Anatomy and physiology Exam #1

Define synthesis (anabolic) and decomposition (catabolic) reactions.

Anabolic Reactions .It involves synthesis.In this many small molecules are combined to form a big molecule. Catabolic reaction.It involves decomposition.In this page molecules are split into small molecules.

Describe the anatomical position. Note the "right" and "left."

Anatomical position:- It is the position with the body standing up and facing forward with arms are at the side of the body and palms turned forward . The feet are slightly apart from one another, flat on the floor and directed forward . It is used as reference for anatomical nomenclature.

"Anterior" is to "posterior" as ________________ is to "dorsal."

Anterior is to posterior as Ventral is to dorsal.

Differentiate axial and appendicular divisions of the body. Which division is necessary for supporting life?

Axial Skeleton - forms the longitudinal axis of the body , it has 80 bones, roughly 40% of the bones in the human body. Components of the axial:- the skull (8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones)- bones associated with the skull (6 auditory ossicles and hyoid bone)- the thoracic cage ( the sternum and 24 ribs)- the vertebral column (24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx) appendicular skeleton- consists 126 bones, include the bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach the limbs to the trunk. Axial skeleton protects body organs like skull protects the brain and ribcage protects heart appendicular skeleton helps in movement like shoulder girdles. b) axial skeleton helps in supporting life.

What are biological catalysts?

Biological catalysts are the enzymes. Enzymes are present in the living organisms and it does the same what the catalyst in the chemical reaction

What are the major building blocks (monomers) of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are defined as polyhydroxy aldehyde, ketones or acids and their derivatives or compounds that yield these derivatives on Hydrolysa ~Carbohydrates as the name says composed of carbon and hydrogen along with oxygen. ~The empirical formula of carbohydrates are (CH2O)n where n=# of carbon The simplest carbohydrates is monosaccharides which contain 6 carbon so, monosaccharides has C6H12On ~Thus, Building block of carbohydrates are monosaccharides which makes disaccharides

A single cluster of stem cells gives rise to 200+ diverse cell types in the body, all containing the same DNA sequence. A process called cell _________ allows the stem cells to specialize by "turning on or off" certain genes.

Cell differentiation Stem cells can give rise to specialized cells. When unspecialized stem cells give rise to specialized cells, the process is called differentiation. Example:- Red blood cells and several types of white blood cells are arise from the same unspecilalized precursor cells

Cellular energy is stored in "high-energy" bonds between 3 phosphate groups in the compound ______.

Cellular energy is stored in "high-energy" bonds between 3 phosphate groups in the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Certain atoms are more electronegative than others. This means that in order to achieve stability, they want to become _______- charged by ________ an electron.

Certain atoms are more electronegative than others.This means that in order to achieve stability they want to become neutral charge by accepting an electron.

Differentiate polar and non-polar covalent bonds.

Covalent bonds are formed between two atoms by sharing of electrons. If the two participating atoms have same electro-negativity, the electrons are equally shared between them, like H2 molecules. Such covalent bonds are called Non polar covalent atoms. In many cases, the covalently bonded atoms have different electro-negativity, like water molecule. Such cases show unequal sharing of electrons. These bonds are called Polar covalent bonds.

Covalent bonds are strong because they involve (gaining, losing, or sharing) electrons.

Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons. Gaining or loosing occurs in ionic bonds.

A transverse plane divides the body into _____________ and ____________segments.

Cranial;caudal (head and tails) portions

Which organelle functions in supporting cellular structures and in generating cell movements?

Cytoskeleton functions in supporting cellular structures and in generating cell movements.

What are some examples of electrolytes?

Electrolytes are substances which dissociates into ions in solution foe example : as Magnesium (Mg) , Calcium(Cl) , Sodium(Na) , Potassium (k)

Name 3 subatomic particles. Which one is negatively charged? Positively charged? Neutral (no charge)?

Electron , proton and neutron . Electron is negative, proton is positive and neutron is neutral

Which subatomic particles are involved in chemical bond formation, and in which "shell" are they located?

