PSY 200 Test 3 CH.'s 9-12
Approximately________ percent of people who die by suicide are estimated to have a diagnosable psychological disorder
90
Behavior that is deviant maladaptive or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time
Abnormal behavior
Leading architect of the humanistic movement. Is also known for developing a hierarchy of needs to explain motivation.
Abraham Maslow
Love that occurs when an individual has a deep caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near
Affectionate love or companionate love
Social behavior issues objective is to harm someone either physically or verbally
Aggression
Related to generosity and altruism
Agreeableness
The personality trait, most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors. Period is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.
Agreeableness
Which of the following is widely recognized as a pioneer who brought attention to sexual behavior?
Alfred Kinsey
Giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it occurs a cost to oneself
Altruism
Alyssa wins a lottery. According to the concept of the hedonic treadmill
Alyssa will experience a short term high from her win, but her happiness will eventually return back to its set point
Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of conscientiousness
Anne, who studied hard and retook the SAT to improve her score
Psychological disorder, characterized by guiltless, lawbreaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit
Antisocial personality disorder ASPD
Disabling psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity and apprehensive expectations and thoughts. Involve fears that are uncontrollable disproportionate to the actual danger. The person might be in and disruptive of ordinary life.
Anxiety disorders
Theories of the origins of specific phobia rely largely on
Associative learning
One of the most common psychological disorders of childhood in which individual show one or more of the following in attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior
Attribution theory
Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating
Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
Mood disorder, characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania and overexcited unrealistic, optimistic state
Bipolar disorder
Psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability and interpersonal relationships, self image and emotions, and of marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of context
Borderline personality disorder BPD
Key figure in the development of humanistic psychology. His groundbreaking work establish the foundations for more contemporary studies of personal growth and self determination.
Carl Rogers
A state of immobility and unresponsiveness that last for long periods of time
Catatonia
Mischel's theoretical model for describing that individuals thoughts and emotions about themselves in the world, affect their behavior and become linked in ways that matter to that behavior
Cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS)
The psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts
Cognitive dissonance
Means that a person has two or more disorders at the same time
Comorbidity
The standards we must live up to an order to receive positive regard from others
Conditions of worth
A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard
Conformity
A key predictor of positive outcomes in a variety of life domains
Conscientiousness
One of the ways people people resist persuasion is through
Counter arguing
This quality of traits suggest that a person should behave consistently indifferent sit sit situations
Cross situational consistency
The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group
Deindividuation
Putting off a pleasurable experience in the interest of some larger but later reward
Delay of gratification
Hypothesis that states that people with ADHD have brains that develop more slowly than typically developing individuals, especially with regard to the prefrontal cortex
Delayed maturation hypothesis
False, unusual and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individuals culture
Delusions
New disorders in which the individual suffers from depression
Depressive disorders
An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group
Discrimination
The psychological states in which the person feels disconnected from immediate experience
Dissociation
Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress
Dissociative amnesia
Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change and identity due to dissociation of the individuals, conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts
Dissociative disorders
Formally called multiple personality disorder, a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships
Dissociative identity disorder DID
Technique that involves making the biggest pitch first which the customer probably will reject, and then making a smaller concessionary demand
Door in the face technique
Characterized by extreme disturbances and eating behavior
Eating disorders
Helping another person for personal gains such as to feel good or avoid guilt
Egoism
Theory identifying two ways to persuade. A central route and a peripheral route.
Elaboration likelihood model
A persons feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another
Empathy
A type of self report test that is created by first identifying two groups that are known to be different on the variable one wants to measure. One way to get around social desirability.
Empirically keyed test
The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups
Ethnocentrism
The method that social psychologist use the most
Experimental methods
A person's conscious and openly shared attitude
Explicit racism
People high in this personality tray are more likely than others to engage in social activities
Extraversion
The extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring
Face validity
A statistical procedure that allows researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated. Tells us which items on a scale people are responding to as if they mean the same thing.
Factor analysis
Observers overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do
False consensus effect
Strategy that involves making a smaller request at the beginning, saving the biggest demand for last
Foot in the door strategy
Observers over estimation of the importance of internal traits in the underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another person behavior
Fundamental attribution error
Imani does a good job because she knows that her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals. Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals. Both do the same kind of work. Who is most likely to perform better
Georgia is most likely to perform better
The solidification and further strengthening of an individual position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction
Group polarization effect
The impaired group decision-making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony
Group think
This perspective is similar to the five factors, but it breaks up agreeableness into two different traits. One of these traits is agreeableness and the other is honesty/humility.
