All Chapter Quizzes (EPSY 5331)
Reciprocal determinism refers to a continuous back and forth interaction between ____________.
a person, his or her behavior, and the environment
Which type of study would be most likely to compare unrelated siblings living in the same household?
Family studies
Which statement best describes the genetic influence on depression?
Some genes protect a person from depression and others predispose a person to depression.
Which type of prenatal testing is the LEAST invasive?
maternal blood sampling
A child with _____ deficiencies cannot use strategies, even when taught to use them.
mediation
Nadal teaches his son a great way to serve a tennis ball so the opponent cannot return the serve. However, his son Rafael appears to not benefit whatsoever from the advice and does not even appear to understand what is going on. Rafael is best classified as exhibiting a(n) _______.
mediation deficiency
Changes in the _____ of the brain in adolescents may help explain the increase in risk-taking behavior in that group.
prefrontal cortex
Imaginary companions are most likely to first develop during the _____ stage of development.
preoperational
Encoding is best described as the process of _________.
putting information into the system
Concerning sleep, REM stands for
rapid eye movement
Myelination has been implicated in the increase in _____ in teenagers.
the generation of hypothetical questions
Learning theory explanations for school refusal include all of the following EXCEPT ____________.
the influence of unconscious desires of the id
The fact that some forms of amnesia destroy explicit memory but not implicit memory indicates that ________.
these forms of memory operate independently
As a child moves from the sensorimotor stage to the preoperational stage, he or she first becomes able to
think symbolically
Research on autobiographical memory in adulthood has shown that the more _____ an event, the better it will later be recalled.
unique
The belief that the same type of change occurs in all humans best fits with the _____ approach to development.
universality
A reflex is best described as _________.
unlearned and involuntary
While trying to solve a math problem, Vector is able to come up with a strategy that might work. Unfortunately, Vector's math performance does not improve by using the strategy. This situation best exemplifies _______.
utilization deficiency
According to Siegler's "overlapping waves theory," cognitive development is best conceptualized as __________.
a process of variability, choice, and changes.
During his groundbreaking genetic work with peas, 19th-century monk Gregor Mendel found that dominant characteristics _____________.
appeared more often in later generations than opposite traits
The Chi (1978) study on memory for chess pieces indicated that when recalling information in their area of expertise, expert children perform ___________.
better than novice adults
The advantage of being born with the ability to categorize sounds phonetically is that it ___________.
biologically prepares a child to speak all human languages
Proximodistal development proceeds from the
body and limbs
The BMI is a very good indicator of _______.
body fat
Habituation is best defined as the process of "learning to be _____" with a stimulus.
bored
Child poverty involves ________________.
both low family income and a lack of meeting a child's needs
The fact that Goober believes in different stages of development indicates that he views human development as reflecting _________.
discontinuity
For Britta, the novelty of retirement has begun to wear off and she suddenly finds herself feeling quite unhappy. This indicates that Britta has entered the _____ phase of retirement.
disenchantment
After going through menopause, a woman ________.
does not ovulate and no longer menstruates
As Josephine has a production deficiency, she __________.
doesn't produce useful strategies on her own
Increased eye pressure that can eventually lead to blindness is called ________.
glaucoma
The main point of evolution is that development __________.
involves an interaction between genetic and environmental forces
The main point of evolution is that development ___________.
involves an interaction between genetic and environmental forces.
In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the larger cultural context is the ______
macrosystem
Sickle-cell disease likely arose as a mutation that was passed along because it protected individuals from _________.
malaria
The gene responsible for sickle-cell disease is thought to have arisen from a mutation that protected against _______.
malaria
The gene responsible for sickle-cell disease is thought to have arisen from a mutation that protected against __________.
malaria
A theory that is falsifiable is ________.
testable
Self-efficacy is best defined as
the belief that you can effectively accomplish a specific outcome.
Research has indicated that procedural memory is mediated by the straitum. This means that ____________.
the brain is involved in processing memory
The basic premise of operant conditioning is that _______________.
the consequences that follow a behavior impact the likelihood of the behavior being repeated
Young children whose mothers are stressed eat more comfort food, which is most illustrative of the theory of _____.
Bronfenbrenner
Which type of test is most apt to put an older adult at a disadvantage?
"Speeded" (timed) test
Who has the set of chromosomes found in a typical female?
(XX) Rose
If shared environmental influences alone contribute to the expression of a trait, which of the following patterns of correlations would be observed?
1.00 for both identical and fraternal twin pairs raised together but no correlation for those pairs raised apart
If genes alone contribute to a trait, which of the following patterns of correlations would be observed?
1.00 for identical twins and .50 for fraternal twins raised together and raised apart
Estimates indicate that it takes about _____ of training and expertise to become a true expert in a field.
10 years
If the scores from an intelligence test are normally distributed, then you would predict that the largest number of people would receive an IQ score of _____ on that test.
100
It is estimated that about _____ percent of the human genome consists of what are traditionally defined as genes.
3
Tony and Tina are both carriers of the same defective gene for a genetic disorder. As knowledgeable individuals, they know that each time they have a child there is a _____ risk that child will be a carrier for the disorder.