Electrons form bonds and are found in outer shell

Define endocytosis and exocytosis. Do these processes require ATP?

Endocytosis is the process of engulfing substances by formation of vesicles, through invagination of plasma membrane. Exocytosis is defined as the process of exporting or excluding substances out of the cell, through formation of vesicles which fuses with plasma membrane and tears off and exports the substances. Both exocytosis and Endocytosis are dependent on ATP.

In areas of the body exposed to the external environment and pathogens, such as in the lungs, which type of vesicular transport would you expect to be most prevalent?

Exocytosis As it is exposed to environment and more prone to infections. Also, respiratory route is more common route of infection as it spreads infection through droplet nuclei, direct coughing, sneezing etc.

True or false: "Mixtures" involve chemical bonding between components.

False.No mixtures doesn't involves in the formation of chemical bond.

Compare the differences between fibrous and globular proteins.

Fibrous proteins are insin water.These are highly resistant to digestion by enYmes.Globular proteins are soluble in water,acids etc.

The model describing the structure of the plasma membrane is known as the "__________ ____________" model because it has the consistency of olive oil and has various components moving around laterally.

Fluid mosaic model According to this model, the molecular arrangement of plasma membrane is like a moving sea of fluid (lipid) with mosaic of proteins

Define a frontal plane. What is another term used to describe a frontal plane?

Frontal plane is any vertical plane divides the body into ventral and dorsal (belly and back) sections. It is one of the three main planes of the body used to describe the location of body parts in relation to each other.axis. It is also called coronal plane.

Describe the complementary nature of structure and function, and give at least one example in the human body.

Function is dependent on structure, and the form of a structure relates to its function. Example: A nerve cells function is communication.

Which type of membrane junction allows for quick communication between cells? Which type allows cells to act as an impenetrable barrier?

Gap junctions are also called as communication junction and allow communication in between the adjacent cells through chemical transfer(ions and certain molecules). Tight junctions acts as barrier and allow certain solutes(depends upon shape and size) and water to pass through it.

Which organelle serves as the "traffic director" for the cell?

Golgi apparatus serves as the "traffic director" for the cell.

Define gross anatomy; microscopic anatomy.

Gross Anatomy: study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye Microscopic Anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Define the 3 parts of the homeostatic regulatory mechanism.

Homestatic (equilibrium of body's internal environment) regulation involves three parts * a receptor * a control center * an effector Receptor: the sensor structure that monitors changes in the environment (stimulus) and sends information to the control center Control Center: structure that determines the set point for a variable, analyzes input, and coordinates an appropriate response. Effector: structure that carries out the response directed by the control center

What are the properties of a hydrophobic substance? A hydrophilic substance?

Hydrophobic substances are resistant to water and dissolve in oil based solutions.Hydrophillic solutions are water loving and tends to dissolve in water.

Ions are charged atoms. A(n) ____________ is positively charged, while a(n)__________is negatively charged.

Ions are charged. An anion is the one which moves towards anode. Anode is positive electrode, hence the anode must be negatively charged. The cation is the one which moves towards cathode. Cathode is negative electrode, so the cations must be positively charged. So ans is Cations are positively charged and anions are negatively charged.

Would an atom that has 1 electron in its valence shell be considered electronegative or electropositive?

It is considered to be electronegative because of the ability of the nucleus to pull the electron towards it increases.

The phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is said to be "semipermeable." What does this mean?

It permits the movement of the lipid soluble molecules because it is non-polar in nature. It blocks the movement of the polar molecules like ions.

Which organelles are acidic membranous sacs of digestive enzymes?

Lysosomes are acidic membraneous sacs of digestive enzymes.

The term ____ refers to all the chemical reactions in the body

Metabolism

Which organelle in human cells used to be a bacterium? What is the function of this organelle?

Mitochondria used to be bacterium because it have many feature common in bacterium .The function of mitochondria is to provide energy for cellular need & function through oxidative phosphorylation

List the 5 survival needs.

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure.

Which transport mechanism involves the movement of water across a membrane?

