PSY 200 Test 3 CH.'s 9-12

Approximately________ percent of people who die by suicide are estimated to have a diagnosable psychological disorder

90

Behavior that is deviant maladaptive or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time

Abnormal behavior

Leading architect of the humanistic movement. Is also known for developing a hierarchy of needs to explain motivation.

Abraham Maslow

Love that occurs when an individual has a deep caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near

Affectionate love or companionate love

Social behavior issues objective is to harm someone either physically or verbally

Aggression

Related to generosity and altruism

Agreeableness

The personality trait, most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors. Period is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.

Agreeableness

Which of the following is widely recognized as a pioneer who brought attention to sexual behavior?

Alfred Kinsey

Giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it occurs a cost to oneself

Altruism

Alyssa wins a lottery. According to the concept of the hedonic treadmill

Alyssa will experience a short term high from her win, but her happiness will eventually return back to its set point

Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of conscientiousness

Anne, who studied hard and retook the SAT to improve her score

Psychological disorder, characterized by guiltless, lawbreaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit

Antisocial personality disorder ASPD

Disabling psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity and apprehensive expectations and thoughts. Involve fears that are uncontrollable disproportionate to the actual danger. The person might be in and disruptive of ordinary life.

Anxiety disorders

Theories of the origins of specific phobia rely largely on

Associative learning

One of the most common psychological disorders of childhood in which individual show one or more of the following in attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior

Attribution theory

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

Mood disorder, characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania and overexcited unrealistic, optimistic state

Bipolar disorder

Psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability and interpersonal relationships, self image and emotions, and of marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of context

Borderline personality disorder BPD

Key figure in the development of humanistic psychology. His groundbreaking work establish the foundations for more contemporary studies of personal growth and self determination.

Carl Rogers

A state of immobility and unresponsiveness that last for long periods of time

Catatonia

Mischel's theoretical model for describing that individuals thoughts and emotions about themselves in the world, affect their behavior and become linked in ways that matter to that behavior

Cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS)

The psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts

Cognitive dissonance

Means that a person has two or more disorders at the same time

Comorbidity

The standards we must live up to an order to receive positive regard from others

Conditions of worth

A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

Conformity

A key predictor of positive outcomes in a variety of life domains

Conscientiousness

One of the ways people people resist persuasion is through

Counter arguing

This quality of traits suggest that a person should behave consistently indifferent sit sit situations

Cross situational consistency

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group

Deindividuation

Putting off a pleasurable experience in the interest of some larger but later reward

Delay of gratification

Hypothesis that states that people with ADHD have brains that develop more slowly than typically developing individuals, especially with regard to the prefrontal cortex

Delayed maturation hypothesis

False, unusual and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individuals culture

Delusions

New disorders in which the individual suffers from depression

Depressive disorders

An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group

Discrimination

The psychological states in which the person feels disconnected from immediate experience

Dissociation

Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress

Dissociative amnesia

Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change and identity due to dissociation of the individuals, conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts

Dissociative disorders

Formally called multiple personality disorder, a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships

Dissociative identity disorder DID

Technique that involves making the biggest pitch first which the customer probably will reject, and then making a smaller concessionary demand

Door in the face technique

Characterized by extreme disturbances and eating behavior

Eating disorders

Helping another person for personal gains such as to feel good or avoid guilt

Egoism

Theory identifying two ways to persuade. A central route and a peripheral route.

Elaboration likelihood model

A persons feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another

Empathy

A type of self report test that is created by first identifying two groups that are known to be different on the variable one wants to measure. One way to get around social desirability.

Empirically keyed test

The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups

Ethnocentrism

The method that social psychologist use the most

Experimental methods

A person's conscious and openly shared attitude

Explicit racism

People high in this personality tray are more likely than others to engage in social activities

Extraversion

The extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring

Face validity

A statistical procedure that allows researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated. Tells us which items on a scale people are responding to as if they mean the same thing.

Factor analysis

Observers overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do

False consensus effect

Strategy that involves making a smaller request at the beginning, saving the biggest demand for last

Foot in the door strategy

Observers over estimation of the importance of internal traits in the underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another person behavior

Fundamental attribution error

Imani does a good job because she knows that her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals. Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals. Both do the same kind of work. Who is most likely to perform better

Georgia is most likely to perform better

The solidification and further strengthening of an individual position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction

Group polarization effect

The impaired group decision-making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony

Group think

This perspective is similar to the five factors, but it breaks up agreeableness into two different traits. One of these traits is agreeableness and the other is honesty/humility.