50%
What percentage of boys view semenarche positively?
62%
Due to the nature of chromosomes, the odds of a couple producing two children with identical genes is a minimum of 1 in __________.
64,000,000,000
Research would predict that _____ would show the largest intellectual declines in the coming years.
69-year-old May, who lives alone and is socially inactive
Colleen is playing a guessing game at a friend's baby shower. If Colleen correctly guesses the birth weight and length of her friend's newborn, she will win a great prize. Based on typical full-term newborn size in the United States, Colleen's best guess would be __________
7 pounds and 20 inches
If the scores from an intelligence test are normally distributed, then you would predict that the FEWEST number of people would receive an IQ score at or below _____ on that test.
70
Dr. Spock is using a microscope to observe a reproductive germ cell. He suddenly remarks, "That cell just underwent meiosis!" What has Dr. Spock just seen?
A cell dividing into new cells with half of the chromosomes of the original reproductive cell
Which object would have the greatest amount of visual contour?
A series of black circles on a white background
Who is most likely to experience a decrease in self-esteem in early adolescence?
A white female
_____ gene-interactions become increasingly important as we age.
Active
The apolipoprotein E or apoE gene is associated with an increased risk for developing __________.
Alzheimer's disease
Which is the least common occurrence in the aging brain?
Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia
What determines the chromosomal sex of a child?
An X or Y chromosome carried by the father
Which best summarizes Elkind's opinion on products like the "Baby Einstein" DVDs and the "Baby Mozart" CDs?
Be careful as these products may result in children with less self-initiation and intrinsic motivation
Which of the following is true of gene therapy?
Because many diseases are the result of multiple genes and their interactions with other genes and the environment, gene therapy is unlikely to produce quick cures.
Why can't a lack of language be used to fully account for infantile amnesia?
Because the "amnesia" includes the inability to recall non-verbal information like faces
Which of the following characterizes the typical aging brain?
Both degeneration and plasticity
Overall, what can we conclude about boys' and girls' body images during adolescence?
Boys hold more positive personal body images than girls.
Modern models of memory have their roots in the work of ______.
Broadbent
Which statement does NOT belong on a list of the summarization of a lifespan model of health?
Changes in health due to aging involve only losses
Which item is NOT one of the three dimensions on which divergent thinking is analyzed?
Crystallization
What was the main point made by Reiss et al., (2000) in the text The Relationship Code?
Genes influence family environment and adolescent adjustment
Eight-year-old Hawthorne has several accurate, well-developed scripts, including one for a visit to the doctor's office. Which is the most likely example of her doctor's office script?
Enter clinic, tell mom she feels better, sit in waiting room, see doctor, get shot (inoculation) in arm, cry
Ten-year-old Elisa has several accurate, well-developed scripts, including one for grocery shopping. Which is the most likely example of her shopping script?
Enter store; see piece of candy; beg for candy; parent buys candy
A list of the most influential psychoanalytic theorists would include the name _________.
Erikson
Morgan, who just started kindergarten, is refusing to go to school and clings to his mother every morning. What would Freud suggest?
Examine Morgan's relationship with his mother and the resolution of his Oedipus complex.
The fact that adults born in the 1980s have higher adult IQs than adults born in the 1950s illustrates the _____ effect.
Flynn
Which behavior would indicate that Manny has a high level of effortful control?
He can quickly shift his attention from one topic to another.
Which of the following best characterizes Freud's position on the nature-nurture issue?
He emphasized nature more than nurture.
How did Bandura demonstrate the existence of "observational learning" in the famous "Bobo" doll study?
He showed that children would model an adult they saw in a film.
Carlos has experienced significant damage to his hippocampus (an area located in the medial temporal lobe). How would this most likely impact his memory?
He would have trouble creating new episodic memories.
Which statement best exemplifies the perspective held by most 21st century developmentalists?
Humans and their environments mutually interact to influence development.
Forty-year-old Chester has just begun to show symptoms indicating a deterioration of his nervous system. Chester most likely has _________.
Huntington's disease
In what sort of reasoning does one move from general ideas to their specific implications?
Hypothetical-deductive
Rachel is 15 years old. She spends countless hours alone and in conversation with her peers trying to figure out what it is she wants to do with her life. Rachel is in which of the following of Erikson's psychosocial stages?
Identity versus role confusion
Which describes the "sleeper effect of early visual deficits?"
If an infant does not experience normal visual experience, even after corrective surgery, it may never develop a normal perception of vision
The preschool-aged child is typically in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages?
Initiative vs Guilt
Which does NOT belong on a list of the basic types of gene-environment correlations?
Negative genotype-environment
Which statement concerning schizophrenia is FALSE?
It has a concordance rate of about 98 percent for identical twins.
Yao has an extra X chromosome. He is tall, sterile, and has enlarged breasts. Yao would be most accurately diagnosed as having __________.
Klinefelter syndrome
Jill came tumbling down the hill and sustained a serious head injury. As a result, her language skills have been seriously impaired. Which part of Jill 's brain was most likely damaged?
Left hemisphere
Which is NOT known to help prevent or slow osteoporosis?