Osmosis Osmosis is a special type of diffusion which is defined as the movement of water or any other solvent from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration of a solute, through a semipermeable membrane. The semipermeable membrane permits the passage of only water or other solvents but not the solutes.

Because the pH scale is logarithmic, a solution with a pH of 5 has ____ times greater H+ ion concentration than a solution having a pH of 6.

PH is defined as the scale which measures how acidic or basic the solution is. ~PH scale ranges from 0-14 ~at 7, the PH is neutral whereas above 7, the ph is basic and below 7 is acidic ~PH is a logarithmic scale, that means every PH unit has 10 times more Hydrogen ions than its immediate higher PH unit. ~Foe e*g- PH3 has 10 times more hydrogen ions than PH4 ~ Thus, a solution with a PH of 5 has 10 times greater H^ion conc. than a solution having a PH of 6

Membrane transport: _________ processes do not require energy (in the form of the adenine-containing nucleotide, _____) but active processes do.

Passive;ATP

Which organelles contain oxidase enzymes that protect the cell from free radicals?

Peroxisomes contains oxidase enzymes that protect from free radicals.

The flexible membrane which serves as the cell's outer boundary is called the ________ _________.

Plasma membrane Plasma membrane form a cell's flexible outer boundary like a protective sheath, enveloping the cells that separates cell's internal environment from external environment.

Which feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range?

Positive feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further. It amplifies changes more and more. Example, contraction of uterine wall push the baby into the cervix that causes stretching of cervix. Receptors in the cervix send input to the brain (control center) that causes release of oxytocin (output) from the posterior pituitary, causes more forceful contraction of uterus. Increased stretching of cervix causes release of more oxytocin through positive feedback mechanism.

Chemical energy is a form of energy stored in bonds between atoms. Is it kinetic or potential energy?

Potential Energy Chemical energy is the potential energy stored in the arrangement of atoms within molecules

Protein denaturation can be caused by extremes of ______ and ________.

Protein denaturation is caused by extremes of heat and Ph

Which two subatomic particles make up an atom's nucleus?

Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus

Is organismal reproduction essential for an individual human?

Reproduction is not essential for the survival of an individual organism.

The cellular machinery that synthesizes proteins following the instructions of a messenger RNA (mRNA) template is the ____________.

Ribosome. Ribosome has attached charged (with amino acid) tRNA on its A and P which start synthesizing polypeptide (protein) on template of mRNA from 5' to 3' direction.

Which organelle is "studded" with ribosomes?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulation ribosomes are studded on the outer surface of endoplasmic reticulation. That is why it is called ER to Rough ER. This organelle is highly cannulated but that sealed sac contagious with nuclear membrane The Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) studded with ribosomes.

What is the function of serous fluid?

Serous membranes lines several body cavities and they secrete serous fluid, that acts as a lubricating fluid and reduces muscle friction. Apart from this saliva also contains serous fluid. Serous fluid also assists the functions of digestion, excretion, and respiration(found in between the pleural cavity layers).It aids in digestion, with the help of serous content in the saliva,(contains amylase),which helps in digestion of carbohydrates.

Distinguish between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

Simple Diffusion: BY simple diffusion, we mean the type of diffusion which doesn't require energy for its molecules to move. Simple Diffusion occurs when molecules are transported from higher conc. of gradient to lower conc. of gradient. Simple Diffusion doesn't require integrated special proteins for the molecules to pass. Facilitated Diffusion: is a type of diffusion in which molecules are transported via carries proteins. Thus, facilitated Diffusion is same as that of simple diffusion but in facilitated diffusion; there is requirement of the specific integrated proteins for the transport. That is why it is called simple diffusion the simple as it is doesn't require carried proteins.

Describe (or draw) how an ionic bond between sodium and chlorine atoms forms to make table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl)

Sodium (atomic number =11) atom has one electron in its outermost shell (2,8,1) and chlorine atom (atomic number = 17) has seven electrons in its outermost shell (2,8,7). They make sodium chloride (table salt) via forming ionic bond between them when one electron donated to the chlorine atom by sodium atom. Hence, according to the Octet rule, both attain eight electrons in their outermost shell.