HEXACO model

He developed an approach to extraversion/introversion based on the reticular activation system

Hans Eysenck

A cognitive shortcut that enables us to make decisions rapidly

Heuristic

The tendency to be constantly on the alert, looking for threatening information in the environment. Displayed by people with BPD.

Hyper vigilance

Attitudes that exist on a deeper hidden level

Implicit racism

The influence other people have on us because we want to be right

Informational, social influence

A model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment investment and the availability of attractive, alternative partners, predict satisfaction, and stability in relationships

Investment model

The facial feedback hypothesis provides support for the

James-Lange theory of emotion

An individuals feelings of powerlessness after exposure to adverse of circumstances over which the person has no control

Learned helplessness

This approach reflects the idea that if a trait is important to people in real life, it ought to be represented in the natural language. People use to talk about one another.

Lexical approach

Courtney is a gymnast and is preparing to compete in a very difficult and challenging meet. Her friend and fellow gymnast, Luke, suggests that Courtney relax and take her arousal down a notch to a lower point. However, her coach tried to get her all revved up and excited to compete in the meet. Based on your knowledge of the Yerkes- Dodson Law, what would you advise Courtney to do?

Listen to Luke, relax and reduce her arousal

Psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness for at least two weeks

Major depressive disorder MDD

Every day, subtle and potentially unintentional acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups

Micro aggression

The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self report personality test. It is a tool for employment decisions, and in forensic settings it is used for assessing criminal risk.

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory MMPI

The phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing, even if they do not realize they have seen it before

Mirror exposure effect

Disorders that are diagnosed in childhood and are traced to genetic differences, atypical brain development, or prenatal exposure to substances that adversely affect development

Neuro developmental disorders

Related to feeling negative emotion more often than positive emotion in one daily life and to experiencing more lingering negative states.

Neuroticism

List the Big Five factors of Personality

Neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness

The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us

Normative social influence

Behavior that comply with the explicit demands of an individual in authority

Obedience

Disorder in which the individual has anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away, and or urges to perform repetitive ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation

Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD

Is related to liberal values, open-mindedness tolerance, creativity, and the capacity to experience awe

Openness to experience

Disorder associated with decreased volume in the hippocampus, the brain structure most associated with integrating memories

PTSD

Feeling like you are similar to your partner, even if you are not

Perceived similarity

People who experience less extreme depressive mood for more than two months may be diagnosed with

Persistent depressive disorder

Refers to the process by which we form impressions of others

Person perception

The 3 components of emotions are

Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, ad conscious experience

Favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality

Positive illusions

A brain area associated with understanding, other peoples beliefs, and with empathy

Posterior cingulate cortex

An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individuals membership in a group

Prejudice

A personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and ask them to describe it or tell a story about it to project their own meaning onto the stimulus

Projective test

Approach that emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics, and explaining psychological disorders

Psychological approach

A state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality

Psychosis

A non-medical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems

Psychotherapy

Giving personal meaning to completely random events

Referential thinking

A theory proposed by Jeffrey Gray, identifying two biological systems linked to learning associations between behaviors and rewards or punishers. The behavioral activation system is sensitive to learning about rewards. The behavioral inhibition system is sensitive to learning about punishers.

Reinforcement sensitivity theory

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities, such as gossiping and spreading rumors

Relational aggression

Is located in the brainstem and plays a role in wakefulness and arousal

Reticular formation

Characteristics experiences or exposure that increase the likelihood that a person will develop a psychological disorder

Risk factor

Love was strong components of sexuality and infatuation often predominant in the early part of a love relationship

Romantic love or passionate love

Disorder characterized by enlarged ventricles in the brain, a smaller frontal cortex

Schizophrenia

The belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task

Self efficacy

Social expectations that caused an individual to act in such a way that the expectations are realized

Self fulfilling prophecy

Bems theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make influences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior

Self perception theory

The most commonly used method of measuring personality characteristics which directly asked people whether specific items describe their personality traits

Self report test

Our conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become during childhood

Self-concept

Demonstrates the way that psychologists have tested humanistic ideas that might appear to abstract and difficult to test

Self-determination theory

The degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves

Self-esteem

People with depressive disorder appear to have two few receptors for the neurotransmitters

Serotonin and norepinephrine

The idea that behavior changes considerably from one context to another

Situationism

Neural circuitry involving the thalamus, amygdala and cerebral cortex has been linked to

Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia

Explores how people select interpret remember and use social information. It is the way that we think about social situations and other people.

