Anatomy and Physiology Final
In the liver and skeletal muscles, glucose molecules are stored as A) pyruvate B) glycogen C) sucrose D) triglycerides E) fatty acids
B) glycogen
A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, moving the membrane voltage value below the resting potential value, results in which of the following? A) repolarization B) hyperpolarization C) depolarization D) refraction E) summation
B) hyperpolarization
Immersion of red blood cells into a(n) ________ solution results in lysis of the cell. A) hypertonic B) hypotonic C) equilibrated D) isotonic E) monotonic
B) hypotonic
Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include A) dilation of the pupils. B) increased secretion by digestive glands. C) dilation of respiratory passages. D) increased heart rate. E) increased tissue metabolism.
B) increased secretion by digestive glands
Blood reaches the brain by two routes: through the ______________ and the _______________ arteries. A) internal; external carotid B) internal carotid; vertebral C) external carotid; vertebral D) posterior; anterior cerebral E) anterior; posterior communicating
B) internal carotid; vertebral
The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called A) melanin. B) keratin. C) carotene. D) dermicidin. E) calcitriol.
B) keratin.
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the A) heart. B) lungs. C) brain. D) kidneys. E) pancreas.
B) lungs.
Water and solutes that are not reabsorbed by capillaries ultimately return to the bloodstream by way of A) venules. B) lymphatic vessels. C) distributing arteries. D) arterial anastomoses. E) arteriovenous anastomoses.
B) lymphatic vessels.
Which are the primary cells of the lymphatic system? A) pyrogens B) lymphocytes C) mast cells D) lymph nodes E) phagocytes
B) lymphocytes
During pregnancy, A) maternal nutrient requirements decrease significantly. B) maternal tidal volume increases. C) a woman's glomerular filtration rate decreases by 20 percent. D) maternal respiratory rate decreases. E) maternal blood volume decreases.
B) maternal tidal volume increases.
Which function is lost in a patient who has had his gall bladder removed? A) forming chylomicrons B) absorbing lipids C) emulsifying lipids D) storing bile E) synthesizing bile
D) storing bile
The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anus are lined by A) simple epithelium B) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium C) cuboidal epithelium D) stratified squamous epithelium E) simple columnar epithelium
D) stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton? A) the skull B) the manubrium C) the sternum D) the scapula E) the vertebrae
D) the scapula
In this procedure, an incision is made through the anterior tracheal wall and a tube is inserted A) bronchoscopy B) laryngectomy c) intubation D) tracheostomy E) Heimlich maneuver
D) tracheostomy
Which muscle extends the elbow during the action of push-ups? A) deltoid B) trapezius C) brachialis D) triceps brachii E) biceps brachii
D) triceps brachii
Which of the following transports urine from the kidney toward the bladder? A) small intestine B) prostate C) liver D) ureter E) urethra
D) ureter
The membrane covering the surface of the stomach is named the A) parietal pleura. B) visceral pleura. C) pericardial sac. D) visceral peritoneum. E) serous membrane.
D) visceral peritoneum.
The resting potential of a neuron is A) 0 mV. B) +10 mV. C) +70 mV. D) -10 mV. E) -70 mV.
E) -70 mV.
Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial). 1. stratum lucidum 2. stratum basale 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum granulosum 5. stratum spinosum A) 3, 5, 4, 1, 2 B) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 C) 2, 1, 4, 5, 3 D) 2, 4, 5, 3, 1 E) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3
E) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3
The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the A) medulla. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) cerebellum. E) cerebrum.
E) cerebrum.
Neurons in the respiratory centers of the brain that respond to pH are examples of A) baroreceptors. B) nociceptors. C) thermoreceptors. D) mechanoreceptors. E) chemoreceptors.
E) chemoreceptors.
When the chest cavity has been penetrated, as in a pneumothorax, the amount of air in the respiratory system is reduced to the A) tidal volume B) minimal volume C) vital capacity D) inspiratory reserve volume D) residual volume
B) minimal volume
Glands within the lamina propria of the respiratory mucosa secrete A) sweat B) mucus C) saliva D) hormones E) acids
B) mucus
Nearsightedness is more properly called A) emmetropia. B) myopia. C) retinal detachment. D) hyperopia. E) glaucoma.
B) myopia.
Which of the following digestive structures is retroperitoneal? A) stomach B) pancreas C) liver D) ileum E) gallbladder
B) pancreas
The increasingly forceful labor contractions that lead to childbirth are an example of which type of mechanism? A) thermoregulation B) positive feedback C) effector shutdown D) receptor activation E) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
A person who is lying on his or her stomach is said to be in the A) supine position. B) prone position. C) sagittal position. D) frontal position. E) transverse position.
B) prone position.
A person who is lying on his or her stomach is said to be in the A) supine position. B) prone position. C) transverse position. D) frontal position. E) sagittal position.
B) prone position.
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the A) pulmonary trunk. B) pulmonary veins. C) aorta. D) inferior vena cava. E) pulmonary arteries.
B) pulmonary veins.
The area between Z lines is the A) sarcolemma. B) sarcomere. C) sarcoplasmic reticulum. D) myofibril. E) myofilament.
B) sarcomere.
Which of the following is aldosterone able to affect? A) pH regulation B) sodium retention C) osmotic flow of water in the proximal convoluted tubule D) removal of wastes through the entire renal tubule E) formation of plasma proteins
B) sodium retention
The concentration of ________ determines the osmotic pressure of a solution. A) lipid molecules B) solute molecules C) channel proteins D) solvent molecules E) water molecules
B) solute molecules
Lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of emptying into the A) right lymphatic duct. B) subclavian veins. C) inferior vena cava. D) superior vena cava. E) dural sinus.
B) subclavian veins.
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, A) the stomach responds to distention and a decrease in pH B) the parasympathetic division of the ANS is active C) local reflexes in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses activate D) the intestinal reflex inhibits gastric emptying E) the release of secretin inhibits parietal and chief cell action
B) the parasympathetic division of the ANS is active
In males and females, the process of arousal is under the control of A) the central nervous system only. B) the parasympathetic nervous system. C) the sympathetic nervous system. D) the central and sympathetic nervous systems. E) both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
B) the parasympathetic nervous system.
The glottis is A) a flap of elastic cartilage B) the passage from the pharynx to the larynx C) the inferior margin of the soft plate D) the opening to the pharynx E) the cartilaginous part of the hard palate
B) the passage from the pharynx to the larynx
As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface, A) they divide. B) they die. C) their nutrient supply increases. D) they enter the dermis. E) they produce daughter cells.
B) they die.
Which of the following forms much of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the larynx, and often contains an "Adam's apple"? A) arytenoid cartilage B) thyroid cartilage C) cuneiform cartilage D) corniculate cartilage E) cricoid cartilage
B) thyroid cartilage
Which of the following activities expends the most calories per hour? A) climbing stairs B) speed walking C) jogging D) slow walking E) competitive swimming
E) competitive swimming
A layer of collagen fibers that surrounds an entire muscle is called A) endomysium. B) perimysium. C) sarcolemma. D) sarcomere. E) epimysium.
E) epimysium.
One hormone that is released from the adrenal medulla is A) insulin. B) aldosterone. C) cortisol. D) androgen. E) epinephrine.
E) epinephrine.
Which of the following may not be used for gluconeogenesis because their breakdown produces acetyl CoA? A) nucleic acids B) glycerol C) complex carbohydrates D) glycogen E) fatty acids
E) fatty acids
The shallow recess surrounding the cervical protrusion is known as the A) body. B) fundus. C) isthmus. D) os. E) fornix.
E) fornix.
Most cells generate ATP and other high-energy compounds by breaking down carbohydrates, especially A) ribose. B) galactose. C) sucrose. D) fructose. E) glucose.
E) glucose.
Which statement regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood is true A) hco3- dissociates into co2 and o2 B) the chloride shift occurs when CL- moves out of RBCs in exchance for HCO3- C) 93% remains dissolved in plasma as CO2 D) 25% is converted to h2co3 by carbonic anhydrase E) h2co3 dissociated into H+ and HCO3-.