Are sodium ions (cations) allowed to diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without the help of a protein carrier or channel? Why or why not?

Sodium ions are allowed to diffuse through the phospholipid layer of the plasma membrane with the help of the carrier proteins because... * Phospholipid bilayer is semipermeable in nature * It is made up of the lipids which are non-polar in nature * so, it allows only passage of the non-polar molecules like lipid soluble molecules * As, sodium ions are not non-polar in nature and sodium ions are polar in nature; so phospholipid bilayer doesn't permit the transport. * so, they are carried by the specific carried proteins for the transport. This type of transportation is called facilitated diffusion. That's why, sodium ions need carried proteins to diffuse through phospholipid bilayer.

Define matter. Is the air we breathe matter? Is energy matter?

Something which occupies space and has mass is called matter . Air takes up space and has mass so it is matter . no energy is a property of matter not matter perse

Define homeostasis.

The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment and function normally, despite constant changes.

An atom that has 1 electron in its valence shell will tend to ________(give, take, or share) an electron. What will happen to that atom's charge after electron transfer?

The atom will give one electron to become a stable compound.The charge of the atom become neutral because all atoms share or transfer electons to maintain stability.

An atom has gained an electron to achieve stability. What is now the charge of that atom?

The charge of the atom is zero as it has shared it's electons to gain stability and stble atoms have no charge.

Which body cavity protects the nervous system?

The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system from injuries. It is divided into the cranial cavity which encloses the brain The spinal cavity encases the vertebra and spinal cord.

The four DNA "letters" (nitrogenous bases, part of the nucleotides) are __________.

The four types of nitrogenous bases that found in DNA and make the part of deoxyribonucleotide are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T) and cytosine (C).

True or false: Only higher organisms, such as vertebrates, are composed of cells.

The given statement is false. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Which serous membrane is closest to the body wall: the "visceral" or the "parietal" membrane?

The inner layer of the membrane that covers thew organs-viscera is called the visceral membrane, the one that is outside and covers the body cavity is called the parietal membrane.(pariet-cavity wall)

The knee is ________to the ankle. (lateral, superficial, proximal, or distal)

The knee is Proximal to the ankle.

Describe the difference between a leakage channel and a gated channel.

The leak channels are passive channels that always remain open, allowing the continuous passage of ions across the membrane. Whereas gated channels are active channels that open and close in response to specific changes in the membrane potential. They may be chemically regulated, voltage regulated or mechanically regulated. Most gated channels are closed at the resting potential.

What are the levels of structural complexity in the human body, from smallest to largest? (hint: atoms are smallest, whole organism is largest)

The levels of structural complexity in human body is as follows: a) atoms: They are the fundamental units of any matter. b) molecules: group of atoms forms a molecule. c) organelle: various molecules form different structures inside the cells called organelles. d) Cell: a cell is the fundamental unit of life. e) tissue: a tissue is a group of cells that performs a specific function. f) organ: a group of tissues forms an organ. g) organ system: an organ system is formed by a group of organs. h) organism: an organism is a complete entity.

Draw the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, showing the orientation of the hydrophilic "heads" and hydrophobic "tails" in a living cell in aqueous solution.

The lipid bilayer:- Plasma membrane is lipid bilayer made up of phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids. This bilayer arrangement is because of amphipathic nature of lipids ( have both polar and non polar ends). The polar end (head part) is hydrophilic, water loving and non polar end (tail ) are hydrophobic, water fearing. This causes bilayer arrangement of plasma membrane.

List the 4 main organic compounds in the body.

The main organic compounds in the body are A. Carbohydrates B. Proteins C. Nucleic acids D. Fats or lipids

The major building blocks of nucleic acids are __________.

The nucleotides are the major building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) and each nucleotide molecule is composed of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate groups.

The organelle that is responsible for generating energy is the ___________. Would cells that expend a lot of energy, such as skeletal muscle cells, have increased quantities of this organelle?

