American History Chapters 10, 11, and 12 Study Guide
What rights did the 14th Amendment grant?
Citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States," which included former slaves recently freed.
The 14th Amendment was passed to provide a constitutional basis for what?
Civil Rights Act of 1866.
Famous Supreme Court case about a slave who sued for his freedom.
Dred Scott v. Sanford.
Why did John Brown get revenge?
Because he was under the impression that at the "Sack of Lawrence" five antislavery supporters had been killed.
Confederacy
"Confederate States of America," formed in 1861 by the Southern states that seceded from the Union.
What famous quote is said about Harriet Beecher Stowe by Abraham Lincoln?
"So this is the little lady who made the big war."
What caused violence in the senate? Who was involved?
"The Crimes Against Kansas." The Senators involved included Charles Summer from Massachusetts and Andrew P. Butler from South Carolina.
Give two examples of how slavery dominated the political agenda.
(1) Dred Scott v. Sanford and (2) The Lecompton Constitution.
What was the main focus of senate debates?
(1) The dispute of California's statehood and (2) the New Mexico-Texas border dispute.
What were some parts of the Free-Soilers platform?
(1) antil-extension of slavery; (2) pro-labor.
What is the Lecompton Constitution?
A constitution written by a proslavery government in Lecompton, Kansas to apply for admission to the Union as a slave state.
When did the Confederates surrender?
April 9, 1865.
Why did Lincoln say George McClellan had "the slows"? Why did this end his career?
Because he was extremely slow and cautious in all of his decisions. He was simply not aggressive enough to be a military leader.
What was the Union's three-part plan to conquer the South?
1. blockade Southern ports; 2. split Confederacy in two along Mississippi River; 3. capture Richmond.
How many people died at Shiloh?
100,000 troops were killed, injured, or captured.
Franklin Pierce
14th president.
Tracing States' Rights
1787 Constitutional Convention: The Constitution tried to resolve the original debate over states' rights versus federal authority. 1832 Nullification: The state of South Carolina moved to nullify, or declare void, a tariff set by Congress. 1860 South Carolina's Succession: The conflict over a state's right to secede, or withdraw, from the Union led to the Civil War. 1957 Little Rock Central High School: Some Southern governors refused to obey federal desegregation mandates for schools.
Who is Hiram Revels?
1st African American Senator.
What made the Southern prison Andersonville so horrible?
33,000 men were crammed into 26 acres. The prisoners had no shelter, they drank from the sewer, and they lacked food.
Name the first black regiment of the war.
54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.
What happened on the second day of Gettysburg?
90,000 Yankees and 75,000 Confederates stood to fight each other on the second day of Gettysburg.
What is Dred Scott v. Sanford?
A Supreme Court Case that denied Dred Scott (a slave) the right to be allowed to sue in a U.S. court because he was deemed property of his owner (Sanford) not a human being.
Who was Clara Barton?
A Union nurse who often cared for sick and wounded at the front lines.
Where did they surrender?
A Virginia village called Appomattox Court House.
Wilmont Proviso
A bill that would ban slavery in the territories that were acquired after the war with Mexico.
What gave McClellan an advantage in Antietam? How did he mishandle the advantage?
A copy of Lee's army orders which indicated an opportunity to strike when they least expected it. He attacked but then refused to pursue the Confederates, giving them an advantage.
What occurred at Fort Pillow?
A group of 200 African American soldiers were massacred; this event took place at Fort Pillow, Tennessee in 1864.
What is the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
A law that repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed popular sovereignty in the territories.
What is the Fugitive Slave Act?
A law that stated that anyone who knows of a runaway slave is legally required to return them to their owner.
Who is Abraham Lincoln?
A man from Illinois who ran against Douglas for Senate. He later became a U.S. president during the time of the South's secession and the Civil War.
What is Uncle Tom's Cabin?
A novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe containing a plot that was melodramatic and full of stereotypical characters. The message that it delivered though, was that slavery was not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle.
Who are the Know-Nothings?
A party which had its roots in a secret organization known as the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner. Members of this society believed in nativism. Using secret handshakes and passwords, members were told to answer questions about their activities by saying, "I know nothing." In 1854, it soon became better known as the Know-Nothing Party.
What is the Underground Railroad?
A secret network of people who would aid fugitive slaves in their escape to freedom from slavery.
Compromise of 1850
A series of measures that were intended to settle the disagreements between free and slave states.
What is the Compromise of 1850?
A series of resolutions which was thought to would have settled "all questions in controversy between the free and slave states, growing out of the subject of Slavery."
Who did Stephen A. Douglas eventually run against?
Abraham Lincoln.
Who was the president who favored the lenient Ten-Percent Plan for Reconstruction?
Abraham Lincoln.
What helped Lincoln win reelection in 1864?
Admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans, which was the Confederacy's largest city and busiest port. He also captured Mobile Bay, which helped Lincoln to win reelection in 1864.
Why do you think Rodger B. Taney ruled against Dred Scott?
Because he interpreted the Constitution to say that slaves were property and property was protected by the fifth amendment. He also lived in a slave state which could have biased his opinion.
Why did Douglass believe popular sovereignty was the solution to tension?
Because he wanted to take the pressure off of Congress and put it on the people.
Who is John Brown?
An abolitionist that believed that God had called on him to fight slavery. He had the mistaken impression that the proslavery posse in "The Sack of Lawrence" had killed five abolitionist men. Brown was set on revenge and got it May 24th. This attack killed five proslavery men and was dubbed the Pottawatomie Massacre.
What is the Wilmont Proviso?
An amendment that was proposed by the Senator of Pennsylvania named David Wilmont. This amendment would ban slavery from any territory acquired in the Mexican-American War. It actually remained a bill because it was passed in the House of Representatives twice but never in the Senate.
What is the 13th Amendment?
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1865, that has abolished slavery and involuntary servitude.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
An antislavery novel.
Name the strategies of the Union forces.
Anaconda Plan.
Name the Confederate military camp where thousands of Union soldiers starved to death.
Andersonville.
Who becomes president when Lincoln is assassinated?
Andrew Johnson.
Who was the president who vetoed important civil rights and Reconstruction legislation?
Andrew Johnson.
Where does the war end?
Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865.
How many were killed in "Bleeding Kansas"?
Approximately 200 people.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Who is Harriett Beecher Stowe?
Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Name the single bloodiest day of the War.
Battle of Antietam.
Why was the Writ of Habeas Corpus suspended? Do you think this was justified?