E) h2co3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3-
Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure? A) hair root B) cuticle of the hair C) medulla of the hair D) cortex of the hair E) hair matrix
E) hair matrix
The primary function of white blood cells is to A) remove carbon dioxide from active cells. B) clump together and stick to the blood vessel walls. C) carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells. D) carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells. E) help defend the body against pathogens.
E) help defend the body against pathogens.
Molecules that carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for storage or secretion in the bile are called A) steroids B) chylomicrons C) fatty acids D) low density lipoproteins E) high density lipoproteins
E) high density lipoproteins
You notice that your father holds his book farther from his face than he used to. Since you are taking an anatomy and physiology course, you realize that this is due to A) his photoreceptors having become less sensitive to light. B) his cataracts. C) a tumor on his optic nerve. D) a lack of vitreous humor in his eyeball's posterior cavity. E) his lens being unable to accommodate for close objects.
E) his lens being unable to accommodate for close objects.
In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extracellular fluid composition called ________ stimuli. A) hormonal B) cellular C) neural D) membrane E) humoral
E) humoral
Shock is an acute circulatory crisis marked by A) low blood pressure and increased blood volume. B) hypotension and increased tissue perfusion. C) high blood pressure and inadequate peripheral blood flow. D) high blood pressure and decreased tissue perfusion. E) hypotension and inadequate peripheral blood flow.
E) hypotension and inadequate peripheral blood flow.
The membrane covering the surface of the stomach is named the A) pericardial sac. B) visceral peritoneum. C) parietal pleura. D) visceral pleura. E) serous membrane.
B) visceral peritoneum.
The layer of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung is called ______ ______. A) parietal pleura B) visceral pleura C) sufactant D) pleural fluid E) mediastinum
B) visceral pleura
Intrinsic factor aids the absorption of ---- across the intestinal lining A) vitamin D B) vitamin B12 C) vitamin C D) vitamin B5 D) vitamin K
B) vitamin B12
Water is an excellent solvent because A) it dissolves all solutes. B) water molecules are polar. C) it makes up a major part of every cell. D) it has a high heat capacity. E) water molecules covalently bond with atoms in other molecules.
B) water molecules are polar.
The property of heart muscle in which it contracts in the absence of neural or hormonal stimulation is called A) tamponade. B) thrombosis. C) autorhythmicity. D) arrhythmias. E) tetanus.
C) autorhythmicity.
The stiffness that occurs at death, when actin and myosin molecules stay linked to each other in a contracted state, is due to a lack of A) cAMP. B) DNA. C) RNA. D) ATP. E) tRNA.
D) ATP.
The elastic structure that folds back over the glottis, preventing the entry of liquids or solid food into the respiratory tract during swallowing, is the a) corniculate cartilage B) cuneiform cartilage C) thyroid cartilage D) epiglottis E) glottis
D) epiglottis
The release of intracellular materials by a vesicle at the cell surface is called A) an ion exchange pump. B) active transport. C) osmosis. D) exocytosis. E) endocytosis.
D) exocytosis.
The volume of air that can be voluntarily exhaled at the end of a single resting respiratory cycle is know as A) tidal volume B) residual volume C) vital capacity D) expiratory reserve volume E) inspiratory reserve volume
D) expiratory reserve volume
When actively contracting, skeletal muscles catabolize glucose, but at rest they rely on which of the following? A) proteins B) glycogen C) nucleic acids D) fatty acids E) amino acids
D) fatty acids
Describe the regional term "antecubitus." A) back of knee B) midline of back C) eye D) front of elbow E) forearm
D) front of elbow
Which gastrointestinal hormone is released when fats and glucose enter the small intestine? A) cholecystokinin B) pepsin C) gastrin D) secretin D) gastric inhibitory peptide
D) gastric inhibitory peptide
Most cells generate ATP and other high-energy compounds by breaking down carbohydrates, especially A) galactose B) ribose C) sucrose D) glucose E) fructose
D) glucose
Reabsorption of glucose occurs mostly in the A) nephron loop B) distal convoluted tubule C) renal sinus D) proximal convoluted tubule E) renal corpuscle
D) proximal convoluted tubule
The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called A) preferential pain. B) recalcitrant pain. C) actual pain. D) referred pain. E) slow pain.
D) referred pain.
The large, funnel-shaped chamber that connects to the ureter is called the A) renal column B) nephron C) medulla D) renal pelvis E) calyx
D) renal pelvis
The skeletal muscles store calcium ions in the terminal cisternae of the A) sarcolemma. B) sarcomere. C) sarcosome. D) sarcoplasmic reticulum. E) sarcoplasm.
D) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Sperm production occurs in the A) rete testis. B) ductus deferens. C) epididymis. D) seminiferous tubules. E) seminal vesicles.
D) seminiferous tubules.
The ________ joint is the most frequently dislocated joint of the body as it provides an excellent demonstration of the principle that stability must be sacrificed to obtain mobility. A) knee B) hip C) elbow D) shoulder E) intervertebral
D) shoulder
---- is a buffer that helps to increase the pH of chyme A) secretin B) bile salt C) trypsin D) sodium bicarbonate E) cholecystokinin
D) sodium bicarbonate
A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it A) increases blood flow in the dermis. B) stimulates the synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in the eye. C) constricts blood vessels in the dermis. D) stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis. E) adjusts overall gland secretion rates in the body.
D) stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis.
This organ is both an endocrine and digestive organ. A) Pancreas B) Gall Bladder C) Adrenal Gland D) Liver E) Pineal Gland
A) Pancreas
Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the A) dermis. B) epidermis. C) hypodermis. D) epidermis and dermis. E) subcutaneous layer.
A) dermis.
Relaxation of the heart chambers is called A) diastole. B) systole. C) depolarization. D) hyperpolarization. E) repolarization.
A) diastole.
ADH promotes increased water permeability of the A) distal convoluted tubule B) proximal convoluted tubule C) loop of Henle D) minor calyx E) papillary duct
A) distal convoluted tubule
Erythropoietin is most likely released under which of the following conditions? A) during anemia B) when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are optimally enhanced C)) when the carbon dioxide content of air in the lungs declines D) during erythrocytosis E) when blood flow to the thymus declines
A) during anemia
The pituitary and thyroid glands are components of the A) endocrine system. B) cardiovascular system. C) respiratory system. D) lymphoid system. E) digestive system.
A) endocrine system.
Which of these is an example of carrier-mediated transport that does not require energy input? A) facilitated diffusion B) exocytosis C) endocytosis D) pinocytosis E) an ion exchange pump
A) facilitated diffusion
Which type of burn appears inflamed and feels tender but has no blisters? A) first-degree B) second-degree C) third-degree D) fourth-degree E) full-thickness
A) first-degree
Dorsiflexion involves ________ at the ankle joint and ________ of the foot. A) flexion; elevation of the sole B) extension; elevation of the heel C) flexion; elevation of the heel D) extension; flexion of the sole E) adduction; flexion of the heel
A) flexion; elevation of the sole
The premotor cortex of the cerebrum, involved in the planning and sequencing of muscle movements, is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) postcentral gyrus. C) hippocampus. D) parietal lobe. E) thalamus.
A) frontal lobe.
The portion of DNA that codes for a particular polypeptide is called a A) gene. B) phenotype. C) karyotype. D) genome. E) trait.
A) gene.
If an individual carries two different alleles of the same gene, he or she is ________ for the trait determined by that gene. A) heterozygous B) autosomal C) polygenic D) homozygous E) homologous
A) heterozygous
Which of the following is a type of secretion in which cells become packed with secretions and then burst apart and die? A) holocrine B) merocrine C) apocrine D) mucous E) ceruminous
A) holocrine
Paired chromosomes are called A) homologous chromosomes. B) heterozygous chromosomes. C) homozygous chromosomes. D) alleles. E) autosomal chromosomes.