HEXACO model
He developed an approach to extraversion/introversion based on the reticular activation system
Hans Eysenck
A cognitive shortcut that enables us to make decisions rapidly
Heuristic
The tendency to be constantly on the alert, looking for threatening information in the environment. Displayed by people with BPD.
Hyper vigilance
Attitudes that exist on a deeper hidden level
Implicit racism
The influence other people have on us because we want to be right
Informational, social influence
A model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment investment and the availability of attractive, alternative partners, predict satisfaction, and stability in relationships
Investment model
The facial feedback hypothesis provides support for the
James-Lange theory of emotion
An individuals feelings of powerlessness after exposure to adverse of circumstances over which the person has no control
Learned helplessness
This approach reflects the idea that if a trait is important to people in real life, it ought to be represented in the natural language. People use to talk about one another.
Lexical approach
Courtney is a gymnast and is preparing to compete in a very difficult and challenging meet. Her friend and fellow gymnast, Luke, suggests that Courtney relax and take her arousal down a notch to a lower point. However, her coach tried to get her all revved up and excited to compete in the meet. Based on your knowledge of the Yerkes- Dodson Law, what would you advise Courtney to do?
Listen to Luke, relax and reduce her arousal
Psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness for at least two weeks
Major depressive disorder MDD
Every day, subtle and potentially unintentional acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups
Micro aggression
The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self report personality test. It is a tool for employment decisions, and in forensic settings it is used for assessing criminal risk.
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory MMPI
The phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing, even if they do not realize they have seen it before
Mirror exposure effect
Disorders that are diagnosed in childhood and are traced to genetic differences, atypical brain development, or prenatal exposure to substances that adversely affect development
Neuro developmental disorders
Related to feeling negative emotion more often than positive emotion in one daily life and to experiencing more lingering negative states.
Neuroticism
List the Big Five factors of Personality
Neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness
The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us
Normative social influence
Behavior that comply with the explicit demands of an individual in authority
Obedience
Disorder in which the individual has anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away, and or urges to perform repetitive ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation
Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD
Is related to liberal values, open-mindedness tolerance, creativity, and the capacity to experience awe
Openness to experience
Disorder associated with decreased volume in the hippocampus, the brain structure most associated with integrating memories
PTSD
Feeling like you are similar to your partner, even if you are not
Perceived similarity
People who experience less extreme depressive mood for more than two months may be diagnosed with
Persistent depressive disorder
Refers to the process by which we form impressions of others
Person perception
The 3 components of emotions are
Physiological arousal, expressive behavior, ad conscious experience
Favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality
Positive illusions
A brain area associated with understanding, other peoples beliefs, and with empathy
Posterior cingulate cortex
An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individuals membership in a group
Prejudice
A personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and ask them to describe it or tell a story about it to project their own meaning onto the stimulus
Projective test
Approach that emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics, and explaining psychological disorders
Psychological approach
A state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality
Psychosis
A non-medical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems
Psychotherapy
Giving personal meaning to completely random events
Referential thinking
A theory proposed by Jeffrey Gray, identifying two biological systems linked to learning associations between behaviors and rewards or punishers. The behavioral activation system is sensitive to learning about rewards. The behavioral inhibition system is sensitive to learning about punishers.
Reinforcement sensitivity theory
Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities, such as gossiping and spreading rumors
Relational aggression
Is located in the brainstem and plays a role in wakefulness and arousal
Reticular formation
Characteristics experiences or exposure that increase the likelihood that a person will develop a psychological disorder
Risk factor
Love was strong components of sexuality and infatuation often predominant in the early part of a love relationship
Romantic love or passionate love
Disorder characterized by enlarged ventricles in the brain, a smaller frontal cortex
Schizophrenia
The belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task
Self efficacy
Social expectations that caused an individual to act in such a way that the expectations are realized
Self fulfilling prophecy
Bems theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make influences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior
Self perception theory
The most commonly used method of measuring personality characteristics which directly asked people whether specific items describe their personality traits
Self report test
Our conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become during childhood
Self-concept
Demonstrates the way that psychologists have tested humanistic ideas that might appear to abstract and difficult to test
Self-determination theory
The degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves
Self-esteem
People with depressive disorder appear to have two few receptors for the neurotransmitters
Serotonin and norepinephrine
The idea that behavior changes considerably from one context to another
Situationism
Neural circuitry involving the thalamus, amygdala and cerebral cortex has been linked to
Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia
Explores how people select interpret remember and use social information. It is the way that we think about social situations and other people.