Because Lincoln wished to quell Union dissenters. This action was justified but not constitutional.
Why was Virginia's secession a blow to the Union? What followed after this?
Because Virginia was the most heavily populated state in the Union (and the most industrialized). In May, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina followed Virginia's secession.
Why was Lincoln assassinated?
Because although the South had been overpowered, some Southern sympathizers believed the way to tear the Union apart again was to assassinate the President, Vice-President, and his Cabinet.
How did popular sovereignty appeal to both sides?
Because any state, regardless of their geographical location within the United States, could choose whether to be a free or slave state therefore protecting the freedom of the people.
Why were Americans wrong about how short the war was supposed to be?
Because both sides expected an easy victory and did not account for the fight that would be put up by the opponent.
Why was there "a war for the capitals"? What would taking over the enemy's lead to?
Because each side wanted to capture the others capital therefore resulting in the end of the war.
Why did Lincoln believe he would lose the election of 1864?
Because he faced opposition from Democrats and Radical Republicans about topics concerning the war.
Why did Congress create the first income tax?
Because of the booming economy and rising prices, many businesses in the North made immense profits. While the citizens were enjoying great wealth, Congress was seeing great debt. Congress decided to pay for the war by tapping into the citizens wealth by creating the first income tax.
Why was the Republican Party originally formed?
Because of the disagreements over slavery in the Whig party.
Why did Vicksburg surrender after the siege?
Because the Confederates were starving they petitioned saying, "If you can't feed us, you'd better surrender."
Why did the Republican Party grow as the Whig and Know-Nothing parties declined in the 1850s? (pages 318-321)
Because the Whig and Know-Nothing Parties were divided over the issue of slavery and the Republican Party formed with people who were specifically antislavery.
Why was the South so upset by Lincoln's election? (pages 324-331)
Because they believed Lincoln would abolish slavery and attack the Southern lifestyle.
Why did Britain remain neutral?
Because they had stockpiled a huge cotton inventory just before the beginning of the war and they had just found new sources of cotton in Egypt and India. They believed it was best to remain neutral rather than be seen a a proponent of slavery.
Why did Uncle Tom's Cabin offend the South?
Because they saw it as an attack on the Southern way of life and their society as a whole.
This term describes the state of Kansas as popular sovereignty led to violence.
Bleeding Kansas.
This term describes the state of Kansas as popular sovereignty led to violence?
Bleeding Kansas.
Shiloh taught both sides what lesson?
Both sides were taught strategic lessons: that they had to send scouts, dig trenches, and build fortification.
How did Lincoln challenge Douglas? What were the differences between the two's speaking style?
By challenging Douglas to a series of seven open-air debates throughout Illinois on the issue of slavery. Douglas exuded self-confidence and was quite dramatic. Lincoln delivered his comments solemnly, using direct and plain language.
How did some people resist the new law?
By passing Personal Liberty Laws.
Name the two iron-clad vessels that changed naval warfare?
CSS Virginia (also known as the Merrimac) and the USS Moniter.
What were some differences between Calhoun's response and Webster's?
Calhoun responded by presenting the Southerners case for slavery. Webster responded by calling for national unity and asking for the North to have an open mind about the Compromise and for the South to think carefully about secession.
What were the major terms of the Compromise of 1850? (pages 304-309)
California admitted as a free state; Utah and New Mexico territories decide about slavery; Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute resolved; Texas paid $10 million by federal government; The sale of slaves banned in the District of Columbia but slavery itself may continue there; Fugitive Slave Act required people in the free states to help capture and return escaped slaves.
These are the Northerners who came South to participate in Reconstruction.
Carpetbaggers.
Name two Congressmen involved in a beating in the US capitol.
Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Andrew Butler of South Carolina.
How did citizens react to the first shots on Fort Sumter? Why?
Charleston's citizens watched and cheered as though it were a fireworks display because they wanted the Union fort to be under Confederacy control.
Roger B. Taney
Chief Justice who wrote the ruling in the Dred Scott case.
How were citizens involved in the Battle of Bull Run?
Citizens were there at the Battle of Bull Run for a picnic because they expected it to start and end the war.
This Union nurse would start the Red Cross after the war.
Clara Barton.
Name the agreement that was reached in order to prevent another possible succession or war.
Compromise of 1877.
President Andrew Johnson's plan for Reconstruction aimed to punish who?
Confederate leaders.
Write a sentence explaining the connection of Dred Scott to the growing conflict in the 1850s.
Dred Scott contributed to the growing conflict in the 1850's by causing more sectionalism between the North and the South.
Famous Supreme Court Case about a slave who sued for freedom.
Dred Scott v. Sanford.
This was the term given to Northerns who opposed the war effort.
Copperheads.
What are the advantages of the ironclad ship?
Could withstand much more than wooden ships; fire resistant; more resistant to cannon fire.
What were the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
Debates between Stephen A. Douglas (an incumbent) and Abraham Lincoln (a new person to the political scene). It was the 1858 race for U.S. Senate between this Democrat and Whig-converted-Republican.
Succession
Decision of a state to leave the Union (United States).
What made Abraham Lincoln the underdog in these debates?
Douglas being the incumbent.
What is the Freeport Doctorine? What did Lincoln have to do with it?
Douglas' response to Lincoln's question at the debate in Freeport, Illinois became known as the Freeport Doctorine. Lincoln was the one who asked the question.
Name the famous debaters in the 1858 Illinois Senate race.
Douglas-Lincoln debates.
What happened to Dred Scott that made his case famous?
Dred Scott was a slave in a free territory and, upon this realization, he sued in a United States Court for his freedom. Rodger Taney made the decision that slaves were property and, therefore, could not sue for their freedom in a United States Court.
Who was the secretary of war whose firing led to Andrew Johnson's impeachment?
Edwin Stanton.
What did Lincoln issue on January 1, 1863?
Emancipation Proclamation.
Where did his name come from?
He gained the nickname "Stonewall" Jackson at the Battle of Bull Run when another general commented, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall."
What is John C. Fremont famous for?
He is nicknamed "pathfinder." He mapped the Oregon Trail and led the United States troops into California during the War with Mexico.
Harriet Tubman
Famous "conductor" of the Underground Railroad.
Nativism
Favoring native born people over immigrants.
What level of government is definitely supreme at the war's end?
Federal government.
John Brown
Fierce opponent of slavery who led a raid that killed five proslavery people.
What shortages occurred in the South? These increased what?
Food shortages occurred which skyrocketed the prices of food.