Social cognition

This perspective on personality emphasizes, conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals

Social cognitive perspective

The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others

Social comparison

Imitative behavior involving the spread of the behavior, emotions and ideas

Social contagion

The view of social relationships, as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize cost and maximize benefits

Social exchange theory

Occurs when an individuals performance improves because of the presence of others

Social facilitation

The scientific study of how people think about influence and relate to other people. Is similar to sociology.

Social psychology

Asserts that social, not evolutionary experiences have led to differences in gender behavior

Social role view of gender

Approach that emphasizes the social context in which a person lives and characteristics, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic, status, family, relationships, and culture

Sociocultural approach

Individuals with BPD tend to see things is either all good or all bad a thinking style called

Splitting

A generalization about a group characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another

Stereotype

An individuals fast acting self fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about their group

Stereotype threat

A persons assessment of their own level of positive affect relative to negative affect and the persons evaluation of their life in general

Subjective well-being

Systems structures and procedures in a society that disadvantage a racial group and privilege another

Systemic racism

The broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality

The big five factors of personality

The tendency of a person to be less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present

The bystander effect

The tendency for the presence of firearms to enhance aggression

The weapons affect

A projective test that is designed to illicit stories that reveal something about an individuals personality

Thematic apperception test

The unusual sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Thought disorder

The crucial unit for understanding personality is the

Trait

According to ________ __________ personality consist of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses

Trait theories

Structures inside a person that caused behavior to be similar even in different situations

Traits

Critics of the conclusion that violent video game exposure leads to aggression point out that acts of aggression studied in the laboratory are not generalizable to real world, criminal violence. True or false.

True

Psychologist used to explain, schizophrenia as rooted and childhood experiences with unresponsive parents. Such explanations have fallen by the wayside true or false.

True

Rogers term for being excepted valued and treated positively regardless of one's behavior

Unconditional positive regard

A theory holding that pre-existing conditions put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder

Vulnerability stress, hypothesis, or diathesis stress model

According to Thomas Joiner's interpersonal theory of suicide, what 2 factors are involved in suicide

a desire to die and the acquired capability for suicide

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and belongingness

after our basic physiological and safety needs are met

Yonatan, a 26-year-old, is a statistician. He spends his free time making clay sculptures as he finds working with clay to be a calming experience. According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, Yonatan is most likely to be fixated at the

anal stage

stage of personality 18 to 36 months

anal stage

2 common archetypes: the passive feminine side the __________; and an assertive masculine side the ________

anima; animus

Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation

anorexia nervosa

Emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people are

archetypes

In the context of the hierarchy of human needs, Abraham Maslow

asserted that each lower need in the hierarchy comes from a deficiency

According to the self-perception theory

behaviors can cause attitudes

Kionna experiences a great deal of anxiety over her physical appearance. She believes that her head is too big and her nose is asymmetrical. This troubling preoccupation with her physical features interferes with Kionna's occupational and social functioning. She spends hours in front of the mirror and isolates herself from her friends. In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) related disorders, Kionna can be most likely diagnosed with

body dysmorphic disorder

________ is an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) related disorder that involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance

body dysmorphic disorder

Eating disorder in which an individual consistently follows a binge and purge eating pattern

bulimia nervosa

Chronic sore throat, kidney problems, dehydration, gastrointestinal problems, and dental problems are complications commonly experienced by individuals who suffer from

bullimia nervosa

the boys intense fear of being mutilated by his father

castration anxiety

Jing is at a workshop where a presenter is trying to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reasoning. After slowly and carefully considering the presenters arguments, Jing finds that this persons idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

central route to persuasion

Daphne feels uneasy when she notices an inconsistency between what she believes and what she does. This best illustrates

cognitive dissonance

According to Jung, the deepest, transpersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the

collective unconscious

Dmitry is short and thin. Although he's not very strong or athletic, he excels in academics and has a great sense of humor. According to Adler, Dmitry's attempts to overcome physical weakness by developing strengths in other areas are an example of

