AI Exam 1- Lecture 1

What is an example approach for "Thinking Rationally"?

"Laws of Thought" -The AI approach for systems to think rationally means that a system should use a "rational" law of thought - system must make logical decisions based on given facts

What is strong AI?

-A computer cannot actually act intelligent in the way that a human is •Intelligent behavior is modeled from a human perspective and computers use this to solve complex problems

What is broad AI?

-AI is used to execute tasks across a variety of tasks -Integrates all narrow tasks into a broader system

What is narrow AI?

-AI used to perform limited, specific tasks -Operates with a limited, pre-defined range of functions Examples: image recognition, Alexa, Siri

What is semi-supervised learning?

-Between supervised and unsupervised -System looks for structures and patterns (unsupervised) and then asks the user if the pattern is correct (supervised)

What is supervised learning?

-Give system labeled training data -System learns rules that can map new inputs to correct output -Used for classification and for regression

What is unsupervised learning?

-Give system unstructured data -System asked to discover structures and patterns in the data -Used for clustering based upon similarity

What is reinforcement learning?

-Learning by trial-and-error -Program takes action, measures feedback, and iteratively improves -Used for game-playing and robotics

What are the four different approaches to AI?

1. Thinking Humanly (Thought- Human) 2. Thinking Rationally (Thought- Rational) 3. Acting Humanly (Behavior - Human) 4. Acting Rationally (Behavior - Rational)

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What is weak AI?

Assumes that a computer can think and be conscious in the same way that a human is conscious •Assuming a computer has sufficient processing power and we have provided it with enough intelligence

Knows many things and improves (e.g. Cortana or Google DeepMind)

Broad- Strong AI

Knows many things (e.g. Siri or Watson)

Broad- Weak AI

What is an example approach for "Thinking Humanly"?

Cognitive Modeling -The AI approach for systems to think as humans means that the technology should get inside the human mind

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What systems support information (analysis)?

DSS, GDSS, MIS, OAS

What is Information?

Data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings

What is deep learning?

Deep Learning is a subset of machine learning which uses neural networks as models and does not require engineering (represents high- dimensional data)

What is knowledge?

Information that has been organized and processed to convey understanding, experiences, accumulated learning, and expertise as it applies to a particular problem or process

What systems support knowledge (synthesis)?

KBS

What are the elements of AI?

Knowledge, Information, Data

What is machine learning?

Machine Learning are algorithms that allow computers to learn from examples without being programmed

What are the objectives of machine learning vs. deep learning?

Machine learning- Learn to predict future decisions and model functions using the data fed to it Deep learning- Learn to interpret data features and its relationships

Knows one thing and improves (e.g. Spotify or Netflix)

Narrow - Strong AI

Knows one or more limited things(e.g. Roomba)

Narrow- Weak AI

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What is an example approach for "Acting Rationally"?

Rational Agent •The AI approach for systems to act rationally means that they should act in a "rational" manner -Rational behavior: doing the right thing

What type of agent is AI?

Rational agent Over time, with enough experience, humans are able to take their knowledge and contextualized data and information, reflecting AI as a rational agent

What is the objective of AI systems if the AI technology is to act rationally?

Rational behavior: doing the right thing! The right thing is that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information

What is the fundamental technique of AI?

Search -Possible answers, decisions or courses of action are structured into an abstract space, which we then search. •Search is either "blind" or "uninformed": -blind •we move through the space without worrying about what is coming next, but recognising the answer if we see it -informed •we guess what is ahead, and use that information to decide where to look next.

What is Data?

Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use

What systems support data (raw facts)

TPS

What is an example approach for "Acting Humanly"?

Turing Test: You must be able to interact with a computer and that the human must not know a computer is on the other end -The AI approach to act like a human means that a system should not only think like a human, but be able to carry out the same behavior as the human

What systems support wisdom (experience)?

WBS

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What has early research found regarding productivity in relation to AI?

•Despite the promise, early research shows a productivity paradox •Labor productivity is decreasing year-to-year with the advancement of AI technology •Four possible explanations -False hopes - not knowing what the technology can do -Mismeasurement - not measuring the right output -Redistribution - there have been private gains, but they have not yet spilled over -Implementation lags - not all companies have embraced AI

What were the reasons why the Turing Test was critiqued?

•Theological -Thinking is a God-given function only provided to man and woman, not to animal or machine •Outcomes -The consequences of machines thinking is scary •Mathematical -There are results that while mathematically correct, are not meaningful •Consciousness A machine has no thoughts or emotions A machine has no thoughts or emotions