MAO inhibitors
Marcia has just given birth to a baby girl. She is concerned because she is a carrier for hemophilia. Which of the following is true?
Marcia has little cause for concern because hemophilia is most often transmitted to male offspring.
Which statement best summarizes the research on the "midlife crisis"?
Most middle-aged people experience some questioning of self during midlife, but few experience a true midlife crisis.
Which concept is best associated with an individual's unique "life story"?
Narrative identity
Mom Billie and dad Bob are discussing the abilities of their two-month-old son Thorton. Billie claims that Thorton can recognize both of his parent's voices. Bob says that Thorton cannot recognize either voice. If Thorton is a typical two-month-old, then who is correct?
Neither, as Thorton can likely recognize Billie's voice but not Bob's voice
Which of the following is NOT a major claim of Darwin's theory of evolution?
New species emerge on their own and are not related to earlier species.
Michael is color blind. Whose genes caused this to happen?
Only his mother's genes
Which is the correct order of the psychosexual stages of development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Which disorder is associated with intellectual disability unless the affected individual adheres to a special diet?
PKU
_____ championed the position called constructivism.
Piaget
How is Piaget's explanation of cognitive development different from that of Siegler's explanation?
Piaget sees cognitive development more in terms of qualitative steps in which new ideas replace old.
Which type of theorist would be most likely to describe intellectual development in terms of qualitative changes in thought with age (e.g., transformation from a caterpillar to a butterfly)?
Piagetian
Which disorder results in the reduction in the ability to see close objects but does NOT impact the ability to see things at a distance?
Presbyopia
Which is the most common visual condition for a person over age 70?
Presbyopia
Which is the best example of an episodic memory?
Recalling your 21st birthday party
Sam and Sue are shopping for groceries. Sam looks at the list and tells Sue, "I'll get the cat food, soap, toilet paper, and flour, and I'll meet you by the lettuce." Sam takes off, muttering to himself over and over: "Cat food, soap, toilet paper, flour." This best illustrates the use of which memory strategy?
Rehearsal
_____ is characterized by the deterioration of light-sensitive cells of the retina.
Retinitis pigmentosa
Hank is upset with his son for keeping his room so messy. His neighbor, Boomhauer, suggests that Hank give his son a dollar for cleaning his room on Saturday mornings, because he believes that doing so will increase the probability of his son cleaning his room in the future. Hank's approach is most similar to research conducted by which of the following theorists?
Skinner
_____ is best associated with operant conditioning theory.
Skinner
Which statement best describes the continuity approach to development?
Small steps without sudden change
What has been shown to increase the IQ scores of disadvantaged children from minority racial and ethnic groups?
Telling the child that the exam was not going to be scored
Which term is best defined as an infant's tendency to respond in predictable ways?
Temperament
Maria gives birth to a child with trisomy 21. Which of the following is true?
The child received an extra 21st chromosome from either her mother or her father.
Which is the best example of Oscar's human agency?
The fact that his high sense of self-efficacy concerning acting allows him to believe that he is a good actor.
Which question provides the best example of the concept of generativity versus stagnation?
Will my work benefit the next generation?
Which is the best example of a genotype?
The genes on your X chromosome
Margo and John are told that their infant daughter has been diagnosed with Turner syndrome. Which of the following should they expect?
Their daughter will score below average on tests of mathematical reasoning.
As a researcher focused on the issue of sensations, how would you most likely explain why older people tend to raise the volume on their television sets and use more seasoning (e.g., salt and pepper) on their food?
Their sensory thresholds have increased with age
Which statement is true regarding "recall" memory and "recognition" memory in elderly adults?
They are likely to be more deficient in recall than in recognition memory.
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of people with Down syndrome and people with Klinefelter syndrome?
They both have cells with 47 chromosomes, but the extra chromosome in Klinefelter syndrome is a sex chromosome and in Down syndrome, it is one of the other chromosomes.
What is the best advice concerning the accuracy of preschoolers' eyewitness testimony?
Under conditions of questioning with lots of open-ended questions, memory accuracy will likely decline.
Which approach to reading would support the advice to, "Just look at the words before and after that word, and you should be able to figure out the meaning of the word?"
Whole-language approach
A researcher asked students of different ages, "What would the world be like if there was no gravity?" According to Piaget's theory, which one of the following answers would most likely be heard from an adolescent in the formal operational stage?
We would have to redesign classrooms with desks on the ceiling.
Which is the best example of codominance?
When a yellow flower and a blue flower are crossed and produce a yellow and blue flower.
What can we conclude regarding developmental changes in speech perception?
With age, we become more sensitive to sound discriminations that are relevant in our own language and less sensitive to sound discriminations that are irrelevant
Thirty-year-old Jiang has lived in China all his life and has only spoken in a common Chinese dialect. Jiang has an infant son named Woo. What linguistic advantage would Woo have over Jiang?
Woo would be better able to distinguish between the "r" and "l" sounds.
How do neo-Piagetians account for "centering?"
Young children lack sufficient working-memory capacity to attend to multiple aspects of a problem.