compensation

Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of

conditions of worth

In the context of emotion, thinking about being in love with someone is an example of

conscious experience

According to Freud, the superego

considers whether the id's impulses can be satisfied in acceptable moral terms

According to Freud, the ego

deals with the demands of reality

Tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

defense mechanisms

the most primitive defense mechanism is ___________, in which the ego simply refuses to acknowledge anxiety producing realities

denial

_____ is an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.

depression

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target

displacement

An aroused and uncomfortable physiological state, according to Hull is called a

drive

Self-fulfilling prophecy

effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior

Filip works extremely hard to get a job at LawCorp, a prestigious law firm. He feels that because it is tough to get hired by LawCorp, the firm must be worth it. In the context of cognitive dissonance theory, the scenario best exemplifies

effort justification

_____ refers to rationalizing the amount of work we put into getting something by increasing its value

effort justification

the freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality

ego

Motivated behavior is

energized, directed, and sustained

From the perspective of social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is

equity

parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure giving qualities at particular stages of development

erogenous zones

Microaggressions are______ and________ acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups

everyday; subtle

Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait

extraversion

Your grandma initiates regular get-togethers at her neighborhood community hall. She also believes it's important to experience gratitude and be thankful for the wonderful life she has lived. According to the big five model of personality, grandma would likely score high on which of the following traits

extraversion

Annie's mother pays her $5 for every book she reads. Annie is reading like crazy, not because she loves books, but rather because she enjoys spending her money on candy and toys. Annie is demonstrating _____ motivation.

extrinsic

When a teenager studies specifically to avoid his or her parents' disapproval, then his or her attitude toward studying is most likely a result of

extrinsic motivation

Rewards and punishments, are considered__________; while, goals like autonomy or competence, are considered ______________.

extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation

Your grandmother always said, "Smile and you will be happier." That this is actually true is suggested by which theory regarding emotion?

facial feedback hypothesis

In accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following factors can best explain a persons difficulty in committing to a relationship

financial insecurity

The display of little or no emotion, a common negative symptom of schizophrenia

flat affect

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression

frontal lobes of the brain

You conclude that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently working on a tight-deadline project and is spending 100 hours per week at work. You are demonstrating the

fundamental attribution error

A person who has been experiencing persistent anxiety for the past 6 months and is unable to specify the cause or source of their nervous feelings likely suffers from

generalized anxiety disorder

Starr has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless she cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Starr most likely to be diagnosed with

generalized anxiety disorder

stage of personality adolescence to adulthood

genital stage

When a person hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing

hallucinations

Perspective that stresses conscious awareness and a persons capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities

humanistic perspective

refers to physical symptoms that have no physical cause

hysteria

consists of unconscious drives and is the persons reservoir of sexual energy

id

3 structures of personality that Freud described

id, ego, and superego

In Adler's _______________, people are motivated by purposes and goals thus perfection not pleasure is their key motivator

individual psychology

Rosalie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz Carlton. She's never been served a 10-course meal before, so she's unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Since Rosalie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Rosalie is guided by

informational social influence

Which of the following plays a role in glucose control

insulin

repressed into the unconscious and serves as the foundation for the development of the superego

intense castration anxiety

Manuel and Tariq were recently dumped by their partners. Manuel believes that his boyfriend broke up with him because he was selfish and unhappy, whereas Tariq believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make a commitment at the moment. Manuel is making a(n) ________ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas Tariq is making a(n) ________

internal attribution; external attribution

In the context of the techniques of persuasion, the peripheral route

involves factors such as the attractiveness of the person giving the message

According to the Freudian structures of personality, which of the following statements is true of the superego

it does not consider reality

According to Lyubomirsky, which of the following effects does engaging in altruistic behavior have on ones well being

it increases happiness

In the context of classifying abnormal behavior, which of the following is a criticism of the DSM-5

it treats psychological disorders as if they are medical illnesses

The id is literally the _____, the ego is the _____ and the superego is the __________

it; I; above-I

stage of personality 6 years to puberty

latency period

The______ is involved in stimulation eating

lateral hypothalamus

Edna loves the sweet tea served at McDonald's. Whenever she sees the famous golden arches, she drives right in and orders a cup of sweet tea. This best illustrates the effect of __________ on her eating behavior

learned associations

Which of the following chemical substances decreases food intake and increases metabolism

leptin

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is most associated with aggression

low levels of conscientiousness

Suicide is correlated with which of the following biological factors?

