Anatomy and Physiology Lab 1

Coccyx

3-5 fused vertebrae

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5 (L1-L5)

Mixed (carry both sensory and motor information) cranial nerves

5, 7, 9, 10

False ribs

8-12 cartilage does not attach directly to sternum, but another cartilage instead

Prefrontal cortex

A multimodal association area of the cortex known to be important in social interactions and personality

Optic canal

Allows the optic nerve (CNII) to pass to the eye

Epidural analgesia

Analgesia injected into the epidural space outside the dura mater in the lumbar region to relieve pain

Gray matter

Brain and spinal cord tissue that appears gray with the naked eye; consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) and lacks myelinated axons

Atlas

C1

Cervical vertebrae

C1-C7 (neck vertebrae)

Cervical spinal nerves

C1-C8

Axis

C2

The C5 spinal nerves are located between

C4 & C5 vertebrae

Vertebral prominens

C7, huge spinous process at the base of the neck

Mental foramen

CN 5

Supraorbital foramen

CN V

What passes through the infraorbital foramen

CN V

Supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina

CN V; sensory nerves to the face

What does the neural tube become?

Cerebrum (2 cerebral hemispheres) Diencephalon Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum

Proximal

Closer to the center/rest of the body

Cerebrospinal fluid

Fluid in the subarachnoid space that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

Bones of the orbit

Frontal, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillae

Cranial nerve IX

Glossopharyngeal (mixed; carries sensory info to tastebuds & innervates the pharynx)

Transverse foramina

Holes in the cervical vertebrae that allow passage of the vertebral arteries, which is a major supplier of blood to the brain

Cranial nerve XII

Hypoglossal (motor, tongue movement and speech)

The 10th costal cartilage articulates with

-9th costal cartilage -10th costa -NOT the sternum

Hypothalamus

-a neural structure lying below the thalamus -directs eating, drinking, body temperature -helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

Thoracic vertebrae

-articulate with ribs -make costovertebral joints at costal facets -downward sloping spinous processes

Distinguishing characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae

-contain the costal facets

What sutures are between the parietal and frontal bones

-coronal -saggital

Paranasal sinuses functions

-decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull/face -increasing resonance of the voice -buffer against facial trauma. -insulation from rapid temperature changes (eyes, dental roots) -humidifying and heating of inhaled air because of slow air turnover in this region -regulation of intranasal and serum gas pressures -immunological defense

Pseudounipolar neurons

-don't have dendrites -branched axon serves as both axon and dendrites

Distinguishing characteristics of the cervical vertebrae

-has a set of transverse foramina for vertebral arteries to pass through

Ribs articulate with vertebrae at three locations on vertebrae, which are

-inferior costal facet -superior costal facet -costal facet (on transverse process of inferior vertebrae)

Lumbar vertebrae

-largest vertebral bodies -strong, stout processes -articular processes face medially and laterally, instead of anteriorly and posteriorly

Sacrum contains the

-median sacral crest: fused spinous processes -alae: fused transverse processes -sacral canal:vertebral foramina for cauda equina -sacral foramina (anterior and posterior): for dorsal & ventral rami respectively

Function of thoracic cage

-rotects the thoracic viscera (heart and lungs) -movements are important to the ventilation of the lungs

Epidural space

-surrounds the dura mater of the spinal cord -it is a space filled with fat -a common site for the injection of anaesthetic during labor

Dura mater

-thick, outermost layer of the meninges -surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

How does the skull articulate with the vertebral column?

-two points of articulation with the atlas -at the atlanto-occipital joint -at the axial-occipital joint

Anterior median fissure

-wide, deep crease along the ventral surface of the spinal cord that cuts into the white matter -useful in orienting yourself

Which three cranial nerves carry only sensory information to the brain?

