Anatomy and Physiology Lab 1
Coccyx
3-5 fused vertebrae
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5 (L1-L5)
Mixed (carry both sensory and motor information) cranial nerves
5, 7, 9, 10
False ribs
8-12 cartilage does not attach directly to sternum, but another cartilage instead
Prefrontal cortex
A multimodal association area of the cortex known to be important in social interactions and personality
Optic canal
Allows the optic nerve (CNII) to pass to the eye
Epidural analgesia
Analgesia injected into the epidural space outside the dura mater in the lumbar region to relieve pain
Gray matter
Brain and spinal cord tissue that appears gray with the naked eye; consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) and lacks myelinated axons
Atlas
C1
Cervical vertebrae
C1-C7 (neck vertebrae)
Cervical spinal nerves
C1-C8
Axis
C2
The C5 spinal nerves are located between
C4 & C5 vertebrae
Vertebral prominens
C7, huge spinous process at the base of the neck
Mental foramen
CN 5
Supraorbital foramen
CN V
What passes through the infraorbital foramen
CN V
Supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina
CN V; sensory nerves to the face
What does the neural tube become?
Cerebrum (2 cerebral hemispheres) Diencephalon Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum
Proximal
Closer to the center/rest of the body
Cerebrospinal fluid
Fluid in the subarachnoid space that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
Bones of the orbit
Frontal, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillae
Cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal (mixed; carries sensory info to tastebuds & innervates the pharynx)
Transverse foramina
Holes in the cervical vertebrae that allow passage of the vertebral arteries, which is a major supplier of blood to the brain
Cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal (motor, tongue movement and speech)
The 10th costal cartilage articulates with
-9th costal cartilage -10th costa -NOT the sternum
Hypothalamus
-a neural structure lying below the thalamus -directs eating, drinking, body temperature -helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
Thoracic vertebrae
-articulate with ribs -make costovertebral joints at costal facets -downward sloping spinous processes
Distinguishing characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae
-contain the costal facets
What sutures are between the parietal and frontal bones
-coronal -saggital
Paranasal sinuses functions
-decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull/face -increasing resonance of the voice -buffer against facial trauma. -insulation from rapid temperature changes (eyes, dental roots) -humidifying and heating of inhaled air because of slow air turnover in this region -regulation of intranasal and serum gas pressures -immunological defense
Pseudounipolar neurons
-don't have dendrites -branched axon serves as both axon and dendrites
Distinguishing characteristics of the cervical vertebrae
-has a set of transverse foramina for vertebral arteries to pass through
Ribs articulate with vertebrae at three locations on vertebrae, which are
-inferior costal facet -superior costal facet -costal facet (on transverse process of inferior vertebrae)
Lumbar vertebrae
-largest vertebral bodies -strong, stout processes -articular processes face medially and laterally, instead of anteriorly and posteriorly
Sacrum contains the
-median sacral crest: fused spinous processes -alae: fused transverse processes -sacral canal:vertebral foramina for cauda equina -sacral foramina (anterior and posterior): for dorsal & ventral rami respectively
Function of thoracic cage
-rotects the thoracic viscera (heart and lungs) -movements are important to the ventilation of the lungs
Epidural space
-surrounds the dura mater of the spinal cord -it is a space filled with fat -a common site for the injection of anaesthetic during labor
Dura mater
-thick, outermost layer of the meninges -surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
How does the skull articulate with the vertebral column?
-two points of articulation with the atlas -at the atlanto-occipital joint -at the axial-occipital joint
Anterior median fissure
-wide, deep crease along the ventral surface of the spinal cord that cuts into the white matter -useful in orienting yourself
Which three cranial nerves carry only sensory information to the brain?