low levels of serotonin

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the leading cause of disability in the US is

major depressive disorder

_________refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels overexcited and unrealistically optimistic

mania

The term_______ refers to emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness, whereas the term_____________ refers to emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest

negative affect; positive affect

According to the five factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality

neuroticism is low in self satisfied individuals

In Freud's view, _____ is the boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother

oedipus complex

stage of personality first 18 months

oral stage

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Which of the following refers to physically or verbally harming another person directly

overt aggression

In a(an)_________, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onset of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause

panic disorder

Freud believed that girls experience castration completed, resulting in _______ ______, the intense desire to obtain a penis by eventually marrying and bearing a son

penis envy

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

personality

Chronic maladaptive cognitive behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individuals personality

personality disorders

stage of personality 3 to 6 years

phallic stage

________ refers to a disorder that develops through exposure to a disturbing or distressing event that overwhelms a person's abilities to cope

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

In the defense mechanism _______, we see in others those impulses that we most fear or despise in ourselves

projection

The idea that unconscious forces influence personality is related to the

psychoanalytic theory

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious

psychodynamic perspectives

Afonso often feels attracted to men. However, he strongly opposes the idea of same-sex relationships among his friends. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Afonso's attitude best illustrates the defense mechanism called

reaction formation

the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism. Pushes unacceptable impulses into the unconscious mind

repression

At the age of 33, Ricky is a senior partner in a law firm. He lives alone in his apartment and does not find the time to socialize. He has a lavish home with an elaborate security system, and he owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life?

rickys need for belongingness is not being met

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as

risky shift

_________ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes

schizophrenia

_______ refers to the tendency to take credit for ones own successes and to deny responsibility for ones own failures

self serving bias

Which of the following is defined as the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being

self-actualization

Andrea, a sales executive, believes that she has the competence to achieve her monthly sales target. In the context of self-determination theory, Andrea best demonstrates ________ in this scenario.

self-efficacy

Setting effective goals to motivate us includes each of the following EXCEPT which?

set goals that are easily accomplished

For Freud, the _____ drive was the most important motivator of all human activity

sexual

Which of the following theories states that the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership is a crucial part of their self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about themselves

social identity theory

Which of the following refers to each persons tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort

social loafing

________ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations

social phobia

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

sometimes occurs during a period of life stress

Alison had sustained severe injuries after being brutally attacked by a mad dog as a child. Following that incident, Alison has been experiencing an overwhelming sense of fear and paralysis every time she sees a dog. The fear is so intense that it keeps Alison from leaving her house. Alison believes that as long as she's inside her house, the chances of encountering a dog are slim. In the context of psychological disorders, Alison is most likely to be diagnosed with

specific phobia

Dequan suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders. His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider. Dequan's fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them. Dequan is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders

specific phobia

Harun has been extremely aggressive since childhood. He pursues a career in boxing, which provides a socially acceptable channel to express his aggression. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism called

sublimation

defense mechanism that involves transforming unconscious impulses into activities that actually benefit society

sublimation

the harsh internal judge of our behavior

superego

The _______ determines what is right and wrong, the _________ determines what is reality, and the ________ determines what would be pleasurable

superego; ego; id

If it is night, we are likely to eat dinner even if we had a heavy lunch. This best illustrates

the effect of learned associations on eating behavior

Self-determination theory has ignited some controversies. An important issue is

the extent to which the three organismic needs are universal

Rob and Deandra are members of a football team. Their self-esteem is greatly affected by their team's performance. They tend to compare their team with that of the opponents in order to improve their self-image. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario

the social identity theory

Which of the following is true of the Rorschach inkblot test

the test does not meet certain criteria of reliability and validity

A client is asked by a therapist to look at a picture and to tell a story that describes what is happening in the picture. The therapist will use the content of the story to make inferences about the clients personality. The client is likely taking the

thematic apperception test

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following is true of self-actualizers

they maintain a capacity for breathtaking moments of spiritual insight

Research has shown that children raised in families with homosexual parents exhibit no more likelihood of developing problems in development than children raised with traditional heterosexual parents. True or False

true

The ventromedial hypothalamus appears related to the initiation of eating behavior, while the lateral hypothalamus appears related to the cessation of eating behavior. True or False

true

Freud strongly suggested that_______ processes influence personality

unconscious