1, 2, 8

path of CSF circulation

1. CSF enters ventricles from choroid plexuses 2. CSF travels to subarachnoid space 3. CSF is absorbed by arachnoid granulations and enters dural sinuses

Floating ribs

11-12 do not attach to the sternum

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12 (T1-12)

How many bones form the nasal septum

2 (vomer and ethmoid (superior))

Is the spinothalamic tract ascending or descending?

ascending

Polysynaptic reflex

at least one interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron more than 2 neurons involved

Joint between C1 and occipital condyles

atlanto-occipital joint

Nuclei of hypothalamus contain

autonomic control centers body temperature control sleep cycle control centers emotional control centers

Deep

away from the surface

Most mobile type of synovial joint

ball and socket

Where does spinal nerve C8 emerge from the vertebral canal?

below the C7 bone above the T1 vertebra

Squamous suture

between parietal and temporal bones

Atlas allows movement between

between the skull and C1 in the sagittal plane

Long bones

bones that have a significant diaphysis and two or more epiphyses

Plantar

bottom of foot

Central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

Ascending pathway

brings sensory information to the brain

Tubercle

bump

External occipital protuberance

bump on back of head

Tract

bundle of axons in the central nervous system

Fascilce

bundle of axons together in their own connective tissue

Corpus callosum

bundle of white matter contains axons that are responsible for communication between cerebral hemispheres

Gray matter is shaped like a

butterfly

Vertebral foramen

canal through which spinal cord passes

Meatus

canal-like passageway

What is regulated by the medulla?

cardiovascular centers, respiratory centers, and autonomic centers

Corticospinal tracts

carry signals from cerebral cortex for precise, finely coordinated movements

Communicating rami

carry visceral motor and visceral sensory neurons to and from the sympathetic chain carry neurons to the sympathetic trunk, and ultimately to the visceral (internal) organs

Tail of coccyx

caudal

Bone sinus

cavity within a bone, filled with air

Unipolar neurons, sensory neurons, and pseudosensory neurons all have

cell bodies somewhere in the middle of their length

Soma

cell body of a neuron

Where is CSF found outside of the brain?

central canal subarachnoid space

What structure does the 4th ventricle join when it narrows?

central canal of the medulla and spinal cord

What does the third ventricle narrow to form?

cerebral aqueduct

Concave vertebrae (posteriorly)

cervical and lumbar

Which vertebrae have bifid spinous processes?

cervical vertebrae

Types of spinal nerves

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves

Ventricles of the brain

chambers traveling down the brain's embryological center to the spinal cord, that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

What produces CSF

choroid plexuses

Basal nuclei

clumps of grey matter involved in the regulation of movement initiation and the coordinated control of antagonistic muscle pairs

Ganglion

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

Cuada equina

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

A synovial joint without rotation is the _____.

condyloid

the first cervical vertebrae (C1), called the atlas, forms a ______ with the occipital bone

condyloid joint

Projection tracts

connect higher and lower regions of the central nervous system

Cerebellar peduncles

connect the cerebellum to the brainstem

Commissural tracts

connect the two hemispheres of the brain

Pedicle of vertebrae

connects body and arch

Cerebral aqueduct

connects the third and fourth ventricles via the midbrain

Cerebral peduncles

contain projection tracts and permit communication between the cerebral hemispheres and lower parts of the central nervous system

Diencephalon

contains thalamus and hypothalamus and pineal gland

Lateral column

contains the axons of the descending corticospinal tract, which also cross from one side to the other in the medulla

Posterior cranial fossa

contains the cerebellum and occipital lobes

sella turcica

contains the pituitary gland

Skull sutures

coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid

The _____ contains commissural tracts, and the _____ contains association and projection tracts.

corpus callosum; internal capsule

Corticospinal tract goes from

cortex to spinal cord

Ribs are also called

costa

Anteriorly, the ribs terminate in

costal cartilages

The tubercle articulates with the

costal facet on the transverse process

Ribs articulate with

costal facets of thoracic vertebra

Three motor nerves that innervate the muscles that move the eye, the extraocular muscles:

cranial nerves 3, 4, 6

Superior orbital fissure

cranial nerves CN III, IV, VI pass through

Skull is comprised of

cranium and mandible

Fissures

deep grooves in the brain

Axis contains the

dens projection that fits into the large vertebral foramen of C1

The pia mater also forms the

denticulate ligaments

Cranial fossae

depressions in floor of cranium on which the brain rests

Are corticospinal tracts ascending or descending?

descending (from cortex to spinal cord)

Where is the third ventricle located?