A) homologous chromosomes.
The term incontinence refers to the A) inability to control urination voluntarily B) process of urinating C) process of urine produciton D) inability to void (expel) urine E) inability to control kidney function
A) inability to control urination voluntarily
An increase in the PCO2 of arterial blood may result in respiratory centers acting to A) increase the rate of breathing B) decrease the vital capacity C) decrease the rate of breathing D) decrease pulmonary ventilation E) increase the amount of air in the anatomic dead space
A) increase the rate of breathing
Gastrin causes A) increases in the secretion of chief cells and parietal cells B) the conversion of pepsin into pepsinogen C) the upper esophageal sphincter to open D) the pyloric sphincter to alternately open and close E) inhibition of hcl secretion
A) increases in the secretion of chief cells and parietal cells
Which of the following anatomical landmarks corresponds to the groin? A) inguinal B) cephalon C) gluteus D) lumbus E) thoracis
A) inguinal
Microorganisms removed from incoming air by the mucus of the respiratory tract are ultimately exposed to and destroyed by A) the cilia B) alveolar macrophages C) a lack of nutrients D) stomach acids and enzymes E) toxins in the mucus
D) stomach acids and enzymes
Which of the following substances would be nearest the pH of human blood? A) pure water, pH ≈ 7 B )wine, pH ≈ 3 C) tomato juice, pH ≈ 4 D) stomach secretions, pH ≈ 1 E) milk, pH ≈ 6.5
A) pure water, pH ≈ 7
This condition develops when the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH. A) diabetes mellitus B) diabetes insipidus C) pituitary dwarfism D) exophthalmos E) gigantism
B) diabetes insipidus
A(n) ________ allele will always be expressed regardless of what the other allele happens to be. A) autosomal B) dominant C) recessive D) sex-linked E) heterozygous
B) dominant
Which is not a function of the parasympathetic nervous system? A) increased secretion of digestive juices B) ejaculation C) emptying of the bladder D) increased bowel movements E) pupil constriction
B) ejaculation
If an X-carrying sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be A) both male and female. B) female only. C)nonviable. D) either male or female. E) male only.
B) female only.
Which of the following muscles acts to flex the finger joints? A) brachioradialis B) flexor digitorum C) flexor carpi ulnaris D) pronator teres E) flexor carpi radialis
B) flexor digitorum
Which of the following primarily targets the gonads (ovaries and testes)? A) growth hormone B) follicle-stimulating hormone C) prolactin D) insulin E) thyroxine
B) follicle-stimulating hormone
Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from precursor molecules such as A) sucrose B) glycerol C) glycogen D) fructose E) galactose
B) glycerol
The ---- controls movement of chyme between the last segment of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine A) duodenal papilla B) internal anal sphincter C) hepatopancreatic sphincter D) pyloric sphincter E) ileocecal valve
E) ileocecal vale
Structurally, the plasma membrane A) contains carbohydrate molecules only. B) separates the chromatin from the cytoplasm in eukaryotes. C) contains no imbedded proteins. D) is nonporous. E) is composed of a bilayer of lipids.
E) is composed of a bilayer of lipids.
The spleen is normally found in which abdominopelvic region? A) hypogastric B) left inguinal region C) right hypochondriac D) right lumbar region E) left hypochondriac
E) left hypochondriac
Circular folds and intestinal villi increase the absorptive surface area of the large intestine. True False
False
Erythropoeitin is released when oxygen levels in the blood increase. T/F
False
In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the yellow bone marrow. T/F
False
In response to respiratory alkalosis, the respiratory rate increases. True False
False
Monocytes are granulocytes. T/F
False
Platelets are phagocytic. T/F
False
Secondary dentition results in a a permanent tooth count of 38. True False
False
The basic functional units of the liver are the portal triads. True False
False
The fusion of the common hepatic duct with the cystic duct forms the common pancreatic duct. True False
False
The gastric phase of gastric secretion begins with the sight, thought or smell of food. True False
False
The glottis is a flap of elastic cartilage. T/F
False
The main intracellular ion is sodium and the main extracellular ion is potassium. T/F
False
The second heart sound is heard when the semilunar valves open. T/F
False
The trachea contains the vocal cords. T/F
False
The vessel that supplies blood to the face is the internal carotid artery. T/F
False
Vessels that permit exchange of materials between blood and surrounding interstitial fluid are called venules. T/F
False
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute is called the cardiac output. T/F
True
The average life span of a red blood cell is about 4 months. T/F
True
The characteristic treatment for respiratory acidosis is improvement of ventilation. True False
True
The respiratory surfaces of the nasal cavity are cleared by mucus produced in part by the paranasal sinuses. T/F
True
Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme produced by the pancreas. True False
True
When necessary, blood bypasses a capillary bed through arteriovenous shunts. T/F
True
Neutrophils are active in fighting bacterial infections. T/F
True
Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid. True False
True
During glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the cell gains how many molecules of ATP for each glucose molecule broken down to pyruvate? A) 2 B) 4 C) 30 D) 36 E) 38
A) 2
Choose the correct pathway for smell from the environment to the brain. 1. Olfactory nerve 2. Olfactory bulb 3. Central nervous system 4. Olfactory epithelium 5. Olfactory tract A) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3 B) 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 C) 2, 5, 1, 4, 3 D) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3 E) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3
A) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3
Following is a list of components of the renal tubule system. 1. ascending limb of nephron loop 2. ureter 3. distal convoluted tubule 4. descending limb of nephron loop 5. minor calyx 6. proximal convoluted tubule 7. papillary duct 8. renal pelvis Choose the correct order of components through which the initial filtrate of urine flows from the renal corpuscle and is conducted to the urethra to be excreted as urine. A) 6, 4, 1, 3, 7, 5, 8, 2 B) 6, 1, 4, 3, 5, 7, 8, 2 C) 3, 4, 1, 6, 5, 8, 7, 2 D) 4, 1, 6, 3, 7, 5, 8, 2 E) 3, 1, 4, 6, 8, 7, 5, 2
A) 6, 4, 1, 3, 7, 5, 8, 2
________ develop(s) when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues. A) Autoimmune disorders B) Immediate hypersensitivity C) Anaphylaxis D) Immunodeficiency diseases E) Immune complex disorders
A) Autoimmune disorders
Which muscle is not considered a component of the "hamstrings?" A) Gluteus maximimus B) Biceps femoris C) Semitendinosus D) Semimembranosus E) None of the above
A) Gluteus maximimus
Which of the following is true about red muscles? A) Red muscles are slower than white muscles. B) Red muscles have fewer mitochondria than white muscles. C) Red muscles have fibers of greater diameter than those of white muscles. D) Red muscles contain less myoglobin than white muscles. E) Red muscles fatigue quickly.
A) Red muscles are slower than white muscles.
If through injury, both the blood flow to the kidneys and the glomerular filtration pressure decrease, which of the following will likely occur? A) The renin-angiotensin system will be activated. B) Sodium reabsorption will be inhibited. C) Vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries. D) Vasodilation of the efferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries. E) The amount of ADH released in the blood will decrease.
A) The renin-angiotensin system will be activated.
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the A) upper (conducting) portion of the respiratory tract. B) lungs. C) alveoli. D) lower (respiratory) portion of the respiratory tract. E) bronchioles
A) Upper (conducting) portion of the respiratory tract
What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis? A) a reduction in blood loss B) an increase in peripheral blood flow C) the formation of collagen fibers D) an easier passage for neutrophils to the site of injury E) greater availability of calcium
A) a reduction in blood loss
The presence of ________ strongly indicates that the long bone is still growing. A) an epiphyseal plate B) an articular cartilage C) an epiphyseal line D) an epiphysis E) trabeculae
A) an epiphyseal plate
The paranasal sinuses, together with other structures of the upper respiratory tract, A) are involved in filtering, warming, and humidifying incoming air. B) are where a small percentage of gas exchange occurs C) form part of the respiratory membrane D) provide a large area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood E) are lined by a delicate simple squamous epithelium
A) are involved in filtering, warming, and humidifying incoming air.