1, 2, 8
path of CSF circulation
1. CSF enters ventricles from choroid plexuses 2. CSF travels to subarachnoid space 3. CSF is absorbed by arachnoid granulations and enters dural sinuses
Floating ribs
11-12 do not attach to the sternum
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12 (T1-12)
How many bones form the nasal septum
2 (vomer and ethmoid (superior))
Is the spinothalamic tract ascending or descending?
ascending
Polysynaptic reflex
at least one interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron more than 2 neurons involved
Joint between C1 and occipital condyles
atlanto-occipital joint
Nuclei of hypothalamus contain
autonomic control centers body temperature control sleep cycle control centers emotional control centers
Deep
away from the surface
Most mobile type of synovial joint
ball and socket
Where does spinal nerve C8 emerge from the vertebral canal?
below the C7 bone above the T1 vertebra
Squamous suture
between parietal and temporal bones
Atlas allows movement between
between the skull and C1 in the sagittal plane
Long bones
bones that have a significant diaphysis and two or more epiphyses
Plantar
bottom of foot
Central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
Ascending pathway
brings sensory information to the brain
Tubercle
bump
External occipital protuberance
bump on back of head
Tract
bundle of axons in the central nervous system
Fascilce
bundle of axons together in their own connective tissue
Corpus callosum
bundle of white matter contains axons that are responsible for communication between cerebral hemispheres
Gray matter is shaped like a
butterfly
Vertebral foramen
canal through which spinal cord passes
Meatus
canal-like passageway
What is regulated by the medulla?
cardiovascular centers, respiratory centers, and autonomic centers
Corticospinal tracts
carry signals from cerebral cortex for precise, finely coordinated movements
Communicating rami
carry visceral motor and visceral sensory neurons to and from the sympathetic chain carry neurons to the sympathetic trunk, and ultimately to the visceral (internal) organs
Tail of coccyx
caudal
Bone sinus
cavity within a bone, filled with air
Unipolar neurons, sensory neurons, and pseudosensory neurons all have
cell bodies somewhere in the middle of their length
Soma
cell body of a neuron
Where is CSF found outside of the brain?
central canal subarachnoid space
What structure does the 4th ventricle join when it narrows?
central canal of the medulla and spinal cord
What does the third ventricle narrow to form?
cerebral aqueduct
Concave vertebrae (posteriorly)
cervical and lumbar
Which vertebrae have bifid spinous processes?
cervical vertebrae
Types of spinal nerves
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves
Ventricles of the brain
chambers traveling down the brain's embryological center to the spinal cord, that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What produces CSF
choroid plexuses
Basal nuclei
clumps of grey matter involved in the regulation of movement initiation and the coordinated control of antagonistic muscle pairs
Ganglion
collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Cuada equina
collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
A synovial joint without rotation is the _____.
condyloid
the first cervical vertebrae (C1), called the atlas, forms a ______ with the occipital bone
condyloid joint
Projection tracts
connect higher and lower regions of the central nervous system
Cerebellar peduncles
connect the cerebellum to the brainstem
Commissural tracts
connect the two hemispheres of the brain
Pedicle of vertebrae
connects body and arch
Cerebral aqueduct
connects the third and fourth ventricles via the midbrain
Cerebral peduncles
contain projection tracts and permit communication between the cerebral hemispheres and lower parts of the central nervous system
Diencephalon
contains thalamus and hypothalamus and pineal gland
Lateral column
contains the axons of the descending corticospinal tract, which also cross from one side to the other in the medulla
Posterior cranial fossa
contains the cerebellum and occipital lobes
sella turcica
contains the pituitary gland
Skull sutures
coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid
The _____ contains commissural tracts, and the _____ contains association and projection tracts.
corpus callosum; internal capsule
Corticospinal tract goes from
cortex to spinal cord
Ribs are also called
costa
Anteriorly, the ribs terminate in
costal cartilages
The tubercle articulates with the
costal facet on the transverse process
Ribs articulate with
costal facets of thoracic vertebra
Three motor nerves that innervate the muscles that move the eye, the extraocular muscles:
cranial nerves 3, 4, 6
Superior orbital fissure
cranial nerves CN III, IV, VI pass through
Skull is comprised of
cranium and mandible
Fissures
deep grooves in the brain
Axis contains the
dens projection that fits into the large vertebral foramen of C1
The pia mater also forms the
denticulate ligaments
Cranial fossae
depressions in floor of cranium on which the brain rests
Are corticospinal tracts ascending or descending?
