Abnormal psychology test 2

The traditional psychophysiological disorder most commonly associated with intense feelings of anger and the presence of bacteria is:

An ulcer

Some individuals are fearful of electroconvulsive therapy. Which steps would a clinician MOST likely take to alleviate that fear?

Anesthetics

Suicide is the _____ most common cause of death in the United States.

10th

The average age of onset of unipolar depression is _____ years of age.

19

To be classified as a major depressive episode, depression must last for at least:

2 weeks

To receive a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:

2 years

One study showed that of the high-risk suicidal people who contact a suicide crisis hotline, approximately _____ later commit suicide.

2%

About what percentage of people who commit suicide use alcohol just before the act?

70%

The medication MOST helpful in the treatment of bulimia is an:

Antidepressant

Families that display high levels of expressed emotion do all EXCEPT:

Anything happy or positive toward one another

The MOST common type of hallucination in schizophrenia is:

Auditory

Commonly observed triggers for suicide include all of the following EXCEPT:

Being in therapy

The MOST common psychological disorder associated with suicide attempts is a(n):

Depression

Viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms is called:

Dichotomous thinking

Compared with women, men who attempt suicide tend to:

Die from their attempts at more than 3 times the rate of women. Use more violent methods such as shooting, stabbing, or hanging themselves

What is the rate of concordance for schizophrenia in identical twins?

If one identical twin develops schizophrenia, there is a 48% chance that the other twin will do so as well

Martin Seligman developed a theory based on the idea that depression results from:

Learned helplessness

The elderly are _____ as likely as adolescents to complete suicide.

More

People with alexithymia are NOT able to:

Put labels on their feelings

Relaxation training differs from meditation in that:

Relaxation training is about physical relaxation while meditation is about turning one's concentration inward to change a state of consciousness

One of the factors that is believed to account for differences in the suicide rates of different countries is:

Religious affiliation

The levels of _____ are low in many people with depression as well as those with eating disorders.

Serotonin

Relapses of people with bulimia are MOST likely to occur following:

A new life stress, such as an upcoming exam, a job change, marriage, or divorce.

Recent research using genetic linkage studies has looked for possible patterns of inheritance of bipolar disorders. The results suggest that:

A number of genetic abnormalities probably combine to help bring about bipolar disorders

Psychosis means:

A person loses contact with reality in key ways

Which is NOT a component of Edwin Shneidman's definition of suicide?

Accident/unconscious

The top two leading causes of death among teenagers are:

Accidents, suicide

Brody no longer enjoys his usual hobbies, talking to his friends, or even playing with his dog. In fact, Brody didn't even care when he learned that he was up for a promotion at work. This BEST describes someone with:

Anhedonia

Talking rapidly, dressing flamboyantly, and getting involved in dangerous activities are _____ symptoms of mania.

Behavioral

Treatments used to treat binge eating disorder are typically:

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, and sometimes antidepressants

Lithium appears to affect:

Solubility/lethargy

Gabe is taking carbamazepine (mood stabilizer) and paroxetine (antidepressant) to treat his bipolar disorder. His therapist should be aware that, in his case, antidepressants can:

Trigger manic episodes in some patients

A person taking an MAO inhibitor should avoid foods containing:

Tyramine

A study of college men showed that they describe the ideal male as ________ and the ideal female as ________.

"muscular, strong, and broad shoulders"; "thin, slim, and slightly underweight"

An example of a cognitive symptom of unipolar depression is:

-Negative views of themselves; view themselves as inadequate, undesirable, inferior, sometimes even evil -Pessimism; convinced that nothing will ever improve and they feel helpless to change any aspect of their lives -Likely to procrastinate because they expect the worst -Their sense of hopelessness makes them especially vulnerable to suicidal thinking

What percentage of all adults experience an episode of severe depression at some point in their lives?

20%

The complete remission rate for those diagnosed with schizophrenia is:

25%

About what percentage of clients with unipolar depression receive treatment from a mental health professional each year?

50%

What is the average length of time for the treatment of major depressive disorder using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

6-12 treatments

If a person were looking at a photograph of herself and adjusting the size until she thought the picture looked like herself, she would MOST likely be participating in an assessment of her:

Accuracy in estimating body size

The combination of lithium and psychotherapy is better than lithium treatment alone. This therapeutic addition is called:

Adjunctive psychotherapy

The medical problem that is twice as frequent in women with anorexia as it is in women with bulimia is:

Amenorrhea

A person commits suicide in response to the social environment failing to provide stable structures to support and give meaning to life. According to Durkheim, this represents an:

Anomic suicide

Shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and a choking sensation are symptoms commonly associated with:

Asthma

In 2001, Andrea Yates, showing symptoms of postpartum psychosis, drowned her five children. Assuming she was suffering from postpartum psychosis, her actions were:

Atypical; up to 4% of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring

Defects in the _____ system are thought to contribute to the development of psychophysiological disorders.