diencephalon

Purpose of the ventricles of the brain

distribute nourishment and provide protection to the brain

Coronal plane

divides body into front and back

Sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

Midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

Frontal plane

divides the body into front and back portions

The lamina is _____ to the transverse process

dorsal

Sensory information arrives at the

dorsal horn of the gray matter

Spinal nerve roots

dorsal root and ventral root

Posterior sacral foramina

dorsal roots of sacral spinal nerves pass through

The cortiocospinal tract carries information _____ the brain, and this tract is found within the ____

down from; ventral column

Meninges of the brain

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Vestibularcochlear nerve does not

emerge through a foramina

conus medullaris

end of spinal cord

Two nasal cavities

ethmoid and vomer

Which bone contributes to both the nasal septum and the cranial cavity?

ethmoid bone

What is housed in the orbit

eye, extraocular muscles, and associated neurovascular structures

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part

The pia mater becomes the

filum terminale

True ribs

first 7 pairs of ribs; cartilage attached directly to sternum

Nodding your head "yes" is an example of

flexion and extension

A large void found between bones in a fetal and newborn skull is called

fontanelle

Ventral rami

form a complex of networks (plexus) for the anterior

Articular processes

form joints with articular processes of adjacent vertebrae and limit movement of vertebral column

The brachial plexus

formed from ventral rami of C5-T1 spinal nerves, and it supplies the upper appendage

The lumbosacral plexus

formed from ventral rami of L2-S4 spinal nerves, and it supplies the lower appendage

The cervical plexus

formed from ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves, and it innervates many of the neck muscles (C1-C4)

Synovial joints

freely movable joints

How could a motor neuron be stimulated?

from an interneuron in a polysnaptic reflex from an sensory neuron in a monosynaptic reflex from an upper motor neuron as part of a descending pathway

External bones of the orbital cavity

frontal maxillary zygomatic

The primary motor cortex is found

frontal lobe (within pre central gyrus)

Sacrum

fusion of 5 vertebrae

Association tracts

generally found in the cerebrum connect one part of the cortex to adjacent regions of the same hemisphere

Dorsal horn

gray matter column that contains cell bodies of neurons that receive sensory information

Sulsi

grooves in the brain

Distinguishing characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae

have strong stout processes and are the largest

Pollicis

having to do with the thumb

Rib from front to back

head (connects to vertebrae) tubercle (bump) costal cartilage (connects to sternum)

What articulates with the inferior and superior costal facets

head of rib

Foramina

holes that allow passage for the spinal cord, nerves and blood vessels

Transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Sternal angle

horizontal ridge across front of sternum

Which of the following forms an articulation with the sacrum?

ilium coccyx L5

Suture

immovable joint between bones

Ribs are named for the vertebra that is

inferior to it

Meningitis

inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord

Dorsal ramus

innervates skeletal muscles of the neck and back

Lobe within the lateral sulcus

insular

Examples of projection tracts

interneurons of the corticospinal and spinothalamic pathways

The lateral ventricles each lead into an

interventricular foramen

What is between vertebrae in the spinal column

intervertebral discs

Refelxes

involuntary and stereotyped reactions

Elongate hippocampus

involved in memory, spatial memory, and navigation

The hyoid bone is unique because

it is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone

Monosynaptic reflex example

knee jerk reflex

Internal capsule

large bundle of projection and association tracts that separate the basal nuclei

sensory information from the right side of the body is processed by the

left side of the brain

2 lateral ventricles of the brain

lie within the cerebral hemispheres, separated by the septum pellucidum

Reticular formation

limits sensory information from reaching your conscious mind

Components of the sternum from top to bottom

manubrium body xiphoid process

Bones of oral cavity

maxillary (anterior) and palatine (posterior)

Bones of the oral cavity

maxillary, palatine, mandible

Bones of the nasal cavity

median nasal septum, nasal conchae, paranasal sinuses

Where do corticospinal tracts cross

medulla

Medulla oblongata contains

medullary pyramids and descending corticospinal tracts

Amygdala

memory, decision-making and emotional responses

No interneurons are involved in

monosynaptic reflexes

Lower motor neuron

motor neuron in the peripheral nervous system with its nerve fiber extending out to the muscle and only its cell body in the central nervous system

Motor information arrives at the ventral horn of the gray matter and

motor neurons are stimulated

Spinal nerve root (ventral)

motor neurons only

Somatic motor region

motor neurons that travel out of the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles and have their cell bodies within the ventral horn