The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) microglia. D) ependymal cells. E) satellite cells.
A) astrocytes.
A few spiders produce a venom that is a calcium-channel blocker. Where would this venom have an effect on nerve impulse transmission? A) at the axon terminal B) at the axon hillock C) along the dendrite D) along the cell body membrane E) at the postsynaptic membrane
A) at the axon terminal
Which condition is described as the formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining? A) atherosclerosis B) phlebitis C) thrombus D) aneurysm E) pulmonary embolism
A) atherosclerosis
The ________ contains vesicles filled with acetylcholine. A) axon terminal B) motor end plate C) neuromuscular junction D) synaptic cleft E) transverse tubule
A) axon terminal
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to A) break down. B) synthesize. C) bond to actin. D) be secreted. E) form cross-bridges
A) break down.
The small, paired glands at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the A) bulbourethral glands. B) Bartholin's glands. C) seminal vesicles. D) preputial glands. E) prostate glands.
A) bulbourethral glands.
An important second messenger in hormonal action is A) cAMP. B) calcitriol. C) insulin. D) calcium. E) glucagon.
A) cAMP.
The term that applies to all of the decomposition reactions that occur in metabolism is A) catabolism. B) anabolism. C) dehydration synthesis. D) homeostasis. ionization.
A) catabolism.
The function of an atrium is to A) collect blood returning to the heart. B) pump blood to the lungs. C) pump blood into the systemic circuit. D) prevent the movement of blood back into the ventricles. E) stabilize the position of the heart valves.
A) collect blood returning to the heart.
Which structural feature(s) of the knee function(s) in limiting the anterior and posterior movement of the femur? A) cruciate ligaments B) menisci C) bursae D) patellar ligament E) collateral ligaments
A) cruciate ligaments
Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in A) depolarization. B) repolarization. C) hyperpolarization. D) increased negative charge inside the membrane. E) myelination.
A) depolarization.
Ingestion refer to the A) input of food into the digestive tract through the mouth B) mixing of nutrients with digestive enzymes C) absorption of nutrients in the gut D) chemical breakdown of food E) progressive dehydration of indigestible residue
A) input of food into the digestive tract through the mouth
The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx at the A) internal nares. B) external nares. C) vestibules. D) turbinates. E) palates.
A) internal nares.
You mix a drop of blood with a drop of an unknown solution and look at the solution under the microscope. The cells look normal to you, so the solution you mixed with the blood would likely be A) isotonic. B) hypoosmotic. C) hypotonic. D) hypertonic. E) hyperosmotic.
A) isotonic.
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? A) liver B) spleen C) esophagus D) stomach E) colon
A) liver
The lungs are divided into ________ that are separated by deep fissures. A) lobes B) bronchioles C) bronchi D) alveoli E) lobules
A) lobes
The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the A) longitudinal fissure. B) central sulcus. C) lateral sulcus. D) frontal lobe. E) postcentral sulcus.
A) longitudinal fissure.
In albinism, ________ is lacking. A) melanin B) keratin C) carotene D) keratinocytes E) collagen
A) melanin
A person who is suffering from bouts of repeated vomiting may risk developing a serious case of A) metabolic alkalosis B) metabolic acidosis C) respiratory alkalosis D) nephritis E) respiratory acidosis
A) metabolic alkalosis
Contraction of the ---- layers of the intestinal wall functions to both agitate materials and propel them along the digestive tract A) muscularis externa B) submucosa C) adventitia C) mucosa E) serosa
A) muscularis externa
The muscularis externa layer contains nerves referred to as the A) myenteric plexus B) enteric nerves C) muscularis nerves D) submucosal plexus E) circular plexus
A) myenteric plexus
Which of the following describes a mechanism that brings the internal environment back to normal? A) negative feedback B) homeostasis C) positive feedback D) regulation E) integration
A) negative feedback
Sperm carry A) one X or one Y sex chromosome. B) no sex chromosomes. C) only one X sex chromosome, exclusively. D) only one Y sex chromosome, exclusively. E) two Y sex chromosomes.
A) one X or one Y sex chromosome.
Ova carry A) one X sex chromosome. B) one Y sex chromosome. C) XO sex chromosomes. D) YY sex chromosomes. E) XX sex chromosomes.
A) one X sex chromosome.
Nociceptors are sensitive to A) pain. B) light touch. C) vibration. D) osmotic pressure. E) blood pressure.
A) pain.
A foreign microorganism that may cause disease in humans is called a(n) A) pathogen. B) antigen. C) antibody. D) pathology. E) plaque.
A) pathogen.
Chief cells secrete A) pepsinogen. B) gastrin. C) mucus. D) hydrochloric acid. E) intrinsic factor.
A) pepsinogen
A chamber shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the A) pharynx B) larynx C) trachea D) glottis E) vestibule
A) pharynx
Which of the following terms is used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A) plasma membrane B) cell wall C) nuclear envelope D) cell layer E) cell boundary
A) plasma membrane
What is the function of the gonads? A) produce gametes and hormones B) receive and transport the gametes C) enclose and support a developing embryo D) connect the uterus with the exterior E) secrete fluids into the reproductive system ducts
A) produce gametes and hormones
Which is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation? A) residual volume B) minimal volume C) vital capacity D) expiratory reserve volume E) inspiratory reserve volume
A) residual volume
The trachea and lungs are components of the A) respiratory system. B) digestive system. C) endocrine system. D) urinary system. E) lymphoid system.
A) respiratory system.
The fading of a dominant odor sometime after one enters a room is an example of experiencing A) sensory adaptation. B) damage to receptors. C) sensory deprivation. D) a change in concentration of the odor. E) proprioception.
A) sensory adaptation.
The type of epithelium that is found in the exchange surfaces of the lungs is A) simple squamous. B) stratified squamous. C) simple cuboidal. D) stratified cuboidal. E) transitional.
A) simple squamous.
The type(s) of muscle cell that has/have the ability to divide, and regenerate after injury, is/are ________ muscle(s). A) smooth B) skeletal C) cardiac D) skeletal and smooth E) cardiac and skeletal
A) smooth
The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for emergencies is the A) sympathetic division. B) parasympathetic division. C) craniosacral division. D) arachnoid division. E) somatic motor division.
A) sympathetic division.
Interstitial cells produce A) testosterone B) FSH C) androgen-inhibiting proteins D) sperm E) nutrients
A) testosterone
The two collecting ducts that ultimately drain the lymphatic vessels are the A) thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. B) lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct. C) intestinal duct and left celiac trunk. D) bronchomediastinal duct and subclavian duct. E) thyrocervical trunk and bronchomediastinal duct.
A) thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
Triiodothyronine is a hormone secreted by the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) parathyroid glands. D) hypothalamus. E) anterior pituitary.
A) thyroid gland.
The muscle that dorsiflexes the foot is the A) tibialis anterior. B) tibialis posterior. C) soleus. D) peroneus. E) gastrocnemius.
A) tibialis anterior.
The ossicles connect the A) tympanic membrane to the oval window. B) tympanic membrane to the round window. C) oval window to the round window. D) cochlea to the tympanic membrane. E) cochlea to the oval window.
A) tympanic membrane to the oval window.
The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the A) uterus. B) vagina. C) cervix. D) ovary. E) uterine tube.
A) uterus.