Autonomic nervous

Which is NOT a compensatory behavior for someone with bulimia? A) Excessive exercise B) Liquid-only diet C) Forced vomiting D) Use of diuretics

B) Liquid-only diet

Aaron's persistent feelings of sadness and impending doom dominate his life. Every time he says anything even a little positive to his therapist, the therapist smiles. Otherwise, the therapist maintains a stone face. This therapist is probably using some variation of:

Behavioral activation therapy

A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support such as that found in a happy marriage, may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspectives?

Behavioral and Sociocultural

_____ is a field that combines psychological and physical interventions to treat or prevent medical problems.

Behavioral medicine

_____ is a treatment approach in which a therapist reintroduces clients to pleasurable activities, consistently reinforces nondepressive actions, and helps clients improve their social skills.

Behavioral therapy

If a person had bulimia nervosa and engaged in frequent binges, about how many of his or her binges per week would a friend of this person expect to witness?

Between 1 and 30 binge episodes per week

The peak age range for the development of anorexia nervosa is:

Between 14 and 20 years old

A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives and who otherwise fits the definition of anorexia is experiencing:

Binge-eating/purging anorexia nervosa

Which characteristic is MOST consistent with anorexia nervosa?

Body size overestimation

Similarities between bulimia and anorexia include:

Both disorders typically begin after a period of dieting by people who are fearful of becoming obese; driven to become thin; preoccupied with food, weight and appearance; and struggling with depression, anxiety, obsessiveness, and the need to be perfect. Both have a heightened risk of suicide attempts and fatalities.

In addition to lithium, mood-stabilizing drugs used to treat bipolar disorder may include:

Carbamazepine (Tegretol) and/or Valproate (Depakote)

Those with schizophrenia who stop responding to their environment and remain motionless and silent for long periods of time are experiencing:

Catatonic stupor

Why is interpersonal psychotherapy considered a sociocultural approach?

Clients function more effectively in their social and family interactions

Cognitive-behavioral theorists explain depression in terms of a person's:

Combination of problematic behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking

If a person's bodily symptoms affect his or her voluntary motor and sensory functions, but the symptoms are inconsistent with known medical diseases, this condition is referred to as:

Conversion disorder

The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression is probably:

Correct, activity and blood flow are unusually low in certain parts and unusually high in other parts of the prefrontal cortex

_____ is a treatment in which tiny holes are drilled into the skull through which electrodes are implanted into the brain.

Deep Brain stimulation

Antonio believes that the anchor on the evening television news is speaking directly and personally to him. He then decides to go to the television studio to talk to the anchor. Antonio is suffering from:

Delusions of reference

A physician confronts Addison with evidence that her symptoms are factitious. It is MOST likely that Addison will:

Deny the charges and leave the facility and immediately seek treatment from another physician

The evidence MOST problematic for the psychodynamic explanations of depression is that:

Depression affects people who had their childhood needs met and who did not suffer a loss early in life

In one study, patients with asthma and arthritis who wrote down their thoughts and feelings about stressful events for a handful of days showed lasting improvements in their conditions. This is an example of the effectiveness of:

Emotion expression

The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is the:

Episodes -Bipolar I has full manic and major depressive episodes -Bipolar II has mildly (hypomanic) manic episodes that alternate with major depressive episodes over the course of time

Hypertension that results from a combination of psychological and physiological factors is called _____ hypertension.

Essential

A man appeared at the emergency room complaining of bloody diarrhea. The physician who examined him found that the man was intentionally creating the diarrhea through use of laxatives and anticoagulant medication and that he liked being a patient. The man is MOST likely:

Experiencing a factitious disorder

A therapist treating a client with illness anxiety disorder repeatedly shows the client how the client's body is less than perfect, while not allowing the client to seek medical attention. MOST likely, the therapist's viewpoint is:

Exposure and response prevention

Having a background in medicine, but also a grudge against the profession, puts a person at risk for:

Factitious disorder

Ben has been a chronically ill child. After being removed from his home and placed in foster care, he became quite healthy. In this case, one might suspect that the parent (usually the mother) was experiencing:

Factitious disorder imposed on another

The primary motivating emotion a person with anorexia experiences is:

Fear

A college-aged woman with a history of dieting has significantly reduced her food intake. She views her constant hunger pains as a positive sign that she is maintaining control over her eating. Her weight has dropped sharply below average, but she still thinks she is overweight. You suspect possible anorexia nervosa. Which other sign or symptoms would be present with anorexia nervosa?