Visceral motor region

motor neurons that travel to glands and smooth or cardiac muscles have their cell bodies within the lateral horn

ALL bone processes are useful for

muscle attachment

Hyoid bone function

muscular control of pharyngeal, laryngeal, and lingual processes

White matter

myelinated axons in the spinal cord

Superficial

near the surface

Axis allows for

neck rotation

Upper motor neuron

nerve located entirely within the CNS

Descending pathway

nerve pathways that go down the spinal cord and allow the brain to control movement of the body below the head

Limbic system

neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

Spinothalamic tract

neurons carry pain and temperature signals from the spinal cord upward to the thalamus of the brain

Is the hyoid bone part of the skull?

no

Is the dorsal horn made of sensory neurons?

no; sensory neurons deliver information to these interneurons, which in turn route the information to other parts of the CNS

Central grey matter of brain

nuclei

Inferior colliculi

nuclei on the posterior midbrain that receive auditory information and coordinate reflexive actions in response to sounds

Superior colliculus

nuclei on the posterior side of the midbrain that initiate visual reflexes, such as the coordination of eye and head movements when tracking a moving object

Primary visual cortex

occipital lobe

Dens projection

odontoid process

Region of the superior nasal cavities that is sensitive to airborne chemicals

olfactory epithelium

The olfactory nerves are a series of small nerves that pass from the

olfactory epithelium -- olfactory bulbs -- olfactory tracts -- cerebrum -- olfactory cortex of the temporal lobe

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Descending pathways involve

one motor neuron one interneuron

An ascending pathway typically contains

one sensory neuron, 2 interneurons

First rib

only articulates with T1, not T2 below or C7 above it

Intervertebral foramina

openings providing for exit of spinal nerves

Contralateral

opposite side of the body

Which of the cranial nerves emerge from the skull through a bony foramina?

optic trochlear trigeminal

Where do the 2 optic nerves meet?

optic chiasm

Where do signals go after the optic chiasm?

optic tracts

Primary gustatory (taste) cortex

parietal and insular lobes

Lamina

part of the vertebral arch

Internal acoustic meatus

passage for CN VIII from the inner ear to the brain

Brachial

pertaining to the arm

Axillary

pertaining to the armpit

Cubital

pertaining to the elbow

Digital

pertaining to the fingers or toes

Antebrachial

pertaining to the forearm

Inguinal

pertaining to the groin

Cervical

pertaining to the neck

Palmar

pertaining to the palm of the hand

Carpal

pertaining to the wrist

Denticulate ligaments

pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the dura mater limit the movement of the cord

What kind of joint do the dens and axis form?

pivot

Articulation

place of union between two or more bones; also called joint (mobile joint)

Least mobile type of synovial joint

plane

Types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Styloid process

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

What two structures is the 4th ventricle of the brain located between?

pons and cerebellum

The midbrain sits between the

pons and thalamus

The primary somatosensory cortex is found in the

postcentral gyrus

Precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex

Process

prominent projection on a bone, usually the site of muscle attachment

What forms the posterior limit of the boney structure surrounding the nasal cavity

pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone

The vertical element of the mandible is the _____, and the lever arm that serves as the attachment for the temporalis muscle is the _____.

ramus, coronoid process

Significance of odontoid process

range of head motion side to side

Respiratory centers control

rate and depth of breathing

Multimodal association areas

receive input from multiple senses and integrate this into an overall perception of our surroundings

Spongy bone in proximal regions of the limbs and the axial skeleton is commonly filled with

red bone marrow

Autonomic centers of the medulla control

reflex centers for the gastrointestinal tract

Cardiovascular centers

regulate heart rate and blood vessel diameter

Thalamus function

relay station for sensory impulses, pain

The optic nerves carry information from the

retina to the brain

Thoracic cage

ribs and sternum

Gyri

ridges of the brain

Foramen

round or oval opening through a bone

Mastoid process

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

Condyle

rounded articular projection (usually a joint)

Sympathetic chain

runs parallel and anterior to spinal column distributes innervation to visceral organs

Which of these joints are found between bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton?