The organelle that is responsible for generating energy is the Mitochondria and skeletal muscle have increased quantities of mitochondria because of its need for quick response . or during strenuous exercise high amount amount of energy required thus mitochondrion release chemical energy quickly.

The oxygen in H2O is very electronegative. Does this cause the oxygen in water to become slightly charged? Is it positive or negative? Does this mean H2O is a polar or non-polar compound?

The oxygen and hydrogen are bonded together by covalent bond. Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen atom. Hence it attracts the shared pair of electron in covalent bond towards itself. This makes the oxygen partially negatively charged and hydrogen positively charged. The water thus becomes a polar molecule.

Which body cavity contains the lungs?

The thoracic cavity contains the lungs.THis cavity is protected by the rib cage. It has two openings, A thoracic inlet, and a thoracic outlet.

In the anatomical position, the thumbs are (medial or lateral).

The thumbs are lateral.

Identify the body regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, brachial, antecubital.

The vertebrae are divided into cervical region-C1-C7 vertebrae Thoracic region- T1-T12 vertebrae Lumbar region- L1-L5 vertebrae Brachial region- an anatomical term used to refer to the arm ( shoulder to elbow), divided into anterior and posterior brachial region. The antecubital region is the shallow depression located in front of the median cubical vein of your arm.

True or false: proteins have a variety of functions, and can also act as carriers of genetic information (genes)

There are several types of proteins are found in the body and each has specific function but the genetic information from one generation to another has been transferred by DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and called as genetic material. Hence, related statement is false.

Name 3 nucleic acids and one function of each.

Three specific nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and peptide nucleic acid (PNA). DNA is the genetic material that involves in transfer of genetic characters in generations. RNA has function in converting the genetic information into amino acids while artificial nucleic acid (PNA) used in the medicine and molecular biology research.

True or false: Hydrogen bonds do not form within a single water molecule.

True.Hydrogen bonds are not formed within in a single water molecule.Because it is formed between oxygen of 1 molecule and Hydrogen of another molecule.

On a hot day, body temperature starts to rise. The temperature sensors in the skin serve as receptors. What is the variable? The stimulus? The control center? The effector?

Variables are parameters that are monitored and controlled or affected by the feedback system. In the particular situation given, the variable is the temperature. Stimulus:- any disruption that changes controlled condition ( body temperature). Here heat is the stimulus, that cause changes in body temperature. Control Center:- Hypothalamus in the brain is control center that sends impulses to the effector. Effector:- Sweat glands are effectors, that responds to control center and secrete sweat to regulate body temperature.

What unique properties make water so important in life? What type of bond is important in making water unique?

Water is so important for life because of the following abilities like high specific heat, ability to dissolve most solutes, abundance availability, etc., The hydrogen bonds in the water makes it unique... These are mostly responsible for the unique property of water

When atoms of two different elements combine (forming chemical bonds), they form a(n) ________.

When atoms of 2 different elements combine,they form a Compound.

Does increasing particle size of reactants increase the rate of chemical reaction? What about temperature?

Yes particle size of the reactant affects the rate of the reaction Decreasing the particle size of the reactant increases the total surface area available for collision between reactant so thus the rate of chemical reaction Increasing the temperature also increases the rate of reaction because it will reduce the activation energy and also engances the rate of collision between the molecules thus increasing the rate of the reaction

Which anatomical plane (sagittal, frontal, or transverse) is the only one that would NOT be able to show: (choose a different plane for each) a. BOTH the brain and the tongue b. BOTH eyes c. BOTH the sternum and the vertebral column

a. Both the brain and tongue---Transverse plane b.Both Eyes---sagittal plane c.Both the sternum and vertebral column---frontal (coronal) plane.

Cells that store large quantities of chemicals to be released do so in structures called ____________.

answer is vesicles. Example- Vesicles store large amount of chemical structure called neurotransmitters in neurons.

The basic functional unit of living organisms is the _______.

answer: Cell. The cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life. They are independent and take in nutrients, excrete wastes, detect and respond to their surroundings. They can move, breathe, grow, and reproduce.