Social cognition
This perspective on personality emphasizes, conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals
Social cognitive perspective
The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others
Social comparison
Imitative behavior involving the spread of the behavior, emotions and ideas
Social contagion
The view of social relationships, as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize cost and maximize benefits
Social exchange theory
Occurs when an individuals performance improves because of the presence of others
Social facilitation
The scientific study of how people think about influence and relate to other people. Is similar to sociology.
Social psychology
Asserts that social, not evolutionary experiences have led to differences in gender behavior
Social role view of gender
Approach that emphasizes the social context in which a person lives and characteristics, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic, status, family, relationships, and culture
Sociocultural approach
Individuals with BPD tend to see things is either all good or all bad a thinking style called
Splitting
A generalization about a group characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another
Stereotype
An individuals fast acting self fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about their group
Stereotype threat
A persons assessment of their own level of positive affect relative to negative affect and the persons evaluation of their life in general
Subjective well-being
Systems structures and procedures in a society that disadvantage a racial group and privilege another
Systemic racism
The broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality
The big five factors of personality
The tendency of a person to be less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present
The bystander effect
The tendency for the presence of firearms to enhance aggression
The weapons affect
A projective test that is designed to illicit stories that reveal something about an individuals personality
Thematic apperception test
The unusual sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Thought disorder
The crucial unit for understanding personality is the
Trait
According to ________ __________ personality consist of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses
Trait theories
Structures inside a person that caused behavior to be similar even in different situations
Traits
Critics of the conclusion that violent video game exposure leads to aggression point out that acts of aggression studied in the laboratory are not generalizable to real world, criminal violence. True or false.
True
Psychologist used to explain, schizophrenia as rooted and childhood experiences with unresponsive parents. Such explanations have fallen by the wayside true or false.
True
Rogers term for being excepted valued and treated positively regardless of one's behavior
Unconditional positive regard
A theory holding that pre-existing conditions put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder
Vulnerability stress, hypothesis, or diathesis stress model
According to Thomas Joiner's interpersonal theory of suicide, what 2 factors are involved in suicide
a desire to die and the acquired capability for suicide
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and belongingness
after our basic physiological and safety needs are met
Yonatan, a 26-year-old, is a statistician. He spends his free time making clay sculptures as he finds working with clay to be a calming experience. According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, Yonatan is most likely to be fixated at the
anal stage
stage of personality 18 to 36 months
anal stage
2 common archetypes: the passive feminine side the __________; and an assertive masculine side the ________
anima; animus
Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
anorexia nervosa
Emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people are
archetypes
In the context of the hierarchy of human needs, Abraham Maslow
asserted that each lower need in the hierarchy comes from a deficiency
According to the self-perception theory
behaviors can cause attitudes
Kionna experiences a great deal of anxiety over her physical appearance. She believes that her head is too big and her nose is asymmetrical. This troubling preoccupation with her physical features interferes with Kionna's occupational and social functioning. She spends hours in front of the mirror and isolates herself from her friends. In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) related disorders, Kionna can be most likely diagnosed with
body dysmorphic disorder
________ is an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) related disorder that involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance
body dysmorphic disorder
Eating disorder in which an individual consistently follows a binge and purge eating pattern
bulimia nervosa
Chronic sore throat, kidney problems, dehydration, gastrointestinal problems, and dental problems are complications commonly experienced by individuals who suffer from
bullimia nervosa
the boys intense fear of being mutilated by his father
castration anxiety
Jing is at a workshop where a presenter is trying to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reasoning. After slowly and carefully considering the presenters arguments, Jing finds that this persons idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the
central route to persuasion
Daphne feels uneasy when she notices an inconsistency between what she believes and what she does. This best illustrates
cognitive dissonance
According to Jung, the deepest, transpersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the
collective unconscious
Dmitry is short and thin. Although he's not very strong or athletic, he excels in academics and has a great sense of humor. According to Adler, Dmitry's attempts to overcome physical weakness by developing strengths in other areas are an example of
compensation
Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of
conditions of worth
In the context of emotion, thinking about being in love with someone is an example of
conscious experience
According to Freud, the superego
considers whether the id's impulses can be satisfied in acceptable moral terms
According to Freud, the ego
deals with the demands of reality
Tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
defense mechanisms
the most primitive defense mechanism is ___________, in which the ego simply refuses to acknowledge anxiety producing realities