Which of the following demonstrates the child has developed symbolic capacity?
a child who uses a cooking pan as a hat
When describing her son's recent surgery, Sheri says, "They connected a microphone on the outside of his head. Then they surgically ran a wire into his inner ear." This description indicates that Sheri's son had _________.
a cochlear implant.
Two-year-old Tiki has acquired the ability to spin one arm in a large circle while holding the other arm perfectly still. This exemplifies the orthogenetic principle element of __________.
a differentiated response
Divergent thinking is to convergent thinking as _________.
a variety of answers are to one answer.
Which statement concerning memory is true? a. Working-term memory provides a temporary space for processing information. b. Short-term memory has a much larger storage capacity than long-term memory. c. Long-term memory appears not to exist until around age two years. d. The sensory register is located in long-term memory.
a. Working-term memory provides a temporary space for processing information.
Perry's (1970) research with cognitive development in college students found that many students tended to be _____ in their thought when they first started college and grow to be _____ thinkers by the end of their college careers.
absolutist; relativistic
The debate concerning successful aging in old age involves the _____ debate.
activity-disengagement
Cochlear implants work by providing direct stimulation to the _______.
auditory nerve
Piaget argued that object permanence is fully developed at 18 months. Recent research has indicated that ___________.
awareness of object permanence is not apparent at birth but develops well before Piaget thought
Which theoretical camp suggests that we should study only what we can directly observe and measure (i.e., overt behaviors)?
behaviorism
Three-month-old infants can discriminate between phonemes. This means that they can discriminate between __________.
basic speech sounds.
All of the major sensory systems begin to function __________.
before birth
Today, most developmental psychologists believe that sensations begin ________.
before birth and that early perceptions are coherent, not chaotic
A major issue with Watson and Raynor's experiment is that ___________.
by today's standards, it is unethical
According to Piaget, when a concrete-operational thinker is presented with the "balance beam" problem he or she ________________.
can appreciate the significant impact of both weight and distance from center, but cannot understand their inverse relationship
According to Piaget, when a concrete-operational thinker is presented with the "balance beam" problem he or she ____________.
can appreciate the significant impact of both weight and distance from center, but cannot understand their inverse relationship.
Freudians believe that when experiencing an Oedipus complex, a boy will fear that his father will retaliate by _____ him.
castrating
For Piaget, conservation is the ability to recognize that __________.
certain properties of an object do not change, even when its appearance is altered in a superficial way
With regard to language learning, nativists believe that ________________.
children are biologically programmed for language acquisition
A parent who falls on the "activity" side of the "activity-passivity" issue is most likely to believe that __________.
children play an important role in shaping their own development
When describing her last prenatal visit, Yang says, "They basically inserted a tube into my uterus via my vagina and took a tissue sample from the sack surrounding my fetus." Given this description, Yang appears to have undergone _________.
chorionic villus sampling
When describing her theory of development, Candice says, "The basic idea is that I take a stimulus that at first has no effect on an individual. Then I pair that stimulus with a second stimulus that does elicit some response. After the two have been paired together a few times, I test to see if the initial stimulus now elicits a response similar to the one elicited by the second stimulus." Given this description, Candice would be best classified as a(n) _____ conditioning theorist.
classical
Your text reveals that if one identical twin is gay, there is almost a 50 percent chance that the other identical twin will also be gay. On the other hand, if a fraternal twin is schizophrenic, there is only about a 20 percent chance the other fraternal twin will be schizophrenic. The measure of likelihood that twins will share this mental illness in common is called a(n) _______.
concordance rate
When studying heritability in humans, an ethical behavior geneticist would be LEAST likely to _________.
conduct a selective breeding experiment
Much of brain development in infancy and childhood consists of forming more ________.
connections
People with savant syndrome illustrate that intelligence ________.
consists of multiple and distinct abilities
When a child is able to realize that some letter combinations (e.g., "br," "st," "ed") need to be perceived as a single unit versus several individual units, he or she is said to be in the _____ phase of reading.
consolidated alphabetic
The "crowning achievement" of the sensorimotor stage is the ability to ______________.
construct mental symbols to guide behavior
The statement, "change is different from person to person because cultures differ from person to person," best fits with the _____ approach to development.
context-specific
According to Piaget, _____ occur when an infant combines secondary actions to achieve a simple goal.
coordination of secondary schemes
On a political science test, Barack is asked to write down the name of the main democratic presidential candidate in the United States in 2008. He has no idea of the answer, so he asked his teacher for a hint. The teacher says, "I can tell you this, when he won my friend said, "oh mama." With the hint, Barack is now being presented with a _____ memory task.
cued-recall
The belief that we inherit tried and true ways of adjusting to the environment from past generations is referred to as _______.
cultural evolution
During its first few months after birth, an average newborn gains about an ounce per _______.
day
Molly's mommy is mad, and Molly doesn't believe it when mommy says, "I'm angry, but I still love you!" Molly thinks that mommy can't be mad and still love her at the same time. Piaget might suggest that Molly's thought process demonstrates Molly's inability to engage in _______.
decentration
The most effective way to increase the performance of a young child on a task requiring attention skills would be to _______.
decrease distractions
Six-month-old Trent saw his dad blink three times when he held a baby bottle. An hour after this occurred, Trent sees a baby bottle and blinks three times. This action would best be described as _____ imitation.
deferred
Oscar is conducting a factor analysis on a set of personality traits; this means that he is most likely attempting to
determine which items tap into similar traits.