Fear of becoming overweight, low opinion of their body shape, preoccupied with food, depression, anxiety, insomnia

Regarding emotions, the pattern common in bulimia from pre-binge, through binge, to post-binge is BEST described in sequence as:

Feelings of great tension, powerlessness, shame, depression, and self-blame

One of the nutraceuticals shown to be frequently helpful in treating unipolar depression is:

Folate

Patients are more likely to recover from schizophrenia if they:

Functioned well before the disorder; whose initial disorder is triggered by stress, comes on abruptly, or develops during middle age; and who receive early treatment

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of unipolar depression may include:

Getting the client moving again to engage in and enjoy more activities, guide the client to think in more adaptive, less negative ways

A defining characteristic of melancholic depression is:

If the person is almost totally unaffected by pleasurable events

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, catatonic, an individual must display:

Immobility or excessive activity

Second-generation antidepressants appear to act by:

Increasing serotonin activity specifically without affecting other neurotransmitters

A person who displays extreme shyness and insensitivity to others is showing signs of:

Interpersonal deficits

According to the text, why are so many treatment approaches effective in the treatment of unipolar depression?

It may be that since interacting factors contribute to unipolar depression, correcting dysfunction in one area helps to improve other areas of functioning as well

A therapist is treating a client with severe depression using only behavioral activation techniques. How beneficial do you expect this treatment to be?

It seems to be of only limited help when they are the sole feature of treatment NOT VERY HELPFUL

Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations, such as poverty and menial jobs, than men. This is the:

Life stress theory

A person with schizophrenia who says, "I have 'triscatitis' because the angular shape of my foreffit is diskiltered," is experiencing:

Loose associations

I sit staring at a blank page, unable to make myself write a new multiple choice test item; I just don't seem to care. My behavior is like that of people with schizophrenia displaying the symptom called:

Loss of volition

Martin is a person with schizophrenia who feels ambivalent about most issues. He has no goals and does not seem to have the energy or interest to think about them. He certainly cannot make decisions. He is MOST likely suffering from:

Loss of volition

Biological researchers have found a link between suicide and:

Low levels of serotonin

Schizophrenia is found in all socioeconomic classes. However, it is MOST likely to be found in someone from a:

Lower socio-economic class

When the teams of Turner and Kirch accounted for publication bias, they found that the actual effectiveness of antidepressants was:

Lower than what was yielded in published studies alone

Intentionally feigning illness to achieve some external gain is described as:

Malingering

People who display both a severe mental disorder and a substance use disorder are referred to as:

Mentally ill chemical abuser (MICA) or dual diagnosis patients

Which medical problem associated with anorexia is MOST likely to lead to death?

Metabolic and electrolyte changes

A common cardiovascular effect of anorexia is a slow heart rate (bradycardia). Which explanation BEST describes why this is true?

Metabolic and electrolyte imbalances

The MOST appropriate diagnosis for a man who is strong and fit but does not see himself that way and continues to push himself is:

Muscle dysmorphia or reverse anorexia nervosa

What group is MOST at risk for suicide?

Native Americans

Poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal are all _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

Negative

Having a negative view of one's experiences, self, and the future is what Beck referred to as:

Negative thinking

Which statement BEST describes the effectiveness of suicide prevention programs?

Of those who call, fewer commit suicide than those who don't call who are in a similar risk group

According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:

People with a biological predisposition will develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of events or stressors are also present

Hallucinations are to _____, as delusions are to _____.

Perceptual; cognitive

Which person is at GREATEST risk for an eating disorder?

Performers, models, and athletes

Since immediately after the birth of her son, Aubree has experienced a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to take care of him. She has never felt this way before, and this sadness has been going on for several weeks. With which type of major depression would Aubree MOST likely be diagnosed?

Peripartum (postpartum) depression

Type I schizophrenia is to _____, as Type II schizophrenia is to _____.

Positive symptoms; negative symptoms

What is one of society's most negative social conditions that may set the stage for psychophysiological disorders?

Poverty

The stage of the development of schizophrenia marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of some mild symptoms is called the:

Prodromal phase

Schizophrenia is to _____, as Parkinson's disease is to _____.