denial
_____ is an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.
depression
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target
displacement
An aroused and uncomfortable physiological state, according to Hull is called a
drive
Self-fulfilling prophecy
effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior
Filip works extremely hard to get a job at LawCorp, a prestigious law firm. He feels that because it is tough to get hired by LawCorp, the firm must be worth it. In the context of cognitive dissonance theory, the scenario best exemplifies
effort justification
_____ refers to rationalizing the amount of work we put into getting something by increasing its value
effort justification
the freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality
ego
Motivated behavior is
energized, directed, and sustained
From the perspective of social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is
equity
parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure giving qualities at particular stages of development
erogenous zones
Microaggressions are______ and________ acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups
everyday; subtle
Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait
extraversion
Your grandma initiates regular get-togethers at her neighborhood community hall. She also believes it's important to experience gratitude and be thankful for the wonderful life she has lived. According to the big five model of personality, grandma would likely score high on which of the following traits
extraversion
Annie's mother pays her $5 for every book she reads. Annie is reading like crazy, not because she loves books, but rather because she enjoys spending her money on candy and toys. Annie is demonstrating _____ motivation.
extrinsic
When a teenager studies specifically to avoid his or her parents' disapproval, then his or her attitude toward studying is most likely a result of
extrinsic motivation
Rewards and punishments, are considered__________; while, goals like autonomy or competence, are considered ______________.
extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation
Your grandmother always said, "Smile and you will be happier." That this is actually true is suggested by which theory regarding emotion?
facial feedback hypothesis
In accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following factors can best explain a persons difficulty in committing to a relationship
financial insecurity
The display of little or no emotion, a common negative symptom of schizophrenia
flat affect
Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression
frontal lobes of the brain
You conclude that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently working on a tight-deadline project and is spending 100 hours per week at work. You are demonstrating the
fundamental attribution error
A person who has been experiencing persistent anxiety for the past 6 months and is unable to specify the cause or source of their nervous feelings likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder
Starr has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless she cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Starr most likely to be diagnosed with
generalized anxiety disorder
stage of personality adolescence to adulthood
genital stage
When a person hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing
hallucinations
Perspective that stresses conscious awareness and a persons capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities
humanistic perspective
refers to physical symptoms that have no physical cause
hysteria
consists of unconscious drives and is the persons reservoir of sexual energy
id
3 structures of personality that Freud described
id, ego, and superego
In Adler's _______________, people are motivated by purposes and goals thus perfection not pleasure is their key motivator
individual psychology
Rosalie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz Carlton. She's never been served a 10-course meal before, so she's unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Since Rosalie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Rosalie is guided by
informational social influence
Which of the following plays a role in glucose control
insulin
repressed into the unconscious and serves as the foundation for the development of the superego
intense castration anxiety
Manuel and Tariq were recently dumped by their partners. Manuel believes that his boyfriend broke up with him because he was selfish and unhappy, whereas Tariq believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make a commitment at the moment. Manuel is making a(n) ________ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas Tariq is making a(n) ________
internal attribution; external attribution
In the context of the techniques of persuasion, the peripheral route
involves factors such as the attractiveness of the person giving the message
According to the Freudian structures of personality, which of the following statements is true of the superego
it does not consider reality
According to Lyubomirsky, which of the following effects does engaging in altruistic behavior have on ones well being
it increases happiness
In the context of classifying abnormal behavior, which of the following is a criticism of the DSM-5
it treats psychological disorders as if they are medical illnesses
The id is literally the _____, the ego is the _____ and the superego is the __________
it; I; above-I
stage of personality 6 years to puberty
latency period
The______ is involved in stimulation eating
lateral hypothalamus
Edna loves the sweet tea served at McDonald's. Whenever she sees the famous golden arches, she drives right in and orders a cup of sweet tea. This best illustrates the effect of __________ on her eating behavior
learned associations
Which of the following chemical substances decreases food intake and increases metabolism
leptin
According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is most associated with aggression
low levels of conscientiousness
Suicide is correlated with which of the following biological factors?