Which of the following is defined as the maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the respiratory system in a single respiratory cycle? A) vital capacity B) inspiratory reserve volume C) tidal volume D) expiratory reserve volume E) residual volume
A) vital capacity
Which fat-soluble vitamin is synthesized in skin that is exposed to sunlight? A) vitamin D B) vitamin K C) vitamin E D) vitamin B6 E) vitamin C
A) vitamin D
In which situation would the filling time (duration of ventricular diastole) be the longest? A) when heart rate is slow B) when heart rate is fast C) when the force of contraction is decreased D) when the difference between the end diastolic volume and the end systolic volume is small E) when calcium channel blockers are present
A) when heart rate is slow
The average length of the uterine (menstrual) cycle is ________ days. A) 37 B) 28 C) 20 D) 5 E) 14
B) 28
Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization 2. Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels 3. Depolarization to threshold 4. Closing of potassium channels A) 1, 3, 4, 2 B) 3, 1, 2, 4 C) 4, 3, 2, 1 D) 1, 3, 2, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 2
B) 3, 1, 2, 4
The following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract. 1. ductus deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. epididymis The correct order in which spermatozoa pass through these structures from the testes to the penis is A) 1, 4, 3, 2. B) 4, 1, 3, 2. C) 1, 3, 4, 2. D) 4, 1, 2, 3. E) 4, 3, 1, 2.
B) 4, 1, 3, 2.
The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney: 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8 B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8 C) 4, 2, 3, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8 D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8 E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8
B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8
The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney: 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8. B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8. C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8. D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8. E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8.
B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.
If the parents are AA and aa, the offspring are all expected to be A) AA. B) Aa. C) either AA or aa. D) sterile. E) aa.
B) Aa.
Which of the following is an example of a strong base? A) KF B) NaOH C) NaCl D) H2O E) HCl
B) NaOH
________ are cells that support and protect the neurons. A) Matrix B) Neuroglia C) Ground substance D) Goblet cells E) Proteoglycans
B) Neuroglia
Which of the following is correct about the location of the kidney(s)? A) There is one kidney deep to the liver. B) The kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal. C) The left kidney is lower than the right. D) The kidneys are in the anterior abdominal wall. E) The kidneys lie in the pelvic cavity, and only their superior surfaces are covered by a layer of peritoneum.
B) The kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal.
Which of the following is a function of the membrane proteins called channel proteins? A) They bind to specific extracellular molecules to trigger a cellular change. B) They permit the passage of ions, bypassing the lipid portion of the cell membrane. C) They are enzymes. D) They serve as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membrane. E) They are used as a source of energy.
B) They permit the passage of ions, bypassing the lipid portion of the cell membrane.
Lipid catabolism yields 1.3 times as much ATP compared to aerobic glucose metabolism. So why is lipid catabolism not the prime source of ATP in the human body? A) Most people do not have enough lipid reserves. B) Water-soluble enzymes cannot easily get to the lipid droplets. C) Lipid catabolism occurs in the cytosol where oxygen availability is limited. D) Lipid catabolism occurs primarily during times of starvation. E) Lipid catabolism produces large amounts of nitrogenous wastes, which are taxing on the liver.
B) Water-soluble enzymes cannot easily get to the lipid droplets.
If a substance resists changes in pH, either by removing or replacing hydrogen ions, it is called A) neutral. B) a buffer. C) acidic. D) a salt. E) alkaline.
B) a buffer.
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is A) filtration of anything small enough to pass through the filtration membrane. B) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water. C) secretion of acids, ammonia, and drugs. D) actively pumping sodium ions and chloride ions out of the filtrate. E) adjustment of urine volume in response to ADH and aldosterone.
B) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the A) motor division. B) afferent division. C) efferent division. D) autonomic division. E) somatic division.
B) afferent division.
Proteins are composed of units called A) nucleotides. B) amino acids. C) adenosines. D) simple sugars. E) fatty acids.
B) amino acids.
Ions with a negative charge are called A) cations. B) anions. C) radicals. D) polyatomic ions. E) None of these is correct.
B) anions.
Ions with a negative charge are called A) radicals. B) anions. C) cations. D) polyatomic ions. E) None of these is correct.
B) anions.
Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into the A) ventricles. B) atria. C) venae cavae. D) aorta. E) pulmonary trunk.
B) atria.
The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity. A) central B) autonomic C) somatic D) collateral E) ganglionic
B) autonomic
In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes, which contain most of the genes that affect somatic characteristics such as hair color and skin pigmentation, are called A) alleles. B) autosomal chromosomes. C) homozygous chromosomes. D) homologous chromosomes. E) heterozygous chromosomes.
B) autosomal chromosomes.
The force that tends to reabsorb or pull water back into a capillary is called ________ pressure. A) capillary hydrostatic B) blood osmotic C) arterial D) venous E) pulse
B) blood osmotic
The active sites on actin molecules are usually covered up by other molecules. What is the critical material required to uncover the active sites on the actin molecules that will then bind to myosin heads? A) ATP B) calcium C) oxygen D) vitamin A E) titin
B) calcium
Levels of which of the following are responsible for regulating respiratory activities under normal conditions? A) bicarbonate ion B) carbon dioxide C) sodium ion D) hemoglobin E) oxygen
B) carbon dioxide
Carbohydrate metabolism involves the reactants, glucose plus oxygen, and the resultant products A) water and pyruvate B) carbon dioxide and water C) pyruvate and nitrogen D) nitrogen and hydrogen E) water and sucrose
B) carbon dioxide and water
Platelets are A) giant, multinucleated cells. B) cellular fragments. C) immature leukocytes. D) fixed macrophages. E) surface antigens.
B) cellular fragments.
The first heart sound ("lubb") is produced as the atrioventricular valves ________ and the semilunar valves ________. A) open; close B) close; open C) open; open D) close; close E) The actions of the valves do not contribute to the heart sounds.
B) close; open
The hearing receptors are located in the A) ampulla. B) cochlear duct. C) utricle. D) saccule. E) semicircular canals.
B) cochlear duct.
The fusion of the common hepatic duct with the cystic duct forms the A) porta hepatis B) common bile duct C) common pancreatic duct D) bile canaliculus D) hepatic portal vein
B) common bile duct
The function of the nasal conchae is to A) provide an opening to the outside of the body B) create turbulence in the air to trap small particles in mucus C) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side D) provide an opening into the pharynx E) provide a surface for gas exchange
B) create turbulence in the air to trap small particles in mucus
The muscle beneath the dermis of the skin of the scrotum is the A) detrusor muscle. B) dartos muscle. C) cremaster muscle. D) external os. E) myometrium.
B) dartos muscle.
A cell produces how many ATP molecules from the breakdown of one 18-carbon fatty acid molecule? A) 4 B) 16 C) 120 D) 32 E) 60
C) 120
Choose the correct pathway of CSF through the brain. 1. cerebral aqueduct 2. intraventricular foramen 3. lateral ventricles 4. third ventricle 5. fourth ventricle A) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5 B) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5 C) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 D) 4, 2, 3, 1, 5 E) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5
C) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. vena cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? A) 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5 B) 1, 7, 3, 8, 2, 4, 6, 5 C) 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6 D) 5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 2, 6 E) 5, 1, 3, 8, 6, 2, 4, 7
C) 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6
Which is the mechanism of enzyme functioning? A) Enzymes raise the activation energy of a reaction. B) Enzymes promote complementary base-pairing. C) Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction. D) Enzymes replace hydrogen ions. E) Enzymes remove hydrogen ions.
C) Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.
Which of the following occurs in intramembranous ossification? A) Hyaline cartilage model forms. B) Periosteum forms a collar around the cartilage. C) Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone. D) As the bone enlarges, osteoclasts break down some of the spongy bone and create a marrow cavity. E) Ossification centers are formed as blood vessels and osteoblasts enter the centers of the epiphyses.
C) Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone.
The extraembryonic membrane that contains fluid that surrounds and cushions the developing embryo and fetus is known as the A) allantois. B) yolk sac. C) amnion. D) chorion. E) uterus.
C) amnion.
Which hormone is released by the kidneys when blood pressure falls or the oxygen content of the blood becomes abnormally low? A) ADH B) ANP C) angiotensin II D) erythropoietin E) renin
C) angiotensin II
A blind spot in the retina occurs A) at the fovea. B) where ganglion cells synapse with bipolar cells. C) at the optic disc. D) where rod cells are clustered to form the macula. E) where amacrine cells are located.