descending (from cortex to spinal cord)
Where is the third ventricle located?
diencephalon
Purpose of the ventricles of the brain
distribute nourishment and provide protection to the brain
Coronal plane
divides body into front and back
Sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
Midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal right and left sides
Frontal plane
divides the body into front and back portions
The lamina is _____ to the transverse process
dorsal
Sensory information arrives at the
dorsal horn of the gray matter
Spinal nerve roots
dorsal root and ventral root
Posterior sacral foramina
dorsal roots of sacral spinal nerves pass through
The cortiocospinal tract carries information _____ the brain, and this tract is found within the ____
down from; ventral column
Meninges of the brain
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Vestibularcochlear nerve does not
emerge through a foramina
conus medullaris
end of spinal cord
Two nasal cavities
ethmoid and vomer
Which bone contributes to both the nasal septum and the cranial cavity?
ethmoid bone
What is housed in the orbit
eye, extraocular muscles, and associated neurovascular structures
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part
The pia mater becomes the
filum terminale
True ribs
first 7 pairs of ribs; cartilage attached directly to sternum
Nodding your head "yes" is an example of
flexion and extension
A large void found between bones in a fetal and newborn skull is called
fontanelle
Ventral rami
form a complex of networks (plexus) for the anterior
Articular processes
form joints with articular processes of adjacent vertebrae and limit movement of vertebral column
The brachial plexus
formed from ventral rami of C5-T1 spinal nerves, and it supplies the upper appendage
The lumbosacral plexus
formed from ventral rami of L2-S4 spinal nerves, and it supplies the lower appendage
The cervical plexus
formed from ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves, and it innervates many of the neck muscles (C1-C4)
Synovial joints
freely movable joints
How could a motor neuron be stimulated?
from an interneuron in a polysnaptic reflex from an sensory neuron in a monosynaptic reflex from an upper motor neuron as part of a descending pathway
External bones of the orbital cavity
frontal maxillary zygomatic
The primary motor cortex is found
frontal lobe (within pre central gyrus)
Sacrum
fusion of 5 vertebrae
Association tracts
generally found in the cerebrum connect one part of the cortex to adjacent regions of the same hemisphere
Dorsal horn
gray matter column that contains cell bodies of neurons that receive sensory information
Sulsi
grooves in the brain
Distinguishing characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae
have strong stout processes and are the largest
Pollicis
having to do with the thumb
Rib from front to back
head (connects to vertebrae) tubercle (bump) costal cartilage (connects to sternum)
What articulates with the inferior and superior costal facets
head of rib
Foramina
holes that allow passage for the spinal cord, nerves and blood vessels
Transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
Sternal angle
horizontal ridge across front of sternum
Which of the following forms an articulation with the sacrum?