Where were the first shots of the war fired?
Fort Sumter.
What did John Brown have to do with the events that occurred here?
He led the attack for weapons to fight slavery.
How did Stephen A. Douglas help Clay's Compromise be adopted by the Senate?
He simply broke the bill a part into five key parts therefore allowing each individual piece to be passed in Congress.
Name the political party that formed to oppose the growth of slavery.
Free-Soil Party and the Republican Party.
Name an antislavery party and one fact about them.
Free-Soiler's: they did not believe in equality for all colored people but they believed in the limit of slavery's effect on the white workforce. Republicans: were inclusive and diverse.
This was a government agency whose design was to help people, especially former slaves, after the devastation of the war.
Freedman's Bureau.
How did fugitive slaves use the Underground Railroad? Describe the "Railroad."
Fugitive slaves used the "Underground Railroad" to escape slavery. The Railroad was a path taken by runaway slaves to the free Northern states.
Who was the winner in many early battles on the Eastern front?
General Robert E. Lee.
Name the Union Commander who was given the task of destroying the South on his March to the Sea.
General Sherman.
Why didn't Robert E. Lee join the Union army? How did his strategies lead to McClellan backing down?
He couldn't find against his own people of Virginia. He was determined and relentless which led to McCellan backing down.
Who takes command of the Union forces to finish the war?
General Ulysses S. Grant.
What two defeats wore down the Confederacy?
Gettysburg and Vicksburg.
How did Grant's casualties compare to Lee's in Virginia?
Grant lost 7,000 men as compared to Lee who lost 32,000 men.
What rights are bestowed by the 15th Amendment?
Granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
What did Lincoln suspend to deal with the dissent in the Union states?
Habeas corpus (a court order that requires authorities to bring a person held in jail before a court to determine why he or she is being jailed).
Name the arsenal he tried to attack to gain weapons.
Harper's Ferry.
What was one effect of John Brown's actions at Harper's Ferry?
Harpers Ferry terrified Southern slaveholders, who were convinced the North was plotting slave uprisings everywhere. Even longtime supporters of the Union called for secession.
Who was the author of that book?
Harriet Beecher Stowe.
Write a sentence explaining the connection of Harriet Tubman to the growing conflict in the 1850s.
Harriet Tubman contributed to the growing conflict of the 1850's when she helped fugitive slaves escape to the free North, infuriating Southern slave owners.
What is the main reason Lincoln did not respond with force to the Confederate threat to attack Fort Sumter?
He did not want to anger Republicans and slave states still in the Union. He also wanted to avoid a civil war.
How did the Freeport Doctrine put Lincoln in the spotlight?
He drew attention to his beliefs by questioning his opponent.
How did Millard Fillmore temporarily calm tensions between the North and the South?
He supported the Compromise of 1850 which temporarily held off the question of the legality of slavery and the argument of sectional differences.
Which action showed that President Andrew Jackson did not support greater rights for African Americans in the South?
He vetoed the Freedman's Bureau Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
What was Henry Clay's primary purpose in offering the Compromise of 1850?
He wanted to settle "all questions in controversy between the free and slave states, growing out of the subject of Slavery."
Who was "Stonewall" Jackson?
He was a general of the Confederate army name Thomas J. Jackson.
What did James Buchanan's votes prove?
He was a national candidate and that the people liked neutrality.
What were the effects of John Brown's hanging?
He was raised up and praised as a martyr for the sacred cause of freedom and abolition.
Name one of this groups' leaders.
Henry Winter Davis, Thaddeus Stevens, and Benjamin Butler in the House; and Charles Sumner, Benjamin Wade, and Zachariah Chandler.
While serving in the Union army, what did African Americans face even then?
Higher mortality rates, lower pay and many other forms of discrimination.
Where does Sherman's middle name come from?
His father gave him his unusual middle name as a nod to the Shawnee chief Tecumseh, a magnetic leader who built a confederacy of Ohio Indian tribes and fought with the British during the War of 1812.
What was Seward's downfall? Why did Lincoln get support instead of him?
His well-know name and his reputation. Lincoln got support instead of him because he was relatively unknown.
Write a sentence explaining the connection of Horace Greeley to the growing conflict in the 1850s.
Horace Greeley contributed to the growing conflict in the 1850's by founding the Republican Party. The founding of the Republican Party (an antislavery party) led to more sectionalism.
Who was the New York Tribune editor who ran against Grant in the 1872 Presidential Election?
Horace Greeley.
Name the candidates in 1876.
Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican), Samuel J. Tilden (Democratic), and Peter Cooper (Greenback).
Freeport Doctrine
Idea that any territory could ban slavery by simply refusing to pass laws supporting it.
What were the basic provisions and results of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? (pages 310-317)
If passed it would divide the area into two territories: Nebraska in the north and Kansas in the south. If passed, it would repeal the Missouri Compromise and establish popular sovereignty for both territories. The results include the repealing of the Missouri Compromise and the eventual conflict known as Bleeding Kansas.
What was dangerous about being a part of the Underground Railroad?
If you were caught you could be hanged or much worse.
What is the home rule?
Illustrates the idea of a state government running without federal intervention.
When did Lincoln win the presidency?
In 1860.
The Gettysburg Address.
In November 1863, a ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg. Abraham Lincoln spoke for a little more than two minutes. According to the historian Garry Wills, Lincoln's Gettysburg Address "remade America." Before the war, people said, "The United States are." After Lincoln's speech, they said, "The United States is."
Write a sentence explaining the connection of popular sovereignty to the growing conflict in the 1850s.
In the 1850's one man in particular pushed the idea of popular sovereignty. That man was Stephen A. Douglas. This idea contributed to the growing conflict by repealing the Missouri Compromise, increasing tensions between the North and the South, and contributing to Bleeding Kansas.
Write a sentence explaining the connection of Fugitive Slave Act to the growing conflict in the 1850s.
In the 1850's the Fugitive Slave Act caused controversy between Northerners and Southerners. Southerners supported this law completely because they were able to get their slaves back if they escaped to the free North. The North despised these laws and, in turn, passed laws known as personal liberty laws which caused more sectional tension.
When did Lincoln win the presidency?
In the election of 1860.
What are some things that revolutionized warfare?
Ironclad ships, rifles, and minie balls.
What effect did the Dred Scott decision have on slavery?
It (the Supreme Court Case and the decision) repealed the Missouri Compromise and extended the reach of slavery into free territories which shook the entire nation. This also redefined slavery.