low levels of serotonin
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the leading cause of disability in the US is
major depressive disorder
_________refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels overexcited and unrealistically optimistic
mania
The term_______ refers to emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness, whereas the term_____________ refers to emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest
negative affect; positive affect
According to the five factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality
neuroticism is low in self satisfied individuals
In Freud's view, _____ is the boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother
oedipus complex
stage of personality first 18 months
oral stage
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Which of the following refers to physically or verbally harming another person directly
overt aggression
In a(an)_________, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onset of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause
panic disorder
Freud believed that girls experience castration completed, resulting in _______ ______, the intense desire to obtain a penis by eventually marrying and bearing a son
penis envy
A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
personality
Chronic maladaptive cognitive behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individuals personality
personality disorders
stage of personality 3 to 6 years
phallic stage
________ refers to a disorder that develops through exposure to a disturbing or distressing event that overwhelms a person's abilities to cope
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
In the defense mechanism _______, we see in others those impulses that we most fear or despise in ourselves
projection
The idea that unconscious forces influence personality is related to the
psychoanalytic theory
Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious
psychodynamic perspectives
Afonso often feels attracted to men. However, he strongly opposes the idea of same-sex relationships among his friends. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Afonso's attitude best illustrates the defense mechanism called
reaction formation
the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism. Pushes unacceptable impulses into the unconscious mind
repression
At the age of 33, Ricky is a senior partner in a law firm. He lives alone in his apartment and does not find the time to socialize. He has a lavish home with an elaborate security system, and he owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life?
rickys need for belongingness is not being met
The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as
risky shift
_________ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes
schizophrenia
_______ refers to the tendency to take credit for ones own successes and to deny responsibility for ones own failures
self serving bias
Which of the following is defined as the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being
self-actualization
Andrea, a sales executive, believes that she has the competence to achieve her monthly sales target. In the context of self-determination theory, Andrea best demonstrates ________ in this scenario.
self-efficacy
Setting effective goals to motivate us includes each of the following EXCEPT which?
set goals that are easily accomplished
For Freud, the _____ drive was the most important motivator of all human activity
sexual
Which of the following theories states that the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership is a crucial part of their self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about themselves
social identity theory
Which of the following refers to each persons tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort
social loafing
________ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations
social phobia
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
sometimes occurs during a period of life stress
Alison had sustained severe injuries after being brutally attacked by a mad dog as a child. Following that incident, Alison has been experiencing an overwhelming sense of fear and paralysis every time she sees a dog. The fear is so intense that it keeps Alison from leaving her house. Alison believes that as long as she's inside her house, the chances of encountering a dog are slim. In the context of psychological disorders, Alison is most likely to be diagnosed with
specific phobia
Dequan suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders. His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider. Dequan's fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them. Dequan is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders
specific phobia
Harun has been extremely aggressive since childhood. He pursues a career in boxing, which provides a socially acceptable channel to express his aggression. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism called
sublimation
defense mechanism that involves transforming unconscious impulses into activities that actually benefit society
sublimation
the harsh internal judge of our behavior
superego
The _______ determines what is right and wrong, the _________ determines what is reality, and the ________ determines what would be pleasurable
superego; ego; id
If it is night, we are likely to eat dinner even if we had a heavy lunch. This best illustrates
the effect of learned associations on eating behavior
Self-determination theory has ignited some controversies. An important issue is
the extent to which the three organismic needs are universal
Rob and Deandra are members of a football team. Their self-esteem is greatly affected by their team's performance. They tend to compare their team with that of the opponents in order to improve their self-image. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario
the social identity theory
Which of the following is true of the Rorschach inkblot test
the test does not meet certain criteria of reliability and validity
A client is asked by a therapist to look at a picture and to tell a story that describes what is happening in the picture. The therapist will use the content of the story to make inferences about the clients personality. The client is likely taking the
thematic apperception test
According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following is true of self-actualizers
they maintain a capacity for breathtaking moments of spiritual insight
Research has shown that children raised in families with homosexual parents exhibit no more likelihood of developing problems in development than children raised with traditional heterosexual parents. True or False
true
The ventromedial hypothalamus appears related to the initiation of eating behavior, while the lateral hypothalamus appears related to the cessation of eating behavior. True or False
true
Freud strongly suggested that_______ processes influence personality
unconscious
