AICE Psychology 4 approaches and other concepts (Noroski)

Learning Strengths and Weaknesses

S: uses experimental and non-experimental data W: does not take into account the effect of biology or genetics

Biological Strengths and Weaknesses

S: most scientific W: shows correlation but no cause and effect

Bystander effect (Piliavin)

someone is less likely to help if there's more people around

Model-Rival Approach (Bandura and Pepperberg)

the use of a model to do a task so subjects can watch and imitate said task

Cognitive Strengths and Weaknesses

S: examines decisions and is becoming more scientific with advancements in technology W: fails to account for individual differences

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion (Schachter)

the theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

Classical Conditioning (Saavedra)

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli in anticipated events

Cognitive Approach

behavior and emotions can be explained in terms of the role of the cognitive processes such as attention, language, thinking, and memory

Biological Approach

behavior, cognition, and emotions can be controlled by biological systems and processes

Operant Conditioning (Saavedra and Pepperberg)

uses consequences (both positive and negative) to control certain behaviors

Altruism (Yamamoto)

the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others

Social Approach

behavior, cognition, and emotions can be influenced by other individuals, groups, or social context

Learning Approach

conditioning and social learning helps explain changes in behavior

Observation and Imitation - Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

premise that learning occurs through (1) the interaction with other people and (2) through the use of observation and modeling

Diffusion of Responsibility (Piliavin)

someone is less likely to help because of the preconceived notion that someone else will do it

Inter-rater Reliability (Bandura)

test of consistency between observers watching the same behavior to see if they obtain the same results

Social Strengths and Weaknesses

S: can help to explain behavior in social situation W: results often lack generalizability and issues of controlling variables

Theory of Mind (Baron-Cohen)

involves 2 stages of understanding someone else's mindset: 1. ability to decipher the relative mental state of another person; 2. ability to infer why they feel this way

Arousal-Cost Reward (Piliavin)

weighing out the costs and rewards of your actions if someone were to help "If I do or don't help, what will it cost me and what will be my reward?"