John Locke believed that human nature was ________.
determined by a person's experiences
Differences between throwing and kicking abilities of male and female children are best explained as being the result of ______.
differential levels of practice
Mitosis is to meiosis as ___________.
doubling is to halving
Which theory suggests that motor development takes place over time through a self-organizing principle using sensory feedback?
dynamic systems
Dr. Zaius believes that no one theory can explain human development and has developed an approach that incorporates elements from many of the major theories. Given this description, Dr. Zaius is best classified as a(n) _____ theorist.
eclectic
One of the more interesting findings from the "Nun Study" was that _____ levels affected both longevity and health.
education
Conception is defined as the moment when the ________.
egg is fertilized by sperm
A teenager's difficulty in differentiating his own thoughts and feelings from those of other people is called adolescent ________.
egocentrism
Wayne has trouble remembering the last four digits of his new phone number (4422) until he makes the connection that the last two digits are exactly half of the first two digits. Once he makes this connection, he has no trouble remembering the number! This best demonstrates the memory concept of _______-.
elaboration
An effective method for a school to positively influence motivation is to ___________.
emphasize intrinsic motivation techniques
Cognitive theorists suggest that the most likely order of the process of memory when information is being processed for the first time would be __________.
encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval
It was noted in the text that the genetic "code" is best thought of as written in ______.
erasable pencil
Twenty-eight-year-old Serge is a typical young adult. As such, Erikson would suggest that Serge is most concerned about ______
establishing an intimate long-term love relationship.
_____ is the primary female hormone.
estrogen
An unconditioned stimulus is best described as a(n) __________.
event that automatically leads to a response
Information-processing theorists use the term _____ to describe the part of the unique element of the cognitive system that plans and monitors problem-solving.
executive control processes
Children whose parents are less educated are more likely to _______________.
experience poor health
When a dominant gene is paired with a recessive gene, the characteristic associated with the dominant gene will be ________.
expressed
The activation of a particular gene in a particular cell at a particular time of life is referred to as gene ________.
expression
Epigenetic effects alter the ________.
expression of genes
The reliable sex difference concerning identity achievement during adolescence is that _________.
females tend to attach a greater emphasis on aspects of identity involving balancing family and career goals.
Younger children tend to rely more on _____ than older children.
external cues for encoding and retrieval
Watson and Raynor's experiment is important because it demonstrated that _________.
fear can be learned
According to Piaget, cognitive development is characteristic of an sequence of stages that ________
follow in a specific order (i.e., cannot be skipped)
According to Piaget, cognitive development is characteristic of an sequence of stages that _________.
follow in a specific order (i.e., cannot be skipped)
Semantic memories are for __________.
general facts
Karin's children are all in college. She works as a legal secretary, and most of what she earns goes toward paying her children's college tuition. Her own children lead busy lives, with friends and school activities occupying most of their time, so Karin volunteers one evening each week at the Boys' Home, reading bedtime stories to the young delinquents there. Karin is best classified as fitting into Erikson's stage of _________.
generativity versus stagnation
Paris is a 16-year-old who is having difficulty accepting her newfound sexuality. Given this description, Freud would argue that Paris is in the _____ stage of development.
genital
In most settings, an easy temperament is associated with more positive adaptation. However, in times of famine, infants with "difficult" temperaments in the Masai tribe have been known to outlive babies with "easy" temperaments. This finding is used to illustrate the important effect that ____ has on developmental outcomes.
goodness-of-fit
The concept of appropriately matching an environment with a person's characteristics is called _______.
goodness-of-fit
If Sissy has just experienced menarche, she has __________.
had her first menstruation
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) test differs from the Stanford-Binet test because only the WISC-IV ____________.
has separate scores for verbal and performance abilities
Cephalocaudal development proceeds from _________.
head toward tail
During middle adulthood, the most likely impact of thyroid hormones would be to ________.
help metabolize food
According to Freud, the primary mission of the ego is to __________.
help the child find realistic ways to get needs met
Which of the following is a key criticism of Erikson's theory of personality development?
his theory is rather vague and difficult to test
Which behavior is most difficult for a child to perform?
hitting a ball with a bat
A person's knowledge base is defined as __________.
how much the person knows about a topic
The key "cognitive" aspect of social cognitive theory involving deliberate exercise of control over both one's environment and one's life is called ______
human agency
The key "cognitive" aspect of social cognitive theory involving deliberate exercise of control over both one's environment and one's life is called __________.
human agency
According to Freud, the personality component underlying the crying of a hungry newborn is called the ____
id
Research by Plomin and colleagues indicated that the highest heritability correlation concerning the emotion of anger was found between __________.
identical twins raised together
Research by Plomin and colleagues indicated that the highest heritability correlation concerning the emotion of anger was found between ___________.
identical twins raised together
The logic behind adoption studies is that
if adopted children are similar to their adoptive parents on a given characteristic, then the expression of that characteristic is likely to be influenced by environmental factors.