What are the concepts of cell theory?

answer: The concept of cell theory: Living organisms are made up of cells. They are the basic structural unit of all organisms. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

The major function of carbohydrates in the body is __________.

energy

Excess glucose in the human body is stored as a branching polysaccharide structure called ___________.

glycogen

84. In a test tube, a small, lipid-soluble molecule X is present at a high concentration outside a human cell, and at a low concentration inside the cell. i. Is the molecule likely to require ATP to cross the plasma membrane? ii. Over time, would you expect the intracellular concentration of X to change? iii. Does the intracellular concentration of X increase or decrease over time?

i) No, the molecule do not require ATP to cross the plasma membrane because the molecule is lipid soluble and it can easily pass through phospholipid bilayer of plasma membrane through simple diffusion. ii) Yes, it is expected that intracellular concentration of X will change overtime. iii) The intracellular concentration of X will increase overtime. The outer environment has higher concentration and lipid soluble molecule X, This allows X to diffuse from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration. As a result molecules of X will move inside the cell and the intracellular concentration will increase.

Homeostasis usually regulated by what type of feedback mechanism?

negative

pH is a measure of _____ ion concentration in a solution in moles per liter.

pH is a measurement of Hydrogen (H⁺) ion concentration (In pH , p denotes negative logarithm)

Anatomy is the study of ________, while physiology is the study of ______

structure; function

List the necessary life functions.

1) Maintaining boundaries 2) Movement 3) Responsiveness (irritability) 4) Digestion 5) Metabolism 6) Excretion 7) Reproduction 8) Growth

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________.

35. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

A cell placed in an isotonic solution would be expected to _______ (swell, shrink, stay the same size)

A cell placed in an isotonic solution would be expected to stay the same size. Since in an isotonic solution the concentration inside the cell is equal to the surrounding fluid hence they will remain in a sort of equilibrium Thus there will be an exchange of solvents between two solutions but there will be no net movement of water. Since no movement of water takes place, thus, the size will stay the same.

In anatomy, when body part A is above (more toward the head) of body part B, it is said that A is _____________to B, and B is _______________to A.

A is Proximal to B , and B is Distal to A.

A _________ plane divides the body into left and right segments. What is a median plane? A parasagittal plane?

A mid-saggital or median plane divides the body into left and right segments. The median plane is a sagittal plane passing vertically through the midline of body dividing it into exact left and right halves. ( passes through naval) The parasagittal planes are planes passing parallel to the mid-sagittal or median planes.

A __________ plane is a diagonal cut.

A obligue plane is a diagonal cut.

A red blood cell placed into a container of distilled water will ________(gain or lose) water via ________ (diffusion or osmosis). Is the water hypo- or hypertonic to the cell?

A red blood cell placed into a container of distilled water will gain water via osmosis. The water is hypotonic to the cell. Gaining or movement of water into the cell via osmosis (since cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane) is referred to as Endosmosis.

A solution has a pH of 2. Is it acidic or basic? Does it have a high or low concentration of H+ ions? Same questions for pH 7.

A solution have pH 2 is a acidic and it has high H⁺ ion concentration A solution have pH 7 is neutral, because it has equal H⁺ ion and OH⁻ ion concentration.

A solution has a pH of 13. Is it acidic or basic (alkaline)? Does it have a high or low concentration of H+ ions?

A solution which has a pH 13 is alkaline (basic) and it has low H⁺ ion concentration.

List the organ systems we will study during this semester, and give a brief description of the structure and function of each.

A)Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat. d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. e)Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. f)Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. g)Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. H)Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. I)Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. J)Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. k)Male Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. L)Female Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Define the Octet Rule.

According to the Octet rule, when an element interact with other element during the bond formation, it tends to attain the electronic configuration of its nearest noble gas via sharing, giving or donating electrons.

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids are the monomers of protein.

An atom that has 7 electrons in its valence shell will interact with another atom to gain stability by _______ (choose one: giving, taking, or sharing) an electron.

An atom has seven electrons in its valence shell will interact with another atom to gain stability (Octet) by taking an electron.