Psychological; neurological

Both psychodynamic theorists and cognitive-behavioral theorists believe that in conversion disorder, the symptoms that appear:

Remove the individuals from an unpleasant relationship, bring attention from other people, or help the person avoid unpleasant situations

Ruminative responses are defined as:

Repeatedly dwelling mentally on their mood without acting to change it

According to the developmental psychopathology perspective, moderate and manageable adversities that occur during childhood may make a person more _____ when faced with stressful events during adulthood.

Resilient

Downward drift is BEST reflected in which statement?

Schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption

The main difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder is:

Schizophreniform disorder lasts for 1 to 6 months while schizophrenia lasts for 6 months or more

Although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter?

Serotonin

The neurotransmitters associated with unipolar depression are:

Serotonin and norepinephrine

One of the side effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is:

Short term memory loss

The disorder with a wide range of vague, long-lasting, and disturbing physical symptoms without a medical cause is:

Somatic symptom disorder

A patient with a heart condition complains of adhesions from his postoperative scar, leg cramps, and joint stiffness. He seems to be hurting all over, but no medical reason can be found to explain the symptoms. The BEST diagnosis for this disorder is:

Somatic symptom disorder (more specifically, predominant pain pattern)

Overabundance of _____ can lead to chronic inflammation throughout the body, contributing to heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses.

Stress

Lydia smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, drinks heavily, and eats poorly. Her lifestyle ultimately contributes to shortening her life. Shneidman would classify her death as a(n):

Subintententional death

Studies indicate that under some circumstances for people with schizophrenia, the _____ tends to be overactive, and the _____ tends to be underactive.

Substantia nigra; prefrontal cortex

What is the first type of food usually eliminated from the diet of a person who is developing restricting-type anorexia?

Sweets and fattening snacks

Which assumption is shared by both the cognitive-behavioral perspective and the family-social perspective regarding the roots of depression?

That the decline in social rewards is particularly important in the development of depression

According to weight set point theory, which is a consequence of dieting below one's weight set point?

The LH and certain other brain areas are activated and seek to restore the lost weight by producing hunger and lowering the body's metabolic rate.

Recently, the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that:

The early antipsychotic drugs often produce troublesome muscular tremors, symptoms that are identical to the central symptom of Parkinson's Disease

Symptoms of postpartum psychosis appear to be triggered by:

The enormous shift in hormone levels that take place after delivery

Which is likely to be useful in distinguishing conversion or somatic symptom disorders from true medical problems?

The failure of a condition to develop as expected

If a person taking lithium began experiencing nausea, vomiting, sluggishness, tremors, and seizures, one would suspect:

The person was experiencing lithium intoxication

Why do some researchers believe mass psychogenic illnesses will increase and become more severe in the future?

The power of social media will increase

If racial and ethnic disparities regarding access to treatment did not exist in the United States, then you would expect to observe which of the following?

There are less Hispanics and African Americans that receive treatment

Despite American Indians having the overall highest suicide rate, why might the suicide rate among elderly American Indians be low?

They are held in high esteem and are looked to for the wisdom and experience they have acquired over the years

A modern explanation of why many people with anorexia continually have food-related thoughts and dreams is that such thoughts and dreams:

They are preoccupied with food

MAO inhibitors are biochemical agents that alleviate depressive symptoms in approximately half of the clinically depressed patients who take them. What is the mechanism of action of these drugs?

They block MAO from breaking down serotonin and norepinephrine

A contributing factor that partly explains why African Americans have more health problems than non-Hispanic white Americans is that:

They have higher rates of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, & asthma. They are also more likely to die from heart disease and stroke. Many of them live in poverty so they often must contend with the high rates of crime and unemployment that often result in poor health conditions.

If you could "get inside the head" of a person experiencing auditory hallucinations, you would MOST likely find that:

They hear sounds and voices that seem to come from outside their heads. The voices may talk directly to them or give commands or warning of dangers, or they may be experienced as overheard. There is more blood flow in Broca's area

Currently, what is known about the relationship between hallucinations and delusions?

They often occur together and feed into each other

What do ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation have in common?

They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression

People with _____ are said to be consistently angry, cynical, driven, impatient, competitive, and ambitious.

Type A personality style

What do psychodynamic therapists believe is the cause of unipolar depression?

Unconscious grief over real or imagined losses, compounded by excessive dependence on other people

Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests:

Women and men are equally prone to depression but that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men

Stress leads to increased activity by the:

sympathetic nervous system