C) at the optic disc.
ANP release is stimulated when A) angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II B) urinary water retention is too high C) blood volume and blood pressure are too high D) the rate of sodium ion reabsorption is decreased E) glomerular filtration is increased
C) blood volume and blood pressure are too high
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ions in the blood. A) thymosin B) parathyroid hormone C) calcitonin D) aldosterone E) cortisol
C) calcitonin
Salivary amylase functions to digest A) cellulose B) proteins C) carboyhydrates D) nucleic acids E) lipids
C) carbohydrates
The brain and spinal cord comprise the A) autonomic nervous system. B) peripheral nervous system. C) central nervous system. D) efferent nervous system. E) afferent nervous system.
C) central nervous system.
The lens focuses the visual image on the photoreceptors by A) moving up and down. B) moving in and out. C) changing shape. D) opening and closing. E) dilating and constricting.
C) changing shape.
Which type of synovial joint is described as an oval articular face nestling within a depression on the opposing surface? A) saddle B) pivot C) condylar D) ball-and-socket E) gliding
C) condylar
Thick-walled vessels, which are large and extremely resilient, are called ________ arteries. A) coronary B) pulmonary C) elastic D) muscular E) arteriolar
C) elastic
Bile salts break lipid droplets apart in a process called A) absorption B) bile synthesis C) emulsification D) bile storage E) secretion
C) emulsification
The inner lining of the uterus is called the A) internal os. B) myometrium. C) endometrium. D) perimetrium. E) cervix.
C) endometrium.
Which neuroglial cells produce CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) in some regions of the brain? A) microglia B) Schwann cells C) ependymal cells D) oligodendrocytes E) astrocytes
C) ependymal cells
Enzymes A) are derived from cholesterol. B) are carbohydrates. C) function as biological catalysts. D) are lipids. E) raise the activation energy for a reaction.
C) function as biological catalysts.
Which structural feature of cardiac muscle cells enables action potentials to travel rapidly from cell to cell? A) mitochondria B) desmosomes C) gap junctions D) myofibrils E) myoglobin
C) gap junctions
Which process is the vital first step essential to all kidney functions? A) reabsorption of nutrients B) excretion of metabolic waste products C) glomerular filtration D) reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid E) active secretion
C) glomerular filtration
The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is A) protein. B) vitamin B12. C) glucose. D) starch. E) sucrose.
C) glucose.
The elastic epithelial fold of variable size, which partially blocks the entrance to the vagina, is called the A) labia minora. B) fornix. C) hymen. D) vestibule. E) clitoris.
C) hymen.
In quiet breathing, A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D) inspiration and expiration are both passive processes. E) only the diaphragm is active during inhalation.
C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
Covering, protection, and control of body temperature are functions of which organ system of the human body? A)nervous B) muscular C) integumentary D) endocrine E) skeletal
C) integumentary
The hormone responsible for daily changes in physiological processes that follow a day-night pattern is A) melanin. B) thyroxine. C) melatonin. D) corticosteroid. E) aldosterone.
C) melatonin.
Which of the following occurs as a result of motor units in a particular muscle being always active, even though their contractions do not produce significant visible movement? A) treppe B) tetany C) muscle tone D) fatigue E) a twitch
C) muscle tone
As a result of playing tennis in the summer heat without proper hydration, you have become very dehydrated. You are now in hypernatremia, a condition where your blood sodium levels are too high. Your brain tells you to drink water and, as a result, your blood sodium and hydration levels go back to normal. This illustrates A) positive feedback. B) stimulus reinforcement. C) negative feedback. D) diagnostic regulation. E) both positive and negative feedback loops.
C) negative feedback.
Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by A) positive feedback. B) the quantity of circulating hormone. C) negative feedback. D) cellular demands. E) body temperature.
C) negative feedback.
The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.
C) oligodendrocytes.
The movement of water across a membrane from an area of higher water (lower solute) concentration to an area of lower water (higher solute) concentration is known as A) diffusion. B) filtration. C) osmosis. D) facilitated diffusion. E) active transport.
C) osmosis.
The difference in pressure from one end of a vessel to the other is called ________, which greatly determines the rate of flow. A) osmotic pressure B) pulse pressure C) pressure gradient D) pressure point E) pulse point
C) pressure gradient
Which of the following is a primary function of the lymphatic system? A) circulation of nutrients B) circulation of hormones C) production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes D) production, maintenance, and distribution of plasma proteins E) blocking the action of histamine
C) production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum, which prepares the uterus for pregnancy, is A) estradiol. B) FSH. C) progesterone. D) estrogen. E) LH.
C) progesterone.
Protein catabolism is an impractical source of quick energy because A) the body cannot synthesize any of the amino acids which it needs B) the major byproduct is hydrogen, which cells cannot use for energy C) proteins are more difficult to catabolize than are complex carbohydrates or lipids D) proteins are catabolized much too easily, resulting in homeostatic imbalance E) proteins are unimportant to cellular homeostasis
C) proteins are more difficult to catabolize than are complex carbohydrates or lipids
Functions of the large intestine include A) temporary food storage B) production of digestive enzymes C) reabsorption of water and compaction of feces D) chemical digestion of chyme E) absorption of the products of digestion
C) reabsorption of water and compaction of feces
By adjusting the volume of water lost in urine, and releasing erythropoietin and renin, the urinary system specifically functions in A) helping to stabilize blood pH. B) conserving valuable nutrients. C) regulating blood pressure. D) regulating plasma concentrations of ions. E) controlling the concentration of vitamins.
C) regulating blood pressure.
Sympathetic activation leads to A) contraction of smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation B) contraction of smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchoconstriction C) relaxation in smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation D) relaxation of smooth muscles of bronchioles, resulting in bronchoconstriction E) relaxation in skeletal muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation
C) relaxation in smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation
Which of the following is part of the inner layer of the wall of the eye? A) lateral rectus muscle B) iris C) retina D) sclera E) conjunctiva
C) retina
Airways that supply one lobe of a lung are called A) tertiary bronchi B) alveoli C) secondary bronchi D) bronchioles E) primary bronchi
C) secondary bronchi
A person whose genetic makeup makes him or her a better marathon runner than a sprinter probably has more ________ in his or her leg muscles. A) fast fibers B) intermediate fibers C) slow fibers D) dark filaments E) myosin
C) slow fibers
Most nutrient absorption takes place in the A) ascending colon B) stomach C) small intestine D) sigmoid colon E) mouth
C) small intestine
Nonstriated, involuntary muscle is A) cardiac. B) red skeletal. C) smooth. D) white skeletal. E) intermediate skeletal.
C) smooth.
A person suffering from bouts of repeated vomiting may risk developing respiratory alkalosis. True False
False
What is/are the primary function(s) of the skeletal system? A) protection from environment B) internal transport of materials C) support, protection, and mineral storage D) delivery of air for gas exchange E) locomotion and heat production
C) support, protection, and mineral storage
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback during labor? A) the pressure the unborn exerts on the cervix B) the dilation of the cervix followed by the rupture of the amnion C) the distortion of the myometrium stimulates oxytocin release D) the ejection of the placenta at the end of the placental stage E) the movement of the fetus toward the cervical canal
C) the distortion of the myometrium stimulates oxytocin release
Which of the following is correct about the location of the kidney(s)? A) there is one kidney deep to the liver B) the kidneys are in the anterior abdominal wall C) the kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal D) the left kidney is lower than the right E) the kidneys live in the pelvic cavity, and only their superior surfaces are covered by a layer of peritoneum
C) the kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal
In response to respiratory alkalosis, A) the kidneys conserve bicarbonate B) the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are further simulated C) the respiratory rate decreases D) the kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions D) the respiratory rate increases
C) the respiratory rate decreases
Which water-soluble vitamin cannot be absorbed by the intestinal mucosa unless it has been bound to intrinsic factor? A) vitamin K B) vitamin B6 C) Vitamin B12 D) vitamin D E) vitamin C
C) vitamin B12
Which of the following is most likely to be damaged during CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)? A) styloid process B) mastoid process C) xiphoid process D) odontoid process E) transverse process
C) xiphoid process
A Calorie unit used in food is equal to the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water ________ degree(s) Celsius. A) 2 B) 1000 C) 100 D) 1 E) 10
D) 1
Regarding X-linked traits, if a father with normal color vision has children with a heterozygous mother, what percentage of the daughters will have normal color vision? A) 25% B) 0% C) 75% D) 100% E) 50%
D) 100%
Place these steps of muscle contraction in the correct order. 1. Action potential is generated along the sarcolemma 2. Nerve impulse arrives at synapse 3. Calcium is released into muscle cell cytoplasm 4. Acetylcholine is produced 5. Actin and myosin molecules continuously cross-link, with actin molecules being pulled inward A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 B) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3 C) 1, 2, 4, 3, 5 D) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 E) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3
D) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
The following are various components of the conducting system of the heart: 1. Purkinje cells 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which an action potential would move through this system is A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5. B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1. C) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1. D) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1. E) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1.
D) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
An average individual has a basal metabolic rate (BMR) of about A) 400 cal/hr B) 145 cal/hr C) 7000 cal/day D) 70 cal/hr E) 3680 cal/hr
D) 70 cal/hr
About 40% of the energy released through catabolism is used to convert ADP to ATP. What happens to the remaining 60% of energy? A) It is destroyed during the catabolic activities. B) It is used to convert RNA to DNA. C) It is immediately used in anabolic processes. D) It escapes as heat to warm the tissues. E) It transforms into mechanical energy.
D) It escapes as heat to warm the tissues.
When a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis? A) The blood supply to the skin increases. B) The number of red melanocytes in the skin increases. C) Melanocytes increase production of red pigments. D) The blood supply to the skin decreases. E) Increased heat causes the skin to turn red.
D) The blood supply to the skin decreases.
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and therefore is involved in taste? A) V B) IX C) III D) VII E) VI
D) VII
Genes that appear on the X chromosome are said to be A) homologous. B) lethal. C) autosomal recessive. D) X-linked. E) heterozygous.
D) X-linked.
The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from A) the transverse tubule pattern. B) the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C) cisternae placement. D) actin and myosin arrangement. E) the perimysium arrangement.
D) actin and myosin arrangement.
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are A) bronchioles. B) terminal bronchioles. C) pleural spaces. D) alveoli. E) interlobular septa.
D) alveoli
the vasa recta A) are the blood vessels through which blood reaches each nephron B) form the capillary network contained in the Bowman's capsule of the renal corpuscle C) surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron D) are long, straight capillaries that parallel the nephron loop deep into the renal medulla E) are blood vessels that supply the renal cortex
D) are long, straight capillaries that parallel the nephron loop deep into the renal medulla
A structure that allows the middle ear to communicate with the nasopharynx is the A) pinna. B) vestibular duct. C) tympanic duct. D) auditory tube. E) external auditory canal.
D) auditory tube.
Which pancreatic digestive enzymes digest starches? A) proteases B) peptidases C) lipases D) carbohydrases E) nucleases
D) carbohydrases
an expanded pouch in the region of the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the A) haustra B) rectum C) appendix D) cecum E) sigmoid colon
D) cecum
The respiratory mucosa is made up of A) dense irregular connective tissue B) dense regular connective tissue C) ciliated cuboidal epithelium D) squamous epithelium D) ciliated columnar epithelium
D) ciliated columnar epithelium
The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called A) axons. B) Nissl bodies. C) synapses. D) dendrites. E) neurofibrils.
D) dendrites.
Alcohol and fatty acids enter cells via A) anchor proteins. B) receptor proteins. C) lipid channels. D) diffusion. E) endocytosis.
D) diffusion.
Opening a bottle of perfume releases perfume molecules from the container, and within a few minutes the perfume can be smelled by a person many feet away from the bottle. This illustrates A) filtration. B) active transport. C) facilitated diffusion. D) diffusion. E) osmosis.
D) diffusion.
When the body is overheated, the skin responds by A) decreasing melanin production. B) losing oxygen to surrounding tissues. C) constricting blood vessels. D) dilating blood vessels. E) increasing keratin production.
D) dilating blood vessels.
Regarding components of negative feedback in thermoregulation, what is the corresponding term for the skeletal muscles? A) control center B) integrator C) receptor D) effector E) stimulus
D) effector
Baroreceptors that function in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain are located in the left ventricle. T/F
False
As a result of a severe concussion from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the A) mammillary bodies. B) basal ganglia. C) inferior colliculi. D) hippocampus. E) superior colliculi.
D) hippocampus.
The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions with respect to the external environment is called A) integration. B) internal regulation. C) responsiveness. D) homeostasis. E) external regulation.
D) homeostasis.
Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor and A) cholecystokinin B) pepsinogen C) gastric lipase D) hydrochloric acid E) pancreatic amylase
D) hydrochloric acid
A solution that contains a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell is called A) monotonic. B) semitonic. C) hypotonic. D) hypertonic. E) isotonic.
D) hypertonic.
Which of the following anatomical landmarks corresponds to the groin? A) thoracis B) lumbus C) gluteus D) inguinal E) cephalon
D) inguinal
Which is the action of histamine? A) releases digestive enzymes that destroy the injured cells and then attacks the surrounding tissues B) increases rate of metabolism C) interferes with viral replication inside the cell D) makes capillaries more permeable and speeds up blood flow through the area of damaged tissue E) enhances phagocytosis
D) makes capillaries more permeable and speeds up blood flow through the area of damaged tissue
The first uterine cycle occurs with the A) climacteric. B) menopause. C) perimenopause. D) menarche. E) oogenesis.
D) menarche.
Decompression sickness is a painful condition that results in ----- gas coming out of solution in the bloodstream A) hydrogen B) carbon dioxide C) carbon monoxide D) nitrogen E) oxygen
D) nitrogen
The visual cortex is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) cerebellum.
D) occipital lobe.
Water reabsorption occurs passively through the process of A) simple diffusion B) active transport C) facilitated diffusion D) osmosis E) pinocytosis
D) osmosis
The posterior pituitary gland stores A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). D) oxytocin (OT). E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).
D) oxytocin (OT).
Surfactant A) replaces mucus in the alveoli B) phagocytizes dust or debris C) is produces by pneumocytes type I D) plays a key role in keeping alveoli open E) is not found in healthy lung tissue
D) plays a key role in keeping alveoli open
Surfactant A) is produced by pneumocytes type I. B) phagocytizes dust or debris. C) replaces mucus in the alveoli. D) plays a key role in keeping alveoli open. E) is not found in healthy lung tissue.
D) plays a key role in keeping alveoli open.
The kneecap is patellar, whereas the back of the knee is A) crural. B) pedal. C) manual. D) popliteal. E) pubic.
D) popliteal.
A person's blood type is determined by the A) size and shape of red blood cells. B) number of antibodies in the plasma. C) chemical character of hemoglobin. D) presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane. E) type of oxygen- and carbon dioxide-binding sites on the hemoglobin molecules.
D) presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.
In anatomical position, when the palm is moved to face posteriorly, the movement of the wrist and hand is called A) extension. B) protraction. C) reposition. D) pronation. E) supination.