Why was David Farragut's victory in April 1862 so important?
It advanced the Union plan to split the Confederacy along the Mississippi River.
How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act repeal the Missouri Compromise?
It allowed Kansas to decide whether it wanted to be a free state or a slave state even though it was above the line stated in the Missouri Compromise.
How was conscription unfair to different people?
It allowed men to buy their way out therefore allowing each person a different advantage or disadvantage based on their socioeconomic status.
What economic changes did it bring?
It allowed the National Bank Act of 1863 to go into effect.
How did agriculture and slavery in the South affect its economy?
It allowed the South to rely heavily upon staple crops such as cotton.
What political changes did it bring?
It allowed the federal government to assume supreme national authority.
What was the result of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
It allowed the territories to have popular sovereignty and (eventually) led to the violence known as Bleeding Kansas.
How did industry and immigration affect the growth of Northern cities?
It allowed them to mature and grow exponentially in population almost overnight.
How did the war improve the North's economy?
It caused most industries, excluding those of cotton textiles to boom, creating Northern economic growth.
New weapons lead to what changes in military strategies?
It changed warfare from mass infantry attacks to soldiers fighting in trenches or from behind barracks.
How did the Wilmont Proviso affect California?
It closed California (as well as Utah and New Mexico) to slavery forever. It was proposed as an amendment but never passed.
What happened to Confederacy morale?
It deteriorated.
How did medicine during the Civil War hurt, not help, soldiers?
It did not hurt soldiers—it only helped them.
What does the Emancipation Proclamation do?
It freed slaves behind Confederate line.
Why was the Emancipation Proclamation not effective?
It freed slaves which were under Confederate control. This was not effective because it freed slaves not under Union control.
How did the Emancipation Proclamation help the Union's military?
It gave them a high morale by turning the struggle into a fight to free slaves.
Who was the Republican who became president in 1876 through a deal between party leaders?
Rutherford B. Hayes.
What did John Wilkes Booth say when he shot Lincoln?
It is debated what he actually said. It is between, "Thus be it ever to tyrants," or " The South is avenged."
How long did Gettysburg last and how much of the Confederate army was dead/wounded?
It lasted 3 days and approximately 28,000 Confederates were killed or wounded.
How did the fighting at Gettysburg hinder General Lee?
It made it so General Lee would never again possess sufficient forces to invade a Northern state.
How did slaves' resistance in the South worsen the treatment of slaves?
It made slave owners tighten patrols and begin to spread rumors about how Union soldiers abused slaves.
In what way did the war change the nation?
It politically, economically, technologically, and socially changed the United States.
How did Uncle Tom's Cabin help abolitionists?
It portrayed not just a political contest, it also portrayed a great moral struggle and allowed their fervent protest of slavery and supporters of abolitionists to grow.
What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act do?
It repealed the Missouri Compromise.
What did the 13th amendment do?
It said, "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States."
What did the National Bank Act do?
It set up a system of federally chartered bank, set requirements for loans, and provided banks be inspected.
What was an important result of Buchanan's defeat of Fremont in the 1856 presidential election?
It temporarily stopped the controversy over slavery because Buchanan was a national candidate and he had no strong viewpoints or ideals.
Why did the Confederates want control over Fort Sumter?
It was a former Southern fort and, therefore, was needed by the Confederacy to have military and political leadership over their area.
Where did the Republican party come from?
It was a party that stemmed from the Northern Whigs.
What did the "Sack of Lawrence" do?
It was a proslavery attack on antislavery town called Lawrence. On May 21, 1856 800 men burned and destroyed Lawrence based on a supposed court order. It became known as the Sack of Lawrence.
What happened at Bull Run?
It was the first battle and major bloodshed of the Civil War.
What makes Antietam famous?
It was the single bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War.
What happened in the 1856 election?
James Buchanan won the presidency as a democrat and had no real views one way or the other.
These are laws which officially began to segregate southern society.
Jim Crow Laws or Black Codes.
What happened at Harper's Ferry?
John Brown attempted to steal weapons from this arsenal to fight against slavery and to free slaves from their masters. He was thwarted by General Lee.
Write a sentence explaining the connection of John Brown to the growing conflict in the 1850s.
John Brown contributed to the growing conflict in the 1850's by leading an attack (The Pottawatomie Massacre) on proslavery people and, therefore, led to Bleeding Kansas.
What happened at Pottawatomie Creek?
John Brown got revenge by killing five proslavery men in an attack that became known as the Pottawatomie Massacre.
What happened that became known as the "Pottawatomie Massacre"?
John Brown was high upset over the "Sack of Lawrence" and under the impression five antislavery supporters had been killed. As an abolitionist himself, he took it upon himself to attack and kill five proslavery men with a sword.
He was an extreme abolitionist who tried to arm slaves.
John Brown.
What person reignited passions about the issue of slavery?
John Brown.
Name the man who assassinated Lincoln.
John Wilkes Booth.
Name a famous charge of Confederate troops on the last day of that battle.
Pickett's Charge.
This group began to intimidate former slaves and deny them their rights.
Ku Klux Klan (KKK).
Fugitive Slave Act
Law that provided for harsh treatment for escaped slaves and for those who helped them.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Law that split Nebraska into the territories of Nebraska and Kansas and allowed for popular sovereignty.
What are personal liberty laws?
Laws in nine Northern states that nullified the Fugitive Slave Act in those areas.
Personal liberty laws
Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves.
What was Lee's mistake on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg that cost them the battle?
Lee insisted that his men press forward which costed them the battle.
Describe Lincoln's original plan for Reconstruction which Johnson largely followed.
Lenient.
Chapter 11.5 Summary "The Legacy of the War
Main Idea: The Civil War settled long-standing disputes over states' rights and slavery. Why It Matters Now: The federal government established supreme authority, and no state has threatened secession since. Key Terms: National Bank Act, Thirteenth Amendment, Red Cross, John Wilkes Booth.
Know-Nothing Party, Free-Soil Party, and Republican Party
Political party formed to oppose extending slavery in the territories.
Explain Lincoln's view on slavery.
Lincoln believed that all men should be set free but his official duty was stated: "My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery."
How did Lincoln deal with dissent in the Union? Did he have the right to do this?
Lincoln dealt forcefully with disloyalty by suspending the Writ of Habeus Corpus. Lawfully, he did no have the right to do this yet him doing this was effective and beneficial.
What makes the Gettysburg Address so famous?