Sally has just gotten her hair trimmed, and even though it doesn't look very different than before, she is sure everyone in homeroom will notice a big change and be focusing on her hair all day. This is an example of _________.
imaginary audience
In assessing his newborn son's cognitive ability, Cosmo waves his hand at the baby and watches to see if his son reacts by also waving his hand. Cosmo is using a(n) _____ technique to assess his son's abilities.
imitation
Molecular genetics is best described as the study of the _________.
impact of particular genes on particular traits
Molecular genetics is best described as the study of the ___________.
impact of particular genes on particular traits
Molecular genetics is best described as the study of the ____________.
impact of particular genes on particular traits
While they both significantly affect vision, retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration differ in that retinitis pigmentosa _____ and age-related macular degeneration _____.
impacts peripheral vision; impacts central vision
A researcher develops a test in which participants are first given a list of types of fruit that includes the words "grapes, bananas, apples, oranges, and cherries" and asked to identify which is the longest. A while later, they are given the word stem "ban_____" and are asked to complete the word as quickly as possible. When a participant fills out the word by writing "banana," he or she is exhibiting what is called a(n) _____ memory.
implicit
While sitting in his psychology class and daydreaming as his instructor drones on about memory, Mac suddenly recalls a great hamburger he ate at a fast-food restaurant a month ago. Mac's unintentional recall for this event provides a great example of _____ memory.
implicit
Instincts are best described as ____________.
inborn biological forces that motivate behavior
Children who have one dark-skinned parent and one light-skinned parent can have a skin tone that is somewhere between their mother's skin color and their father's skin color. This is an example of ______________.
incomplete dominance
Short-term memory capacity _____ between ages 6 and 13.
increases significantly
Myelin is important to the nervous system because it _________.
increases the transmission speed of neural impulses
Concerning the development of bones and muscles,
infants have all of the muscle cells that they will ever possess.
If asked to list the top three causes of death in teens, you should AVOID saying ________.
infections
Miley is a strong believer in the power of nature in determining the way her son Cyrus acts. As a result, she is most likely to agree that Cyrus's aggression is the result of ________.
inheriting genes for violence
When describing his ideas on language acquisition, Harlan says, "I believe that humans have a natural biological predisposition toward language and that the environment that the child is raised in also impacts the development of language skills." Given this description, Harlan appears to hold a(n) _____ perspective concerning the acquisition of language.
interactionist
An explicit memory
is deliberately recalled
On a recognition task, a person
is presented with a list of alternatives that includes the correct answer.
Which statement concerning fragile X syndrome is true?
it is more common in males
The majority of the human genome consists of what was once thought to be "_____" DNA.
junk
Metalinguistic awareness is best defined as ____________.
knowledge of language as a system
Ten-year-old Jordan has few sexual urges and expends most of his energy playing basketball. Jordan appears to be in Freud's _____ stage of development.
latency
Presbyopia
leads to difficulty in seeing object that are nearby
In terms of their ability to sense pain, old people typically experience __________.
less sensitivity to mild pain
The information-processing approach to memory ___________.
likens the human mind to a computer
If asked to list the key issues on which developmental theorists tend to disagree, you would AVOID saying
longitudinal---cross-sectional
Piaget contended that in infancy,
looking was a developmental precursor of reaching
As a typical 70-year-old, Heston should expect to begin to ____________.
lose muscle mass and lose fat
Research findings from Murphy (1985) suggests that the ability of older individuals to identify food is most negatively impacted by ______________.
losses in the ability to smell and cognitive declines impacting memory.
In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the interrelationships between microsystems form the _______.
mesosystem
Terrell has been refusing to go to school. Bronfenbrenner suggests that the problem has been aggravated by poor communication between the school and Terrell's parents. This illustrates the operation of the _________.
mesosystem
On an everyday problem such as what to do if you cannot pay your electric bill, _____ tend to out-perform other groups.
middle-aged adults
Economist Roland Fryer Jr. attempted to determine whether _____ could be used to raise students' standardized test scores.
monetary rewards
Most infants begin babbling about 3-4 _____ after birth.
months
Research on successful aging has found _________.
more support for activity theory.
Kettlewell's research on the color of moths and their geographic location demonstrates the principle of __________.
natural selection
In operant conditioning terms, _____ occurs when something unpleasant is removed and the result is an increased response rate.
negative reinforcement
In Watson and Raynor's study on Little Albert, a white rat served as the _________.
neutral stimulus
Shirley is introduced to her friend's mother. While Shirley heard the woman's name, she had no idea what the woman's name was immediately after it was spoken. It is most accurate to say that the woman's name _____________.
never made it past Shirley's sensory register
Experiences unique to an individual and not experienced by other family members are referred to as _____________-.
nonshared environmental experience
Habituation is best described as learning _______.
not to respond
The best example of elaboration is
noting that the red chair and the green piano remind you of last year's Christmas party
The majority of words found in the vocabularies of one-year-olds are _____________.
nouns representing objects or people who were familiar to the child.