sacroiliac sternoclavicular

Fused vertebrae

sacrum and coccyx

Pineal gland

secretes melatonin

Major structures of the cranial cavity

sella turcica cribriform plate of ethmoid internal acoustic meatus foramen magnum

Intercostal nerves

send small branches to the nearby muscles, bones, and skin

Spinal nerve roots (dorsal)

sensory neurons only

Central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

Longitudinal fissure

separates left and right hemispheres

Parietal-occipital sulcus

separates parietal and occipital lobes

Right and left are only used to compare

sides of the body

Visceral sensory region

signals from the internal organs arrive at the central region of the dorsal horn

Somatic sensory region

signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, and bones arrive at the dorsal-most region of the dorsal horn

Sympathetic chain ganglion

site of cell bodies and synapses

Spinous process of vertebra

site of muscle attachment (dorsal side)

Transverse process

sites of muscle attachment (lateral)

Pons function

sleep, arousal, facial expressions

Facet

small, flat articular surface

The ventral horn of the gray matter contains cell bodies of

somatic motor neurons

Ventral horn

somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots

Where does the dorsal horn deliver information to?

somatic sensory region visceral sensory region (ALL SENSORY INFORMATION PASS THROUGH)

Internal bones of the orbital cavity

sphenoid ethmoid lacrimal (tear)

Spinothalamic tract goes from

spinal cord to thalamus

What nerve touches the cervical vertebrae

spinal nerve

Cortex of brain

superficial layer of gray matter on cerebrum or cerebellum

Corpora quadrigemina

superior and inferior colliculi

The C8 pair emerges

superior to T-1; there is no C8 vertebra

Conchae types

superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

Middle cranial fossae

support portions of the temporal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum and the diencephalon

Anterior cranial fossae

support the frontal lobes of the cerebrum

The most mobile type of joint

synovial

Primary auditory cortex

temporal lobe

Primary olfactory cortex location

temporal lobe

Ventral ramus (bigger)

the anterior division of spinal nerves that communicate with the muscle and skin of the anterior and lateral trunk

The spinal cord begins at the termination of

the medulla oblongata of the brain

3rd order neuron

the next interneuron relays the signal up to the cerebral cortex, allowing conscious awareness of sensation

In a descending pathway, the 1st neuron originates in

the primary motor cortex

1st order neuron

the sensory (peripheral) neuron extends from the source of the stimulus to the dorsal horn, where it synapses with an interneuon, the 2nd order neuron

Peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Monosynaptic reflex

the sensory neuron synapses directly with the ventral horn's motor neurons 2 neurons involved

Mastoid process

the site of muscle attachment

Because the vertebral column's growth outpaces the spinal cord,

the spinal cord does not extend the full length of the vertebral canal in newborns and adults

Communicating rami from T1 to L2 connect with

the sympathetic chain

The interventricular foramen leads into

the third ventricle

The cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8) are named according to

the vertebrae inferior to the nerve

For the remaining spinal nerves, the spinal nerve gets the name of

the vertebrae superior to it

Ramus of mandible

the vertical element of the mandible

Ramus and coronoid process

thin flat process projecting from the anterior portion of the upper ramus

Pia mater

thin, delicate inner-most membrane of the meninges

What part of the ventricular system connects the cerebral aqueduct to the interventricular foramen?

third ventricle

2nd order neuron

this interneuron decussates (crosses) to the contralateral side, and then its axon enters the white matter from the white matter, the axon occupies the spinothalamic tract until reaching its synapse in the thalamus

Convex vertebrae

thoracic and sacral

Superior

toward the head or above

Anterior

towards the front of the body

Pons is made of primarily

tracts of white matter

Vertebral body

transfers weight along the spine ventral side

The great sensory nerve of the head

trigeminal (5)

The _____ nerve provides sensory innervation to the face, while the _____ nerve innervates the superficial muscles of the face (facial expression muscles)

trigeminal; facial

Largest projection from the surface of a bone

trochanter

What part of the rib articulates with the transverse process

tubercle

Two articulation sites on ribs

tubercle head

Thalamus structure

two egg-shaped halves that surround the 3rd ventricle

Occipital condyles (number and function)

two; articulate with the first cervical vertebrae (the atlas)