Lincoln remade America with his short, direct, and powerful Gettysburg Address.
Chapter 10.1 Summary "The Divisive Politics of Slavery"
Main Idea: The issue of slavery dominated U.S. politics in the early 1850s. Why It Matters Now: U.S. society continues to be challenged by issues of fairness, equality, race, and class. Key Terms: Wilmot Proviso, secession, Compromise of 1850, popular sovereignty, Stephen A. Douglas, Millard Fillmore
How did Lincoln and Douglas distort each other's positions and arguments?
Lincoln tried to make Douglas look like a defender of slavery and of the Dred Scott decision. Douglas accused Lincoln of being an abolitionist and advocating for racial equality.
What made Lincoln being elected so surprising?
Lincoln wasn't even supposed to be the Republican candidate so when he was elected, the people (especially the South) were in shock.
Summarize Lincoln's position on slavery in 1858.
Lincoln, like many Free-Soilers, believed that slavery was immoral—a labor system based on greed.
Harper's Ferry
Location of federal arsenal that John Brown raided to get guns to arm slaves.
Chapter 10.4 Summary "Slavery and Secession"
Main Idea: A series of controversial events heightened the sectional conflict that brought the nation to the brink of war. Why It Matters Now: Secession created deep divisions in American society that persist to the present time. Key Terms: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney, Abraham Lincoln, Freeport Doctrine, Harpers Ferry, Confederacy, Jefferson Davis.
Chapter 11.2 Summary "The Politics of War"
Main Idea: By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln made slavery the focus of the war. Why It Matters Now: The Proclamation was a first step toward improving the status of African Americans. Key Terms: Emancipation Proclamation, habeas corpus, Copperhead, conscription.
Chapter 12.1 Summary "The Politics of Reconstruction"
Main Idea: Congress opposed Lincoln's and Johnson's plans for Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the South. Why It Matters Now: Reconstruction was an important step in African Americans' struggle for civil rights. Key Terms: Andrew Johnson, Reconstruction, Radical Republicans, Thaddeus Stevens, Wade-Davis Bill, Freedmen's Bureau, black codes, Fourteenth Amendment, impeach, Fifteenth Amendment.
Chapter 10.3 Summary "The Birth of the Republican Party"
Main Idea: In the mid-1850s, the issue of slavery and other factors split political parties and led to the birth of new ones. Why It Matters Now: The Republican and Democratic parties remain the major political forces in the United States today. Key Terms: Franklin Pierce, nativism, Know-Nothing Party, Free-Soil Party, Republican Party, Horace Greeley, John C. Frémont, James Buchanan.
Chapter 11.4 Summary "The North Takes Charge"
Main Idea: Key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg helped the Union wear down the Confederacy. Why It Matters Now: These victories clinched the North's win and led to the preservation of the Union. Key Terms: Gettysburg, Chancellorsville, Vicksburg, Gettysburg Address, William Tecumseh Sherman, Appomattox Court House
Chapter 10.2 Summary "Protest, Resistance, and Violence"
Main Idea: Proslavery and antislavery factions disagreed over the treatment of fugitive slaves and the spread of slavery to the territories. Why It Matters Now: The antislavery leaders became role models for leaders of civil rights movements in the 20th century. Key Terms: Fugitive Slave Act, personal liberty laws, Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin, Kansas-Nebraska Act, John Brown, Bleeding Kansas.
Chapter 12.3 Summary "The Collapse of Reconstruction"
Main Idea: Southern opposition to Radical Reconstruction, along with economic problems in the North, ended Reconstruction. Why It Matters Now: The failure of Congress and the Supreme Court to protect the rights of African Americans during Reconstruction delayed blacks' achievement of full civil rights by over a century. Key Terms: Ku Klux Klan (KKK), panic of 1873, redemption, Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden, Compromise of 1877, home rule.
Chapter 11.3 Summary "Life During Wartime"
Main Idea: The Civil War brought about dramatic social and economic changes in American society. Why It Matters Now: The expansion of roles for African Americans and women set the stage for later equalities of opportunity. Key Terms: Fort Pillow, income tax, Clara Barton, Andersonville.
Who wins the election after a disputed electoral count?
Rutherford B. Hayes.
Chapter 11.1 Summary "The Civil War Begins"
Main Idea: The secession of Southern states caused the North and the South to take up arms. Why It Matters Now: The nation's identity was forged in part by the Civil War. Key Terms: Fort Sumter, Anaconda plan, Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson, George McClellan, Ulysses S. Grant, Shiloh, David G. Farragut, Monitor, Merrimack, Robert E. Lee, Antietam.
Chapter 12.2 Summary "Reconstructing Society"
Main Idea: Various groups contributed to the rebuilding of Southern society after the war. Why It Matters Now: Many African-American institutions, including colleges and churches, were established during Reconstruction. Key Terms: scalawag, carpetbagger, Hiram Revels, sharecropping, tenant farming.
What conflicts came from differences between the North and the South?
Many conflicts came over the fundamental, societal, and economic difference between the North and the South. It began as arguments in Congressional chambers and eventually led to the Civil War.
Describe a soldier's life behind the lines.
Many soldiers lived in utter filth—they didn't have garbage disposals or laboratories. Most didn't bathe regularly causing body lice, dysentery, and diarrhea to be common. Also, rations were far from appealing.
Who were members of the Know-Nothing Party? Where did their name come from?
Members of the Know-Nothing Party were also members of the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner. The name came from their answer to any questions about their activities which was, "I know nothing."
What were conscriptions?
Military drafts.
Write a sentence explaining the connection of nativism to the growing conflict in the 1850s.
Nativism contributed to the growing conflict in the 1850's by increasing the divide and sectionalism between people in different regions of the nation who had differing beliefs.
This is the term for someone who supports native born persons while discriminating against immigrants.
Nativist.
Horace Greeley
Newspaper editor who strongly supported the newly-formed government and founded the Republican Party.
Bleeding Kansas
Nickname given to the Kansas Territory because of the bloody violence there.
What is the 15th Amendment?
No one can be kept from voting because of race, color, or former enslavement.
Who supported the Wilmont Proviso?
Northerners and Millard Fillmore (the 13th president who was arguably the most useless president ever).
Who were the Free-Soilers?
Northerners who were not abolitionists. Free-Soilers supported laws prohibiting black settlement in their communities and denying blacks the right to vote. Free-Soilers objected to slavery's impact on free white workers.
Who was Horace Greeley?
One of the founders of the Republican Party.
Who is Horace Greeley?
