral effectors innervated by postganglionic axons from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system have ______.
dual innervation
True or false: Changes in an autonomic tone typically involve one branch of the autonomic nervous system ceasing activity and the other increasing activity.
false
A sympathetic trunk looks like a pearl necklace, with bundles of axons making up the "string" and sympathetic trunk ______ making up the "pearls".
ganglia
Because they connect to all spinal nerves, the ______ rami communicantes allow sympathetic information originating from the thoracolumbar region to be dispersed throughout the body.
gray
Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to all spinal nerves through ______.
gray rami communicantes
Which structure receives parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X)?
heart
Sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating thoracic viscera extend from neuron cell bodies within the ______.
inferior cervical ganglion middle cervical ganglion
This area of the gray matter of the spinal cord in segments T1-L2 houses the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
lateral horn
Parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle results in ______ accommodation, which makes the lens more rounded to allow for close vision.
lens
Somatic and autonomic are divisions of the ______ nervous system.
motor
White rami communicantes have a whitish appearance because they contain preganglionic axons which are
myelinated
The synaptic knobs of postganglionic adrenergic neurons contain ______.
norepinephrine
Antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS are ______ effects.
opposite
Prevertebral ganglia typically cluster around the origins of the major abdominal ______ and are named for these structures.
organs
During times of relaxation, the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system utilizes discrete and localized innervation, stimulating only one or a few structures at the same time.
parasympathetic
The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division because of the location of its preganglionic neurons.
parasympathetic
The pelvic splanchnic nerves originate from the neuron cell bodies housed within the lateral gray matter of the ______ spinal cord segments.
parasympathetic
The subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the division and sympathetic division.
parasympathetic
The preganglionic neuron cell bodies of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments are the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic axons that branch to form the ______.
pelvic splanchnic nerves
Splanchnic nerves are composed of ______ sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.
preganglionic
Where do the splanchnic nerves typically terminate?
prevertebral ganglia
What connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk?
rami communicantes
The subdivisions of the _____ motor nervous system are the nervous system and the ______ nervous system.
somatic autonomic
The white rami communicantes connect the ______ nerves to each sympathetic trunk.
spinal
Which are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?
splanchnic nerves
Parasympathetic innervation ______ gland secretions of the GI tract.
stimulates
Which part of the cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk distributes axons to structures within the head and neck?
superior cervical ganglion
The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is the ______ ______ ganglion.
superior mesenteric
The lesser and least thoracic splanchnic nerves terminate in the ______.
superior mesenteric ganglion
Which division of the ANS functions to maintain homeostasis during times of stress?
sympathetic division
Which division of the autonomic nervous system exhibits a mass activation response during stressful situations, stimulating all innervated components at once?
sympathetic division
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is also known as the thoracolumbar division?
sympathetic division
Which axons could be found within an autonomic plexus?
sympathetic postganglionic axons
The terminal branches of sympathetic axons contain swollen beads called _____ knobs
synaptic
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the ______ division.
thoracolumbar
Which region contains structures that receive sympathetic innervation from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia?
thorax
Which cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs, most abdominal organs, and the gonads?
vagus (CN X)
Prevertebral ganglia are located anterior to the _____ ______ on the anterolateral surface of the ______.
vertebral column aorta
Preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves are carried to the sympathetic trunk through the ______.
white rami communicantes
Which are types of adrenergic receptors?
β2 α1