Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1, 2, 3 Test

Plasma Membrane

barrier of the cell "traffic control"

DNA

genetic information

Ionic bonds

giving and taking of electrons attraction between ions with opposite charges cation- electron donor, positively charged anion- electron receiver, negatively charged always polar only form with metals

Location of simple cuboidal

glands and ducts walls of kidneys covers ovaries

What properties of water make it important to all living systems

high heat capacity polarity chemical reactivity cushioning

Endocytosis

in moves substances into cells

Cytoskeleton

internal framework

Buffer

it is a solution that resist large changes in PH

Why are R groups important

it is the functional group of amino acids, and they determine the protein monomers deciphers which one is which

Importance of Homeostasis

keeps our bodies balanced

Location of Pseudostratified Columnar

respiratory tract

Lysosomes

sac of digestive enzymes break stuff down

What are some examples of protein

salmon, tofu, beef, collagen, actin, elastin

Covalent bonds

share a pair of electrons single, double, and triple bonds polar vs nonpolar molecules

Pseudostratified Columnar

single layer, but looks like a lot absorption or secretion

Skeletal

skeleton protects and supports body organs provides framework

Integumentary

skin protects deeper tissue from injury

Atom

smallest stable unit of matter; building blocks of elements

Golgi apparatus

sorts and ships out proteins

Enzymes

speeds up chemical processes digest food

Negative feedback

stabilizes the regulated variable

Element

substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means

Saccharides

sugars

Atomic mass number

sum of the protons and neutrons

How does the shape of a protein determine its function?

the amino acid sequence

Circulatory

"circulation" heart/blood vessels blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide nutrients wastes

Digestive

"digest food" breaks food down

Endocrine

"glands" secrete hormones

Immune

"immune" lymph nodes white blood cells/immune system

Reproductive

"reproduce" penis/vagina

Matter

"stuff" of the universe; anything that occupies space and has mass

Urinary

"urine" eliminates nitrogen containing waste regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance in the blood

Phospholipids

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group hydrophilic head hydrophobic tails

What are cytoskeletons made of

Actin filament Microtubule Intermediate filament

Six levels of organization

Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems

Nucleus

Control center, contains genetic material "mayor of the city"

Transcription

DNA->RNA

Survival needs

Nutrients Oxygen Water Appropriate temperature Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Location of Stratified Sqaumous

Outer portion of skin lining of mouth and esophagus

What type of of bond joins amino acids together?

Peptide bonds

Translation

RNA->protein

Anatomy

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.

Physiology

The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts

Three membrane junctions

Tight junction Desmosome (anchoring) Gap junction

Too much acid

a buffer solution absorbs more hydrogen ions

Too much base

a buffer solution releases more hydrogen ions

Cell theory

a cell is the smallest unit of life that can function and do all life functions including reproducing itself

Monomers

a molecule that can combine with other molecules

Energy

ability to do work

Why is carbon so important

all elements are based on carbon

Organic compounds

associated with all living organisms carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Homeostasis

regulation of the bodies internal environment

4 major tissue types

Epithelial (covering) Connective (connects) Nervous (control, nerves) Muscle (movement) Elephants can not mate

Steroids

Hormones

Organ Systems

Integumentary Musculoskeletal Skeletal Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive i miss silly nervous elephants circulating in really digusting unique rain

Life functions

Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth Must make really digging metal elephants real great

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of sacs and tubules in cytoplasm used for transporting substances in the cell

Four main classes of organic molecules

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

Polymer

chainlike molecule

Simple columnar

column secretion absorption

RNA

covert info stored in DNA to proteins

Simple cuboidal

cube shaped secretion absorption

Peroxisomes

detox harmful and poisonous substances

Smooth ER

detox of drugs and pesticides

Osmosis

diffusion of water selectively permeable membrane No energy

Stable elements

do not form bonds

Atomic Number

equal to the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom

Lipids

fats steroids phospholipids

Simple squamous

flattened absorption filtration secretion

Stratified Sqaumous

flattened protective covering

Filtration

forced passage of water and solutes through a membrane due to pressure kidneys

Inorganic compounds

lack carbon, simple small molecules water, salts

Base

less hydrogen accepts hydrogen

Location of simple squamous

lines body cavities lungs and capillaries

Location of simple columnar

lines digestive tract

Epithelial

lining, covering protection absorption filtration secretion

Fats

made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen nonpolar and insoluble in water fats and oils

Acid

more hydrogen release hydrogen ions

Diffusion

movement of molecules/ions from high to low concentration

Muscularskeletal

muscle allows manipulation produces heat

Electrons

negatively charged, orbiting the nucleus

Nervous

nerves control system of the body

Exocytosis

out hormones, mucous,

Respiratory

oxygen lungs keeps blood supplied with oxygen

Protons

positively charged in the nucleus

Mitochondria

powerhouses, supply ATP

Cytoplasm

the goo cytosol inclusions organelles

Why are the 20 basic amino acids important

they break down food, perform useful bodily functions

Rough ER

transports proteins studded with ribosomes

Compound

two or more atoms of different elements combined chemically salts, carbon dioxide, water

Molecule

two or more atoms of the same elements combined chemically

Simple diffusion

unassisted diffusion no energy

Neutrons

uncharged in the nucleus subatomic particle with a neutral charge

Ribosomes

use RNA to make proteins

Vesicular transport

uses ATP to move substances into or out of cells without crossing the plasma membrane uses energy

Active transport

uses energy (ATP) to energize pumps to move substances against their concentration. low to high creates disequal uses energy

Carbohydrate

usually ends with "ose" made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen primary energy of the body

Hydrogen

weak bond between hydrogen atom and negative portion or polar molecule provides attraction between molecules found between: water molecules, amino acids in a protein shape, two strands of DNA molecule holding it together

Facilitated diffusion

when molecules are too big to pass through the membrane (glucose). no energy