One of the founders of the new Republican Party which was formally organized in Jackson, Michigan on July 6, 1854.
Who is Harriett Tubman?
One of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad.
Discuss the impacts Harriet Tubman and Harriet Beecher Stowe had on antislavery attitudes in the North. (pages 310-317)
One of the most famous conductors was Harriet Tubman, born a slave in 1820 or 1821. Her antislavery attitude affected the North and made them more aware of the affects of slavery on Southern slaves. Harriet Beecher Stowe affected attitudes in the North with her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. This novel contributed to the rage of people in the North over slavery.
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Origins of the case: Dred Scott's slave master had brought him from the slave state of Missouri to live for a time in free territory and in the free state of Illinois. Eventually they returned to Missouri. Scott believed that because he had lived in free territory, he should be free. In 1854 he sued in federal court for his freedom. The court ruled against him, and he appealed to the Supreme Court. The ruling: The Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not and could never be citizens. Thus, Dred Scott had no right even to file a lawsuit and remained enslaved. Legal reasoning: The Court's decision, based primarily on Chief Justice Roger Taney's written opinion, made two key findings. First, it held that because Scott was a slave, he was not a citizen and had no right to sue in a United States court. He also said that by banning slavery, Congress was, in effect, taking away property. Such an action, he wrote, violated the Fifth Amendment, which guarantees the right not to be deprived of property without due process of law (such as a hearing). Thus, all congressional efforts to ban slavery in the territories were prohibited. Legal sources: U.S. CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE 4, SECTION 2 (1789), U.S. CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE 4, SECTION 3 (1789), U.S. CONSTITUTION, FIFTH AMENDMENT (1791). Related cases: ABLEMAN v. BOOTH (1858) The Court decided that the Fugitive Slave Act was constitutional and that laws passed in Northern states that prohibited the return of fugitive slaves were unconstitutional. Why it mattered: Taney's opinion in Dred Scott had far-reaching consequences. Legally, the opinion greatly expanded the reach of slavery. Politically, it heightened the sectional tensions that would lead to the Civil War. Historical impact: It took four years of bitter civil war to find out if Taney's opinion would stand as the law of the land. It would not. Immediately after the Civil War, the federal government moved to abolish slavery and nullify the Dred Scott ruling.
What new political parties emerge?
Parties such as the Nativists, the Know-Nothings, the American Party, the Free-Soilers, and the Republican Party.
During Reconstruction, what did not increase in the South?
Per capita income.
Abraham Lincoln
President during the Civil War.
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of America.
Name the outstanding commander of southern forces in Virginia.
Robert E. Lee.
What is the 14th Amendment?
Provided a constitutional basis for the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
Name the group of people who wanted harsher punishment for the South.
Radical Republicans.
What type of plan did Lincoln have for the nation after the war?
Reconstruction.
What was the name of he plan that Lincoln had developed for the nation to follow?
Reconstruction.
This term describes the reality of the south being once again controlled by a white society while blacks were denied their rights.
Redeemers.
John C. Fremont
Republican candidate in the 1856 presidential election.
What was the result of the agreement that let the Republican candidate win?
Republican leaders agreed to these demands, and Hayes was peacefully inaugurated. The acceptance of this compromise meant the end of Reconstruction in the South.
Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1876 that won the popular vote but lost the election?
Samuel J. Tilden.
During Reconstruction, which group of Americans living in the South tended to support the Democratic Party?
Scalawags.
These are southerners who supported the Union plans for Reconstruction.
Scalawags.
Underground Railroad
Secret network of people who hid fugitive slaves who went north to freedom.
Stephen A. Douglas
Senator of Illinois who worked to pass the Compromise of 1850.
This is when a person gives up part of the harvest to pay for the land they are farming.
Sharecropping.
Describe sharecropping and tenant farming.
Sharecropping: a system in which landowners give farm workers land, seed, and tools in return for a part of the crops they raise. Tenant Farming: a system in which farm workers supply their own tools and rent farmland for cash.
Clara Barton founded what? Why?
She founded the American Red Cross. Because the horrors she witnessed during the war, she wished to dedicate her life to helping others.
What makes Harriet Tubman the most famous "conductor"?
She made 19 trips from the North to the South and help more than 200 slaves escape to freedom.
What was Clara Barton's role in the Civil War?
She was a nurse on the battlefield.
What was Harriet Tubman's role in the Underground Railroad?
She was one of the most famous conductors.
Describe Sherman's March to the Sea.
Sherman decided to abandon his supply lines after the Confederates surrounded him in an attempt to cut off his supply line. In his "March to the Sea" Sherman created a wide path of destruction.
What was the Compromise of 1877? What did it end?
Signaled the end of the Reconstruction.
Dred Scott
Slave who was briefly taken by his owner into free territory.
Which states originally formed the Confederacy?
South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
Which southern state was the first to secede from the Union?
South Carolina.
Which southern state was the first to secede?
South Carolina.
Describe the platform of the Republican Party.
The Republican Party was united in opposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act and in keeping slavery out of the territories.
Why did Southerners dislike the Wilmont Proviso?
Southerners believed slaves were property and that property was protected by the Constitution. Therefore, the Wilmont Proviso undermined the fifth amendment and Constitutional protection of such rights.
How did California's statehood make the South question staying in the Union?
Southerners felt California's statehood was a move to block slavery and an attack on Southern lifestyle.
After the Civil War, why did new Republican government in the South have difficulty?
Southerners refused to accept the equal rights for Blacks.
What is "redemption" as it was defined near the end of Reconstruction?
Southerners who take back the South.
This is when a person pays rent in order to farm a piece of land.
Tenant farming.
Compare and contrast Abraham Lincoln's and Stephen A. Douglas's views about slavery in the territories. (pages 324-331)
Stephen A Douglas believed in popular sovereignty. Abraham Lincoln believed in slavery being kept from free areas.
Name the famous debaters in the 1858 Illinois Senate race.
Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln.
Write a sentence explaining the connection of Stephen A. Douglas to the growing conflict in the 1850s.
Stephen A. Douglas contributed to the growing conflict in the 1850's by pushing his idea of popular sovereignty to all the people of the United States and, in turn, increasing the violence and sectionalism in the Union.
What were the terms of this compromise? Who supported it and who opposed it?
Terms: California's admission to the Union as a free state; strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Act: allowed New Mexico and Utah popular sovereignty; settled a border dispute between New Mexico and Texas by paying Texas $10 million. Who supported it and who was against it: Each section supported the law for their own reason. The North supported California's admission as a free state. The South supported the strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Act. Both supported the last two points.
