Age of exploration and the Americans test study guide

Henry Hudson

• English explorer who sailed for the Dutch • He was looking for the Northwest Passage and was the first to put the Dutch Presence in Canada and Northeast U.S

Sir Francis Drake

• English sailor and privateer hired by the Elizabeth I (Tudor Dynasty) • Hired to bully and attack Spanish ships returning to Spain from the New World • Circumnavigated the globe after Magellan

Henry the Navigator

- created a Portuguese school of navigation - prince of Portugal - creator of the caravel - sponsored many voyages

Bartolome de la Casas

Early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who sailed for King Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain • Attempted to sail west across the Atlantic to find a direct sea route to Asia • Sailed with 88 men and 3 ships called the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria • Wrote a detailed journal about his experiences in what he thought was Asia but was actually the Bahaman Islands and the Greater Antilles • Famed for discovering America for the Europeans

The Northern Passage

The European nations searched for a direct sea route through North America that would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

Encomienda

The encomienda system was a labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the American colonies. Attempted to define the status of the indigenous population. It was based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews during the Reconquista

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and ideas from the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) to the New World (the Americas)

Market economy

• A type of economy where individuals decide what goods to buy and sell; a market economy can only exist when there is a balance of supply and demand

Capitalism

• An economic system in which individuals and private businesses run most industries

Advances in Exploration

• Caravels - Portuguese triangular sails/ships allowed ships to sail against the wind allowing them to reach their destination faster • Compass and Astrolabe - Allowed explorers to navigate using cardinals and the stars • Advanced Maps - Advanced maps were created as more explores mapped the coast lines of the continents and discovered continents unknown to the Europeans • Astrolabe- a tool created by the Muslims that allowed the explorers to chart the stars • Harrison's Chronometer- a tool that the explorers used to calculate the longitude when they were sailing the ocean

Vasco da Gama

• Discovered a sea route from Portugal to India by traveling around the southern tip of Africa​

Ferdinand Magellan

• Explorer who sailed for Spain • First European sailor to circumnavigate the globe • Died in the Philippine Islands on his sea route to circumnavigate the globe

Cartier

• French explorer who was searching for the Northwest Passage • He was the first to put the French presence in Canada

Triangular Trade

• Global trade network that involved the exchange of goods and people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas (see image below)

3 reasons for the European Exploration

• God (to spread Christianity) • Gold (to discover new wealth) • Glory (to become more powerful and gain more land)

Amerigo Vespucci

• Italian explorer who took 3 trips to the New World discovering that the islands Columbus found was in fact not Asia, but a new continent (hence why America was named after him) • He said that the land Columbus landed on was indeed a new world and new continents

Bartolomeu Dias

• Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the southern tip of Africa • Colonized and founded the Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa

Mercantilism

• System in which a government controls all economic activity in its country and its colonies to make its government stronger and richer

Circumnavigate

• To go all the way around the globe