ilium coccyx L5
Suture
immovable joint between bones
Ribs are named for the vertebra that is
inferior to it
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
Dorsal ramus
innervates skeletal muscles of the neck and back
Lobe within the lateral sulcus
insular
Examples of projection tracts
interneurons of the corticospinal and spinothalamic pathways
The lateral ventricles each lead into an
interventricular foramen
What is between vertebrae in the spinal column
intervertebral discs
Refelxes
involuntary and stereotyped reactions
Elongate hippocampus
involved in memory, spatial memory, and navigation
The hyoid bone is unique because
it is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone
Monosynaptic reflex example
knee jerk reflex
Internal capsule
large bundle of projection and association tracts that separate the basal nuclei
sensory information from the right side of the body is processed by the
left side of the brain
2 lateral ventricles of the brain
lie within the cerebral hemispheres, separated by the septum pellucidum
Reticular formation
limits sensory information from reaching your conscious mind
Components of the sternum from top to bottom
manubrium body xiphoid process
Bones of oral cavity
maxillary (anterior) and palatine (posterior)
Bones of the oral cavity
maxillary, palatine, mandible
Bones of the nasal cavity
median nasal septum, nasal conchae, paranasal sinuses
Where do corticospinal tracts cross
medulla
Medulla oblongata contains
medullary pyramids and descending corticospinal tracts
Amygdala
memory, decision-making and emotional responses
No interneurons are involved in
monosynaptic reflexes
Lower motor neuron
motor neuron in the peripheral nervous system with its nerve fiber extending out to the muscle and only its cell body in the central nervous system
Motor information arrives at the ventral horn of the gray matter and
motor neurons are stimulated
Spinal nerve root (ventral)
motor neurons only
Somatic motor region
motor neurons that travel out of the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles and have their cell bodies within the ventral horn
Visceral motor region
motor neurons that travel to glands and smooth or cardiac muscles have their cell bodies within the lateral horn
ALL bone processes are useful for
muscle attachment
Hyoid bone function
muscular control of pharyngeal, laryngeal, and lingual processes
White matter
myelinated axons in the spinal cord
Superficial
near the surface
Axis allows for
neck rotation
Upper motor neuron
nerve located entirely within the CNS
Descending pathway
nerve pathways that go down the spinal cord and allow the brain to control movement of the body below the head
Limbic system
neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
Spinothalamic tract
neurons carry pain and temperature signals from the spinal cord upward to the thalamus of the brain
Is the hyoid bone part of the skull?
no
Is the dorsal horn made of sensory neurons?
no; sensory neurons deliver information to these interneurons, which in turn route the information to other parts of the CNS
Central grey matter of brain
nuclei
Inferior colliculi
nuclei on the posterior midbrain that receive auditory information and coordinate reflexive actions in response to sounds
Superior colliculus
nuclei on the posterior side of the midbrain that initiate visual reflexes, such as the coordination of eye and head movements when tracking a moving object
Primary visual cortex
occipital lobe
Dens projection
odontoid process
Region of the superior nasal cavities that is sensitive to airborne chemicals
olfactory epithelium
The olfactory nerves are a series of small nerves that pass from the
olfactory epithelium -- olfactory bulbs -- olfactory tracts -- cerebrum -- olfactory cortex of the temporal lobe
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
Descending pathways involve
one motor neuron one interneuron
An ascending pathway typically contains
one sensory neuron, 2 interneurons
First rib
only articulates with T1, not T2 below or C7 above it
Intervertebral foramina
openings providing for exit of spinal nerves
Contralateral
opposite side of the body
Which of the cranial nerves emerge from the skull through a bony foramina?
optic trochlear trigeminal
Where do the 2 optic nerves meet?
optic chiasm
Where do signals go after the optic chiasm?
optic tracts
Primary gustatory (taste) cortex
parietal and insular lobes
Lamina
part of the vertebral arch
Internal acoustic meatus
passage for CN VIII from the inner ear to the brain
Brachial
pertaining to the arm
Axillary
pertaining to the armpit
Cubital
pertaining to the elbow
Digital
pertaining to the fingers or toes
Antebrachial
pertaining to the forearm
Inguinal
pertaining to the groin
Cervical
pertaining to the neck
Palmar
pertaining to the palm of the hand
Carpal
pertaining to the wrist
Denticulate ligaments
pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the dura mater limit the movement of the cord
What kind of joint do the dens and axis form?
pivot
Articulation
place of union between two or more bones; also called joint (mobile joint)
Least mobile type of synovial joint
plane
Types of synovial joints
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
Styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
What two structures is the 4th ventricle of the brain located between?
pons and cerebellum
The midbrain sits between the
pons and thalamus
The primary somatosensory cortex is found in the
postcentral gyrus
Precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
Process
prominent projection on a bone, usually the site of muscle attachment
What forms the posterior limit of the boney structure surrounding the nasal cavity
pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone
The vertical element of the mandible is the _____, and the lever arm that serves as the attachment for the temporalis muscle is the _____.