Anthony believes that his daughter Cleopatra acts the way she does because of the unconscious workings of her mind. This belief best matches with the _____ theory of development.
observational learning
Cosmo, age three, has always been cooperative about going to bed at night. Then the family takes a trip and stays with relatives, where Cosmo 's cousin, Wanda (also age three), has a royal fit at bedtime. Cosmo watches while Wanda's parents read her extra stories and bring her a glass of juice to calm her down. After Cosmo and his family return home, Cosmo begins to throw tantrums at bedtime. Cosmo's change in behavior is best explained by _________.
observational learning
Olga goes along with her brother Joe to his gymnastics class and watches closely while he works on the balance beam. One day, Olga's Mom finds her out in the back yard, with a board spread across two big boxes, doing some of the same maneuvers that she has seen Joe do in class. This is an example of ___________.
observational learning
In operant conditioning terms, a negative consequence ________.
occurs when something is removed
In operant conditioning terms, a negative consequence __________.
occurs when something is removed
The sense of smell is also referred to as the sense of _______.
olfaction
Most cells of a typical male contain ___________.
one X and one Y chromosome
An individual who is a carrier of a trait has __________.
one dominant gene calling for the absence of the trait and one recessive gene calling for the presence of the trait.
The typical outcome of a female reproductive cell that has undergone meiosis is _________.
one egg and three nonfunctional cells
With regard to twins, monozygotic is to dizygotic as __________.
one egg is to two eggs
The research study of infant memory involving a ribbon tied to an infant's foot relied heavily on _____ conditioning techniques.
operant
Joy comes home from work exhausted and is surprised to find that her daughter, Michelle, has set the table and started dinner. Joy is thrilled. She praises Michelle and spends an extra half-hour reading with her before bed (something that Michelle likes). The same thing happens the next day, and soon this has become a daily event. This is an example of __________
operant conditioning
Adam has a schema for saying, "Hi." He has a second schema for holding out his hand. He has another schema for making eye contact. With time, Adam is able to combine the simple schemas into a complex structure of a greeting (i.e., simultaneously making eye contact, saying "Hi," and holding out his hand to be shaken). According to Piaget, Adam is demonstrating _________.
organization
The fact that infants' attention seems to involve reacting to environmental stimulation (i.e., an item catches their attention) rather than being deliberately focused, illustrates the concept of a(n) _____ system.
orienting
According to the _____ principle, development starts globally and undifferentiated.
orthogenetic
Humans begin their existence as a single undifferentiated cell and proceed to become a highly complex and organized billion-cell organism. This change best exemplifies the _____ principle.
orthogenetic
Eighty-year-old Sylvester has begun to complain about his knees. To him, his knees now often feel, "Stiff as a board!" Given this description, Sylvester would appear to have ______.
osteoarthritis
We know that two people have precisely 50 percent of their genes in common if they are ________.
parent and chils
Brandy has just begun to learn to read. At this point, she knows that the letter with one line and two bumps is the "B." She also knows that this letter corresponds to the "b" sound, and it is the first letter of her name. While Brandy has this knowledge, she is not yet able to connect all written words with their sounds. Brandy is best classified as being in the _____ phase of reading development.
partial alphabetic
The fact that parents provide their children with both their genes and an environment that is impacted by their own genetic make-up defines the gene-environment correlation of ___________.
passive genotype-environment
Both Freud and Erikson believed that
people in every culture progress through stages of personality development.
The social learning perspective assumes that __________.
personality development is highly influenced by environmental experience
The term _____ refers to the actual characteristics a person exhibits.
phenotype
When Topaz comments on Azure's "blue eyes," Topaz is describing an example of a(n)
phenotype
When Topaz comments on Azure's "blue eyes," Topaz is describing an example of a(n) _________.
phenotype
A _____ is a basic sound used in human speech.
phoneme
If you are told that you are about to see a karyotype, you should expect to look at a _________.
photograph of a complete set of chromosomes
The self-concept of most preschoolers is based on _____ traits.
physical
The endocrine gland that regulates growth and triggers the growth spurt during adolescence is(are) the __________
pituitary gland
The main purpose of the executive control processor is to ___________.
plan and monitor problem-solving
The main purpose of the executive control processor is to _______________.
plan and monitor problem-solving.
In Kettlewell's research, the proportion of dark-colored moths increased as _____ increased.
pollution
Most complex human characteristics, such as personality and intelligence, are inherited via ________.
polygenic inheritance
After Brainiac brings home a report card with all As, his parents (who want to make sure this behavior continues in the future) give him a new car (something that he really wanted). It appears that Brainiac's parents are attempting to use _____ to keep Brainiac's grades up.
positive reinforcement
Some theorists have proposed the existence of a stage of cognitive development beyond the highest level proposed by Piaget. This hypothesized level of thinking is referred to as _____ thought.
postformal
Four-year-old Jackie often mutters to herself as she builds things with her blocks. Her utterances (e.g., "the blue one goes first") seem to be a running dialogue of her actions that are guiding her behavior. Vygotsky referred to this activity as _____ speech.
private
A utilization deficiency is best described as ____________.
producing a strategy but not benefiting from its use
A utilization deficiency is best described as ______________.
producing a strategy but not benefiting from its use
A _____ disabled child will show major delays in all areas of development.
profoundly
The greater ability of adults to integrate thoughts and emotions may be attributable to ____________.
progressive myelination
The fact that activities of a toddler's arms are mastered before activities of their fingers illustrates the _____ principle.
proximodistal
Libido is best defined as
psychic energy of the sex instinct
If a person needs one matching pair of genes in order to express a characteristic carried by a pair of genes, the characteristic is considered ________.
recessive
In a police lineup, a witness is shown a group of potential perpetrators that includes the actual perpetrator. He or she is then asked to point to the individual who committed the crime. The basic premise of this method involves assessing _____ memory.
recognition
Cross-modal perception is the ability to ________.
recognize with one sense an object that was learned through another sense.
