A&P Smartbook CH 15

The ______ adrenergic receptors have stimulatory effects, whereas ______ adrenergic receptors may be stimulatory or inhibitory.

-alpha -beta

Which are cholinergic receptors?

-muscarinic -nicotinic

Match the cholinergic receptor with the chemical it is named for. These chemicals can bind to and activate the receptor. muscarinic nicotinic

-mushroom poison -chemical in tobacco plants

In response to a specific stimulus, autonomic reflex arcs can trigger which responses?

-secretion by glands -cardiac muscle contraction -smooth muscle contraction

Which organs are innervated by postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion?

-stomach -liver -spleen

Which structures receive sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion?

-sweat glands of the head -dilator pupillae muscle of the eye -smooth muscles in blood vessels of the neck

Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? (There are 4 cranial nerves)

1. facial (CN VII) 2. oculomotor (CN III) 3. vagus (CN X) *4. glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

Correctly match the region of the central nervous system that influences autonomic function with its corresponding letter.

A. cerebrum B. hypothalamus C. brainstem D. spinal cord

Match the cranial nerve to its proper location on the figure of parasympathetic pathways.

A. oculomotor B. facial C. glossopharyngeal D. vagus

Identify the components of the signaling pathway in the somatic nervous system.

A. somatic sensory neuron B. posterior root ganglion C. anterior root D. somatic motor neuron

Identify the components of the signaling pathway in the autonomic nervous system.

A. visceral sensory neuron B. posterior root ganglion C. preganglionic autonomic motor neuron D. autonomic ganglion E. ganglionic autonomic motor neuron

Which segments of the spinal cord house the sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies?

T1-L2

Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within the spinal nerves numbered ______ to ______.

T1; L2(T1-L2)

Prevertebral ganglia are only located within the ______.

abdominopelvic cavity

Axons that release norepinephrine are called ______.

adrenergic

Generally, the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the same organ are ______ , opposing each other to produce different results.

antagonistic, opposite,

Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor neuron axons to exit the spinal cord and enter the ______.

anterior roots

Collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons, parasympathetic preganglionic axons, and some visceral sensory axons that provide complex innervation to target organs are known as ______ plexuses.

autonomic

The autonomic nervous system helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of ______ or visceral reflexes.

autonomic

The continuous activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is called ______ ______.

autonomic tone

Which autonomic effector is innervated by only the sympathetic division?

blood vessels

Autonomic nervous system functions are regulated by the hypothalamus, which controls autonomic nervous system regions in the ______.

brainstem and spinal cord

Postganglionic axons from the ______ ganglion innervate the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, proximal part of the duodenum, and part of the pancreas.

celiac

The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the celiac artery is the ______ ganglion

celiac

The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the celiac artery is the ganglion.

celiac

The most superior of the the prevertebral ganglia is the ______ ganglion

celiac

The sympathetic ganglion indicated by the letter A is the ______ ganglion.

celiac

The left and right greater thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse on ganglionic neurons within the ______.

celiac ganglion

Axons that release acetylcholine are called ______.

cholinergic

Parasympathetic innervation of which muscles results in lens accommodation?

ciliary muscle

In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels ______ to while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to dilate.

constrict, vasoconstrict

The location of preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system allows it to be also known as the ______ division.

craniosacral

Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the airways to ______.

decrease in diameter

An organ receiving innervation from postganglionic axons from both divisions of the autonomic system has _____ innervation.

dual

Visceral effectors innervated by postganglionic axons from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system have ______.

dual innervation

True or false: Changes in an autonomic tone typically involve one branch of the autonomic nervous system ceasing activity and the other increasing activity.

false

A sympathetic trunk looks like a pearl necklace, with bundles of axons making up the "string" and sympathetic trunk ______ making up the "pearls".

ganglia

Because they connect to all spinal nerves, the ______ rami communicantes allow sympathetic information originating from the thoracolumbar region to be dispersed throughout the body.

gray

Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to all spinal nerves through ______.

gray rami communicantes

Which structure receives parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X)?

heart

Sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating thoracic viscera extend from neuron cell bodies within the ______.

inferior cervical ganglion middle cervical ganglion

This area of the gray matter of the spinal cord in segments T1-L2 houses the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

lateral horn

Parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle results in ______ accommodation, which makes the lens more rounded to allow for close vision.

lens

Somatic and autonomic are divisions of the ______ nervous system.

motor

White rami communicantes have a whitish appearance because they contain preganglionic axons which are

myelinated

The synaptic knobs of postganglionic adrenergic neurons contain ______.

norepinephrine

Antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS are ______ effects.

opposite

Prevertebral ganglia typically cluster around the origins of the major abdominal ______ and are named for these structures.

organs

During times of relaxation, the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system utilizes discrete and localized innervation, stimulating only one or a few structures at the same time.

parasympathetic

The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division because of the location of its preganglionic neurons.

parasympathetic

The pelvic splanchnic nerves originate from the neuron cell bodies housed within the lateral gray matter of the ______ spinal cord segments.

parasympathetic

The subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the division and sympathetic division.

parasympathetic

The preganglionic neuron cell bodies of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments are the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic axons that branch to form the ______.

pelvic splanchnic nerves

Splanchnic nerves are composed of ______ sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

preganglionic

Where do the splanchnic nerves typically terminate?

prevertebral ganglia

What connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk?

rami communicantes

The subdivisions of the _____ motor nervous system are the nervous system and the ______ nervous system.

somatic autonomic

The white rami communicantes connect the ______ nerves to each sympathetic trunk.

spinal

Which are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?

splanchnic nerves

Parasympathetic innervation ______ gland secretions of the GI tract.

stimulates

Which part of the cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk distributes axons to structures within the head and neck?

superior cervical ganglion

The ganglion that is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is the ______ ______ ganglion.

superior mesenteric

The lesser and least thoracic splanchnic nerves terminate in the ______.

superior mesenteric ganglion

Which division of the ANS functions to maintain homeostasis during times of stress?

sympathetic division

Which division of the autonomic nervous system exhibits a mass activation response during stressful situations, stimulating all innervated components at once?

sympathetic division

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is also known as the thoracolumbar division?

sympathetic division

Which axons could be found within an autonomic plexus?

sympathetic postganglionic axons

The terminal branches of sympathetic axons contain swollen beads called _____ knobs

synaptic

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the ______ division.

thoracolumbar

Which region contains structures that receive sympathetic innervation from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia?

thorax

Which cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs, most abdominal organs, and the gonads?

vagus (CN X)

Prevertebral ganglia are located anterior to the _____ ______ on the anterolateral surface of the ______.

vertebral column aorta

Preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves are carried to the sympathetic trunk through the ______.

white rami communicantes

Which are types of adrenergic receptors?

β2 α1