D) pronation
Functions of the respiratory system include A) generating neurotransmitters essential to the neural control of respiration B) Melanin synthesis and utilization to shield alveoli from environmental hazards c) producing leukocytes needed to defend against invading pathogens D) protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration and temperature changes E) providing erythrocytes, especially during times of increased oxygen demand
D) protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration and temperature changes
Following is a list of components of the renal tubule system. 1. ascending limb of nephron loop 2. ureter 3. distal convoluted tubule 4. descending limb of nephron loop 5. minor calyx 6. proximal convoluted tubule 7. collecting duct 8. renal pelvis Choose the correct order of components through which the initial filtrate of urine flows from the renal corpuscle and is conducted to the urethra to be excreted as urine. A) 4, 1, 6, 3, 7, 5, 8, 2 B) 3, 4, 1, 6, 5, 8, 7, 2 C) 6, 1, 4, 3, 5, 7, 8, 2 D) 3, 1, 4, 6, 8, 7, 5, 2 E) 6, 4, 1, 3, 7, 5, 8, 2
E) 6, 4, 1, 3, 7, 5, 8, 2
Which statement is true about nervous tissue? A) Neuroglial cells are the cells that conduct electrical impulses. B) Neurons only communicate with other neurons. C) Neurons are very short cells. D) Cells of the nervous tissue repair themselves at a very fast rate. E) Not all nervous tissue is located within the brain and spinal cord.
E) Not all nervous tissue is located within the brain and spinal cord.
Identify the correct match. A) Systole = relaxation of heart chambers B) Diastole = contraction of heart chambers C) Cardiac output = the amount of blood ejected by the right ventricle in one minute D) Stroke volume = the amount of blood ejected by an atrium in a single beat E) SA node = tissue mass embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium
E) SA node = tissue mass embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium
Which statement is true regarding the abdominopelvic regions? A) The bulk of the liver is found within the left hypochondriac region. B) Directly inferior to the umbilical region is the inguinal region. C) The small intestine is located in the bottom three regions only. D) The hypogastric region is where the stomach is located. E) The hypochondriac regions are superior to the lumbar regions.
E) The hypochondriac regions are superior to the lumbar regions.
The movement of small organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the intestinal fluid of the digestive tract is called a) excretion B) secretion C) ingestion D) digestion E) absorption
E) absorption
A process that requires ATP energy to move a substance independently of its concentration gradient is called A) osmosis. B) facilitated transport. C) passive transport. D) diffusion. E) active transport.
E) active transport.
The synthesis of new organic molecules, involving the formation of new chemical bonds, is called A) catabolism B) glycolysis C) differentiation D) lipolysis E) anabolism
E) anabolism
The study of body structure is called A) positive feedback. B) homeostasis. C) negative feedback. D) physiology. E) anatomy.
E) anatomy.
Smooth muscle cells A) have to be innervated by motor neurons. B) are larger than cardiac muscle cells. C) are multinucleate. D) contain intercalated discs. E) are spindle-shaped.
E) are spindle-shaped.
The teniae coli are A) polyps that obstruct the sigmoid colon and the rectum B) highly flexible ridges in the mucosa of the colon C) tumors that are found in the ascending colon D) external pouches along the entire length of the colon E) bands of smooth muscle on the surface of the colon
E) bands of smooth muscle on the surface of the colon
Which of the following conditions is the most common form of skin cancer? A) melanoma B) cyanosis C) squamous cell carcinoma D) albinism E) basal cell carcinoma
E) basal cell carcinoma
ANP release is stimulated when A) angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II. B) the rate of sodium ion reabsorption is decreased. C) urinary water retention is too high. D) glomerular filtration is increased. E) blood volume and blood pressure are too high.
E) blood volume and blood pressure are too high.
A bulk mineral that is essential for normal muscle and neuron function as well as for bone structure is A) selenium B) magnesium C) potassium D) sodium E) calcium
E) calcium
The term ________ refers to the wrist. A) pes B) tarsus C) manus D) palmar E) carpus
E) carpus
Chewing is called peristalsis. True False
False
The paranasal sinuses function in A) contributing to the floor of the cranium. B) deflecting inhaled air toward the olfactory receptors located near the upper portions of the nasal cavity. C) supporting and stabilizing the position of the larynx. D) forming the floor and medial portion of the rim of the orbit. E) lightening the skull and providing an extensive area of mucous epithelium.
E) lightening the skull and providing an extensive area of mucous epithelium.
Cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by the presence of A) proteins and partially digested carbohydrates in the duodenum B) proteins and partially digested lipids in the duodenum C) lipids and partially digested carbohydrates in the duodenum D) carbohydrates and partially digested lipids in the duodenum E) lipids and partially digested proteins in the duodenum
E) lipids and partially digested proteins in the duodenum
Cells that release histamine and heparin in response to tissue injury are called A) fibroblasts. B) adipocytes. C) melanocytes. D) macrophages. E) mast cells.
E) mast cells.
Considering the bony structure of the palate, a cleft palate is a malformation of which bone? A) vomer B) ethmoid C) sphenoid D) mandible E) maxillary
E) maxillary
What muscles are used when you try to "cross your eyes?" A) superior rectus B) lateral rectus C) inferior oblique D) superior oblique E) medial rectus
E) medial rectus
Which structure contains cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity centers and is essential for life? A) inferior colliculus B) superior colliculus C) pons D) cerebellum E) medulla oblongata
E) medulla oblongata
The sum of all of the chemical reactions occurring within the human body is called A) glycolysis B) anabolism C) oxidation D) catabolism E) metabolism
E) metabolism
Which of the following gases has the highest partial pressure in saturated alveolar air? A) carbon dioxide B) oxygen C) carbon monoxide D) water vapor E) nitrogen
E) nitrogen
Beta-oxidation A) occurs during glycolysis and generates NAD and FAD molecules B) breaks down proteins into two-carbon fragments that can be metabolized by the citric acid cycle C) is the final step of the citric acid cycle where hydrogen ions enter the electrons transport system D) yields large amount of ATP, while requiring coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD E) occurs in the mitochondria and is a series of reactions that break down fatty acids
E) occurs in the mitochondria and is a series of reactions that break down fatty acids
An allele that is ________ will be expressed only if it is present on both chromosomes of a homologous pair. A) dominant B) autosomal C) phenotypic D) incomplete E) recessive
E) recessive
The process of blood clotting is an example of which function of blood? A) stabilizing body temperature B) transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes C) defending against toxins and pathogens D) regulating the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids E) restricting fluid losses at injury sites
E) restricting fluid losses at injury sites
A cut passing parallel to the long axis of the body that divides it into unequal left and right halves is known as which type of sectional plane? A) horizontal B) transverse C) coronal D) frontal E) sagittal
E) sagittal
Maltase, sucrase, and lactase are carbohydrases produced by the A) liver B) pancrease C) stomach D) parotid salivary gland E) small intestine
E) small intestine
Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood (approximately 70%) is A) carried by white blood cells B) dissolved in plasms C) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide D) bound to hemoglobin E) transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
E) transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
Blood flowing out of a capillary bed first enters structures called A) arterial anastomoses. B) venous valves. C) arteriovenous anastomoses. D) precapillary sphincters. E) venules.
E) venules.
A chamber shared by the respiratory and digestive system is the pharynx. T/F
True
A hemoglobin molecule contains four protein chains, four heme groups, and four iron ions. T/F
True
Acid-base balance exists when the production of hydrogen ions is equal to their loss. True False
True
Airways that supply one lobe of the lung are called secondary bronchi. T/F
True
B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. T/F
True
Bile salts break lipid droplets apart in a process called emulsification. True False
True
Capillaries only have a tunica intima. T/F
True
Cell bodies, dendrites, and some axons are found in gray matter. T/F
True
During ventricular systole, the ventricles are contracting. T/F
True
Gastrin causes increases in the secretion of chief cells and parietal cells. True False
True
Histamine makes capillaries more permeable and speeds up flow through the area of damaged tissue. T/F
True
Hypoventilation can cause respiratory acidosis. True False
True
In response to hemorrhage, ADH will promote fluid retention at the kidneys. T/F
True
Lymph nodes filter lymph before it reaches the veins. T/F
True
Most nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine. True False
True
Glycerol enters the citric acid cycle after enzymes in the cytosol convert it to A) glucose. B) pyruvate. C) glycogen. D) LDL/HDL. E) cholesterol.
pyruvate