One of the unique features of Gardner's theory of intelligence is that it ______________.
rejects the notion that a single IQ score can meaningfully assess intelligence
The key to a memory script is that it _________
represents a typical sequence of events.
Despite being in top condition, 65-year-old Lane notices that his maximum heart rate during an aerobic exercise has declined significantly from when he was in his 20s. This change is best explained in terms of diminished _____________.
reserve capacity.
Robert Siegler investigated the type of information that a child takes in during a problem-solving task and also what strategies he or she formulates when attempting to solve the problem. Siegler called his model the _____ approach.
rule assessment
What in the past was often called school phobia is now referred to as ___________.
school refusal behavior
Seventy-year-old Ace decides that he cannot remain effective at all types of gambling so he decides to focus only on blackjack, with the hopes that this narrow focus will allow him to perform better in this one area. According to the SOC approach, the decision to abandon other forms of gambling represents _______.
selection
Older children can learn faster and remember more than younger children because older children typically show a significant increase in ________.
short term memory capacity
The tendency to perceive an object as not growing when it approaches our eyes, or shrinking as it moves away, is _____ constancy.
size
The intelligence concept of "g" was based on the observation that ____________.
skill levels are consistent across tasks
All human babies, regardless of which culture they live in or which language is spoken around them, begin to babble at about the same age. This is an example of ______.
species heredity
Most dogs bark but don't speak, and most humans speak but don't bark. This is best explained by _______.
species heredity
The genetic endowment that most members of a particular species have in common is called _______.
species heredity
In order to produce fraternal twins you must have two ____.
sperm
In order to produce fraternal twins you must have two ________.
sperm
In order to produce fraternal twins you must have two __________.
sperm
Premature infants who are _____ tend to gain weight faster than those not receiving this stimulation.
stroked over their entire body
Five-year-old Theodore is currently internalizing the moral standards of his father Ward and mother June. According to a psychoanalytic theorist, Theodore appears to be developing his _________
superego
The statement, "I am just a gap between neurons," best describes a ______.
synapse
Catherine Snow and associates' study of Dutch-speaking children who watched a great deal of German television demonstrated that ___________.
to learn a language, children must be actively involved with the language
During adolescence, the physical activity levels of males continue to increase, while those of females tend to level off, or even decline. This is most likely due to the _______________.
traditional gender-role socialization of females in our culture that discourages physical activity (especially in athletics)
If a teacher were to apply Siegler's findings on the use of problem-solving strategies in the classroom, the teacher would ____________.
try to notice just what aspect of a problem is causing the child some difficulty
If one parent has the dominant gene for Huntington's disease, the odds of one of their children having the disease are one out of _____.
two
If a physician wanted to get a visual image of a developing fetus' limbs, her best option would be to use a(n) ________.
ultrasound
If a physician wanted to get a visual image of a developing fetus' limbs, her best option would be to use a(n) ___________.
ultrasound
Polly is attending her first birthday party, where she sees her first balloon. While playing with the balloon, she accidentally pops it with a pin. When the balloon pops, she screams, drops her drink, and starts to cry when she sees it stain the carpet. In this situation, the noise produced by the popping balloon would represent a(n) __________.
unconditioned stimulus
Freud emphasized the importance of _____ in determining behavior.
unconscious motivation
A major criticism of Piaget's theory is that it
underestimates the cognitive abilities of young children.
Plasticity results in the immature brain being
vulnerable to danger and highly adaptable
Plasticity results in the immature brain being ______________
vulnerable to danger and highly adaptable
Parent-child relationships tend to _____ once puberty is completed.
warm
The universality-context-specificity issue is concerned with whether __________.
we all follow the same or different developmental paths
Punishment
weakens the likelihood that a behavioral response will occur in the future.
Most infants begin cooing about 6-8 _____ after birth.
weeks
Metamemory awareness is most likely to be displayed in young children __________________.
who have often been in situations in which they had to remember something and they are facing a task that they find relevant
Underextension occurs when a child uses a _________.
word too narrowly.
The text noted that one information-processing-based explanation for infantile amnesia focuses on the lack of space in infant and toddler's _____ memory.
working
When someone asks you, "What's on your mind?" the response you give would best exemplify the information currently in your _______.
working memory
At conception, the genetic material of the mother's ovum and the genetic material of the father's sperm unite, creating a new cell called a(n) ______.
zygote
Which is the most genetically complex structure?
zygote