Who was the House Representative who was the leader of the Radical Republicans?
Thaddeus Stevens.
Who was the congressional leader of the Radical Republicans?
Thaddeus Stevens.
The events of Forts Henry and Donelson proved what about Ulysses S. Grant?
That he was a brave, tough, and decisive military leader despite his other shortcomings.
Which amendment gives all the powers not given to the federal government to the states?
The 10th Amendment.
Millard Fillmore
The 13 President of the United States; there isn't much about him; he supported the compromise.
What abolished slavery in the North?
The 13th Amendment.
Which amendment bans slavery?
The 13th Amendment.
James Buchanan
The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South.
Write a sentence explaining the connection of secession to the growing conflict in the 1850s.
The 1850's was a time marred with political and societal debates over the constitutionality and morality of slavery. Secession was bound to take place as the 1850's progressed and the gap between abolitionists and proslavery supporters was ever widening.
What party/parties does nativism have roots in?
The American Party and the Know-Nothing Party.
This was a small political party with the major platform of restricting immigration.
The American Party, The Nativists, or The Know-Nothing Party.
What is considered the turning point in the Civil War?
The Battle of Gettysburg is considered the turning point because Lee lost many men, morale went down, and it made the South give up the idea of invading the North.
Which battle was the turning point of the war?
The Battle of Gettysburg.
General Grant won what in the Mississippi?
The Battle of Vicksburg.
How did the war change regional economies?
The Civil War expanded the North's economy while shattering that of the South.
Write a sentence explaining the connection of Compromise of 1850 to the growing conflict in the 1850s.
The Compromise of 1850 was an attempt of keeping the Union intact as the disagreements over slavery swirled around the nation. The growing conflict was only slightly held back when this compromise became a law.
Henry Clay created Clay's Compromise, also called?
The Compromise of 1850.
Which side had better military leadership?
The Confederacy (South).
Which side needed European interference?
The Confederacy (South).
In which areas did the South have an advantage over the North in the Civil War?
The Confederacy likewise enjoyed some advantages, notably "King Cotton" (and the profits it earned on the world market), first-rate generals, a strong military tradition, and soldiers who were highly motivated because they were defending their homeland.
Name the government eventually formed by the seceded southern states.
The Confederacy or the Confederate States of America.
What is the Confederacy?
The Confederate States of America formed out of all the secessionist states who left the Union and formed their own government.
How was the election of 1860 split?
The Democrats were split over the issue of slavery. Northern Democrats backed Stephen A. Douglas and his doctrine of popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats backed John C. Breckinridge. Former Know-Nothings and Whigs from the South, along with moderate Northerners, ignored slavery altogether.
Describe the Republican Convention.
The Republican Convention took place in the ever-growing city of Chicago in an 18,000-square-foot wooden meeting center.
Name the first real battle of the war.
The First Battle of Bull Run (also known as the First Battle Manassass as the name used by Confederates).
Name the political party that formed to oppose the growth of slavery.
The Free-Soil Party and the Republican Party.
What important law was overturned by that case?
The MIssouri Compromise.
What important law was overturned by this case?
The Missouri Compromise.
What are some of the political problems both sides faced?
The North had Confederacy sympathizers and the South had Union sympathizers. Such divided loyalty divided each area.
Describe the economic differences between the North and the South in the 1850s. (pages 304-309)
The North industrialized rapidly as factories turned out ever-increasing amounts of products, from textiles and sewing machines to farm equipment and guns. Railroads—with more than 20,000 miles of track laid during the 1850s—carried raw materials eastward and manufactured goods and settlers westward. Small towns like Chicago matured into cities almost overnight, due to the sheer volume of goods and people arriving by railroad. Immigrants from Europe entered the industrial workplace in growing numbers. Unlike the North, the South remained a predominantly rural society, consisting mostly of plantations and small farms. The Southern economy relied on staple crops such as cotton. Though one-third of the nation's population lived in the South in 1850, the South pro- duced under 10 percent of the nation's manufactured goods.
Which side had more resources?
The North.
Who was Jefferson Davis?
The President of the Confederacy; from Mississippi.
Name the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation.
The Proclamation did not free any slaves immediately because it applied only to areas behind Confederate lines, outside Union control. Since the Proclamation was a military action aimed at the states in rebellion, it did not apply to Southern territory already occupied by Union troops nor to the slave states that had not seceded.
What did the Compromise of 1850 pertain to?
The controversy between slave and free states growing out the subject of slavery.
Summarize the results of the election of 1856. (pages 318-321)
The Republicans chose John C. Frémont, the famed "Pathfinder" who had mapped the Oregon Trail and led U.S. troops into California during the war with Mexico, as their candidate in 1856. The Democrats nominated James Buchanan of Pennsylvania. Although he was a Northerner, most of his Washington friends were Southerners. Furthermore, as minister to Great Britain he had been out of the country during the disputes over the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. Thus, he had antagonized neither the North nor the South. Buchanan was the only truly national candidate. Buchanan was the clear winner from the beginning.
How did the Trent Affair threaten Britain's neutrality?
The Trent Affair was when the Confederacy sent two diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell, in a second attempt to gain support from Britain and France. They traveled aboard the Trent which caused Britain to threaten war with the Union.
What events happened before Gettysburg?
The Union defeat at the Battle of Chancellorsville and Stonewall Jackson was killed 2 days after this battle by his own troops.
What were the costs of the war on both sides?
The Union had 360,000 deaths and 275,000 wounded. The Confederacy had 260,000 deaths and 225,000 wounded. Overall, 2,400,000 men served and the total cost of the war was $3.3 billion.
What was the difference between the Union and the Confederate strategies?
The Union, which had to conquer the South to win, devised a three-part plan known as the Anaconda Plan. Because the Confederacy's goal was its own survival as a nation, its strategy was mostly defensive.
Which side seemed to take control of the Western front?
The Union.
How did slavery divide the Whigs? What were the repercussions of the division?
The Whigs were divided over the issue of slavery. The Northern Whigs were against slavery while the Southern Whigs, along with moderate Northern Whigs, supported it. This division lead to their eventual undoing.
Explain how these key events fueled secession: Wilmot Proviso of 1846, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, Election of 1860.