ramus, coronoid process
Significance of odontoid process
range of head motion side to side
Respiratory centers control
rate and depth of breathing
Multimodal association areas
receive input from multiple senses and integrate this into an overall perception of our surroundings
Spongy bone in proximal regions of the limbs and the axial skeleton is commonly filled with
red bone marrow
Autonomic centers of the medulla control
reflex centers for the gastrointestinal tract
Cardiovascular centers
regulate heart rate and blood vessel diameter
Thalamus function
relay station for sensory impulses, pain
The optic nerves carry information from the
retina to the brain
Thoracic cage
ribs and sternum
Gyri
ridges of the brain
Foramen
round or oval opening through a bone
Mastoid process
round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
Condyle
rounded articular projection (usually a joint)
Sympathetic chain
runs parallel and anterior to spinal column distributes innervation to visceral organs
Which of these joints are found between bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton?
sacroiliac sternoclavicular
Fused vertebrae
sacrum and coccyx
Pineal gland
secretes melatonin
Major structures of the cranial cavity
sella turcica cribriform plate of ethmoid internal acoustic meatus foramen magnum
Intercostal nerves
send small branches to the nearby muscles, bones, and skin
Spinal nerve roots (dorsal)
sensory neurons only
Central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
Longitudinal fissure
separates left and right hemispheres
Parietal-occipital sulcus
separates parietal and occipital lobes
Right and left are only used to compare
sides of the body
Visceral sensory region
signals from the internal organs arrive at the central region of the dorsal horn
Somatic sensory region
signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, and bones arrive at the dorsal-most region of the dorsal horn
Sympathetic chain ganglion
site of cell bodies and synapses
Spinous process of vertebra
site of muscle attachment (dorsal side)
Transverse process
sites of muscle attachment (lateral)
Pons function
sleep, arousal, facial expressions
Facet
small, flat articular surface
The ventral horn of the gray matter contains cell bodies of
somatic motor neurons
Ventral horn
somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots
Where does the dorsal horn deliver information to?
somatic sensory region visceral sensory region (ALL SENSORY INFORMATION PASS THROUGH)
Internal bones of the orbital cavity
sphenoid ethmoid lacrimal (tear)
Spinothalamic tract goes from
spinal cord to thalamus
What nerve touches the cervical vertebrae
spinal nerve
Cortex of brain
superficial layer of gray matter on cerebrum or cerebellum
Corpora quadrigemina
superior and inferior colliculi
The C8 pair emerges
superior to T-1; there is no C8 vertebra
Conchae types
superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
Middle cranial fossae
support portions of the temporal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum and the diencephalon
Anterior cranial fossae
support the frontal lobes of the cerebrum
The most mobile type of joint
synovial
Primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe
Primary olfactory cortex location
temporal lobe
Ventral ramus (bigger)
the anterior division of spinal nerves that communicate with the muscle and skin of the anterior and lateral trunk
The spinal cord begins at the termination of
the medulla oblongata of the brain
3rd order neuron
the next interneuron relays the signal up to the cerebral cortex, allowing conscious awareness of sensation
In a descending pathway, the 1st neuron originates in
the primary motor cortex
1st order neuron
the sensory (peripheral) neuron extends from the source of the stimulus to the dorsal horn, where it synapses with an interneuon, the 2nd order neuron
Peripheral nervous system
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Monosynaptic reflex
the sensory neuron synapses directly with the ventral horn's motor neurons 2 neurons involved
Mastoid process
the site of muscle attachment
Because the vertebral column's growth outpaces the spinal cord,
the spinal cord does not extend the full length of the vertebral canal in newborns and adults
Communicating rami from T1 to L2 connect with
the sympathetic chain
The interventricular foramen leads into
the third ventricle
The cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8) are named according to
the vertebrae inferior to the nerve
For the remaining spinal nerves, the spinal nerve gets the name of
the vertebrae superior to it
Ramus of mandible
the vertical element of the mandible
Ramus and coronoid process
thin flat process projecting from the anterior portion of the upper ramus
Pia mater
thin, delicate inner-most membrane of the meninges
What part of the ventricular system connects the cerebral aqueduct to the interventricular foramen?