Dural venous sinuses

veins in the dura mater that drain blood from the brain and scalp

In a descending pathway there are typically two neurons in the pathway. Where is the synapse between them?

ventral horn

Intercostal nerves

ventral rami of spinal nerves in that area supply muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall

Unlike the cerebrum, the cerebellum has a

vermis (midline lobe at the center)

The atlas has no

vertebral body or spinous process

The vestibulocochlear nerves carry sensory information from the

vestibule and the cochlea of the inner ear

Nasal conchae

warms and humidifies inhalations

Arachnoid mater

weblike middle layer of the three meninges

Cribriform plate of ethmoid

where CN I passes through to the olfactory bulb

Foramen magnum

where spinal cord begins and exits skull

Primary somatosensory cortex on the post central gyrus

where the body's senses arrive

L1 vertebra

where the spinal cord ends (conus medullaris)

To inform the brain, information must travel along another neuron within the

white matter

What is the midbrain composed of?

white matter and some nuclei

Polysynaptic reflex example

withdrawal reflex

The spinal cord ends between

L1-L2

How is the hyoid bone held in place?

Ligaments and muscles that connect to the tongue

Ethmoid bone

Light spongy bone between the eye sockets; forms part of the nasal cavities

Inferior

Lower on the body/below

Dorsal

Pertaining to the nervous system; toward the back of the body

Ventral

Pertaining to the nervous system; towards the front of the body

Is the spinal cord uniform in diameter?

No, it has cervical and lumbar enlargements

Cranial nerve III

Oculomotor (motor, eye movement and pupil size)

Cranial nerve I

Olfactory (sensory, smell)

Cranial nerve II

Optic (sensory, vision)

Pterygoid process

Process of the sphenoid bone, consisting of two plates

Occipital condyles

Rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas)

Lateral sulcus

Separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

Lumbar enlargement

T11-L2

The T5 spinal nerves are located between

T5 and T6 vertebrae

Where are the two synapses in an ascending pathway?

Thalamus Dorsal horn

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Posterior

Towards the back of the body

Tracts vs nerves

Tracts: bundles of axons in the CNS Nerves: bundles of axons in the PNS

Cranial nerve V

Trigeminal (chewing face & mouth touch & pain)

Cranial nerve IV

Trochlear (motor, down and inward eye movement)

Excess CSF returns to the blood via specialized regions called

arachnoid granulations

Cerebellum contains

arbor vitae

Dermatome

area of skin supplied by a pair of spinal nerves

Brachial Plexus

(C5-T1)

Sphenoid bone

Bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together, right behind the eye socket

Cranial nerve VI

Abducens (motor)

Cranial nerve XI

Accessory (motor, provides motor stimulation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles of the neck)

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

A withdrawal reflex involves 3 neurons. Assuming this reflex involves somatic sensory and motor neurons, where would you find the synapses?

Dorsal and ventral horn

Cranial nerve VII

Facial; sensory and motor; (controls most facial expressions & secretion of tears & saliva & taste

Cranial nerve X

Vagus (Mixed; provides sensory and motor innervation to many of the body's internal organs from the neck to the abdomen)

Cranial nerve VIII

Vestibulocochlear (sensory, hearing and balance)

Paranasal sinuses

air cavities that open into the nasal cavities

Mental foramina

allows for the passage of the trigeminal nerve

Neural tube

an embryonic structure that gives rise to the central nervous system

External acoustic meatus

an opening that forms the innermost part of the external ear canal

Filum terminale

anchors spinal cord to coccyx

The cribriform plate is part of the

anterior cranial fossa

Zygomatic arch

a bridge over the temporalis muscle, formed from the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone

Central canal

a fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord

Coronoid process

a lever arm for the attachment of the large temporalis muscle

Dorsal root ganglion

a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of pseudo unipolar neurons

subarachnoid space

a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid

Withdrawal reflex

a spinal reflex that pulls a body part away from a source of pain

The body's pattern of innervation is segmental. Each segment is the width of

a vertebra

Dorsal column

a white matter tract on the dorsal side of the spinal cord, carrying touch and proprioceptive axons to the brain stem

The cerebellum receives information from

above and below; from the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum is informed about the intent to initiate movements from below, the cerebellum receives information from sensory receptors in muscles and joints that provide information about the body's position.