The Wilmont Proviso of 1846 fueled secession because it was going to ban slavery in all new areas admitted to the Union; it was not ever passed in the Senate but was passed twice in the House of Representatives. The Compromise of 1850 fueled secession by allowing people causing sectionalism to be more severe in the North and the South. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 fueled secession because it led to Bleeding Kansas. The Election of 1860 led to secession because Abraham Lincoln was elected as an antislavery figure and the South believed he would abolish slavery and attack their way of life.
What addressed slavery in newer territories?
The Wilmont Proviso.
What were some new freedoms brought with the war?
The abolition of slavery.
The victory of Chancellorsville led to what accident?
The accidental killing of Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson by his own troops.
Who did Grant and Sherman's strategy of total war target?
The civilian population of the South and the Confederate Army.
What caused violence in Kansas? What nickname came from this violence?
The dispute among the people over whether to be a free state or a slave state. It is known as "Bleeding Kansas."
What started draft riots?
The draft drawing of 1863 in New York City.
What finally caused the South's succession?
The election of Abraham Lincoln to U.S. Presidential office.
What does it mean to emancipate someone or something?
The fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation.
What does navitist mean?
The favoring of native-born Americans over immigrants.
What is nativism?
The favoring of native-born Americans over immigrants.
What is secession?
The formal withdrawal of a state from the Union.
What is popular sovereignty?
The idea during the antebellum period that it was the right of residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery in their state.
Popular Sovereignty
The idea that a people living in a territory have the right to make their own decisions on issues; especially about slavery.
Who did the Radical Republicans believe should be in charge of Reconstruction policy?
The legislative branch of the federal government.
Describe the topic of the Lincoln-Douglas debates.
The main topic of their debates were on the issue of slavery in the territories.
How did this situation create a dilemma for Lincoln?
The news presented the President with a dilemma. If Lincoln ordered the navy to shoot and reinforce the fort, he would be responsible for starting hostilities. If Lincoln ordered the fort be evacuated, he would be treating the Confederacy as a legitimate nation. Such actions would anger the Republican Party, weaken his administration, and endanger the Union.
What opportunities were available after the war?
The opportunities existed to choose new paths for life.
What parts of the Fugitive Slave Act made Fredrick Douglass say slaves had less rights that a donkey?
The part that deliberately went against the sixth amendment: no trial by jury, no testament on their own behalf.
What conditions did the prisons have?
The prisoners had no shelter, they drank from the sewer, and they lacked food. These were very poor conditions.
What things in the Constitution shaped the Confederacy?
The similarities between the U.S. Constitution were great. The only notable difference was the protection and recognition of slavery.
What was the Anaconda Plan?
The three-part plan devised by the North to defeat the South.
What advantage did ironclad ships have over wooden ships?
These types of ships could splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon fire, and resist burning.
What is the Free-Soil Party and who was a member?
They believed in prohibiting a colored person's rights while objecting to slavery's impact on the free workforce.
What happened between the Merrimack and the Monitor?
They exchanged fire.
Why did the South want to suceed?
They felt that slavery was a right protected and upheld by the U.S. Constitution and that the North was trying to deny them their rights and their freedom.
How did personal liberty laws "override" the Fugitive Slave Act?
They forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves employing the usage of Personal Liberty Laws which nullified the Fugitive Slave Act in nine Northern states. It guaranteed them jury trials which were dragged out as an expense to the slave owners.
Why were "Copperheads" arrested?
They promoted the concept of making peace with the Confederacy and were dissenters against the Union government.
Despite enlisting, African American soldiers were still discriminated against. What were some ways they were discriminated against?
They served in separate regiments commanded by white officers. They could not rise to the rank of captain. They only earned $10 a month with no clothing allowance while whites earned $13 a month plus a $3.50 clothing allowance.
What happened to soldiers on both sides?
They suffered heavy casualties, poor living conditions, diet, and medical care.
Why did soldiers originally travel to Gettysburg?
They traveled there to obtain footwear from a supplier.
What caused the tension in Kansas and Nebraska?
They were given popular sovereignty and the choice whether to be a free or slave state.
What were the requirements of former Confederate states under the Reconstruction Act of 1867?
They would be divided into military districts headed by Union Generals, they had to ratify the 14th Amendment to be readmitted, and all African Americans families would get 40 acres and a mule.
Which Southern General was accidentally killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville?
Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson.
Why did McClellan head to Richmond?
To attempt to take the capital after Lincoln pointed out his cautiousness which costed them in the war.
Why did Grant appoint Sherman?
To be in charge as commander of the military division of the Mississippi.
What was the stated aim of the Emancipation Proclamation?
To free slaves behind Confederate lines.
What was Lincoln's main goal in the war?
To restore the Union.
When the Civil War began, what was Abraham Lincoln's main goal?
To restore the Union.
What was David G. Farragut's assignment on the Mississippi?
To seize New Orleans, the Confederacy's largest city and busiest port.
Why did the federal government eventually send troops into the South?
To to limit violence and voter intimidation against African Americans.
Who became President after Johnson finished Lincoln's term and served two scandal-filled terms?
Ulysses S. Grant.
Who was elected president after the failed impeachment?
Ulysses S. Grant.
Who was the president whose administration was plagued with scandal?
Ulysses S. Grant.
Name the book that tried to depict the evils of slavery.
Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Because it was one of only two Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking complete control of the Mississippi River, Grant focused on capturing this place.
Vicksburg.
Which city was the last Confederate hold on the Mississippi River?
Vicksburg.
Who was Franklin Pierce?
Was the 14th President of the United States. He was a democrat and was elected in 1852.
In the calm before the storm, what were most people afraid of?
What would happen next: Would any other state secede?, How would Lincoln react?, Would this lead to a Civil War?
Why did African Americans enlist in the army?
When enlistment was opened to African Americans, some felt it was their duty as freed slaves to fight for the freedom of other African Americans.
What caused Confederates to fire on Fort Sumter?
When seceded states formed the Confederacy they began taking over federal installation in their former states—courthouses, post offices, and especially forts. Only two Southern forts remained in the control of the Union and the most important was South Carolina's Fort Sumter. This caused the Confederacy to fire on the fort in an attempt to gain the fort.
Lincoln became a Republican after leaving which party?
Whig.
Who was the Union General who promised freed slaves who followed his army "40 acres and a mule"?
William T. Sherman.
How did the Dred Scott decision affect the United States?
it intensified the slave debate in the United States. Taney's opinion in Dred Scott had far-reaching consequences. Legally, the opinion greatly expanded the reach of slavery. Politically, it heightened the sectional tensions that would lead to the Civil War.