third ventricle
2nd order neuron
this interneuron decussates (crosses) to the contralateral side, and then its axon enters the white matter from the white matter, the axon occupies the spinothalamic tract until reaching its synapse in the thalamus
Convex vertebrae
thoracic and sacral
Superior
toward the head or above
Anterior
towards the front of the body
Pons is made of primarily
tracts of white matter
Vertebral body
transfers weight along the spine ventral side
The great sensory nerve of the head
trigeminal (5)
The _____ nerve provides sensory innervation to the face, while the _____ nerve innervates the superficial muscles of the face (facial expression muscles)
trigeminal; facial
Largest projection from the surface of a bone
trochanter
What part of the rib articulates with the transverse process
tubercle
Two articulation sites on ribs
tubercle head
Thalamus structure
two egg-shaped halves that surround the 3rd ventricle
Occipital condyles (number and function)
two; articulate with the first cervical vertebrae (the atlas)
Dural venous sinuses
veins in the dura mater that drain blood from the brain and scalp
In a descending pathway there are typically two neurons in the pathway. Where is the synapse between them?
ventral horn
Intercostal nerves
ventral rami of spinal nerves in that area supply muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall
Unlike the cerebrum, the cerebellum has a
vermis (midline lobe at the center)
The atlas has no
vertebral body or spinous process
The vestibulocochlear nerves carry sensory information from the
vestibule and the cochlea of the inner ear
Nasal conchae
warms and humidifies inhalations
Arachnoid mater
weblike middle layer of the three meninges
Cribriform plate of ethmoid
where CN I passes through to the olfactory bulb
Foramen magnum
where spinal cord begins and exits skull
Primary somatosensory cortex on the post central gyrus
where the body's senses arrive
L1 vertebra
where the spinal cord ends (conus medullaris)
To inform the brain, information must travel along another neuron within the
white matter
What is the midbrain composed of?
white matter and some nuclei
Polysynaptic reflex example
withdrawal reflex
The spinal cord ends between
L1-L2
How is the hyoid bone held in place?
Ligaments and muscles that connect to the tongue
Ethmoid bone
Light spongy bone between the eye sockets; forms part of the nasal cavities
Inferior
Lower on the body/below
Dorsal
Pertaining to the nervous system; toward the back of the body
Ventral
Pertaining to the nervous system; towards the front of the body
Is the spinal cord uniform in diameter?
No, it has cervical and lumbar enlargements
Cranial nerve III
Oculomotor (motor, eye movement and pupil size)
Cranial nerve I
Olfactory (sensory, smell)
Cranial nerve II
Optic (sensory, vision)
Pterygoid process
Process of the sphenoid bone, consisting of two plates
Occipital condyles
Rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas)
Lateral sulcus
Separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes
Lumbar enlargement
T11-L2
The T5 spinal nerves are located between
T5 and T6 vertebrae
Where are the two synapses in an ascending pathway?
Thalamus Dorsal horn
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Posterior
Towards the back of the body
Tracts vs nerves
Tracts: bundles of axons in the CNS Nerves: bundles of axons in the PNS
Cranial nerve V
Trigeminal (chewing face & mouth touch & pain)
Cranial nerve IV
Trochlear (motor, down and inward eye movement)
Excess CSF returns to the blood via specialized regions called
arachnoid granulations
Cerebellum contains
arbor vitae
Dermatome
area of skin supplied by a pair of spinal nerves
Brachial Plexus
(C5-T1)
Sphenoid bone
Bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together, right behind the eye socket
Cranial nerve VI
Abducens (motor)
Cranial nerve XI
Accessory (motor, provides motor stimulation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles of the neck)
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
A withdrawal reflex involves 3 neurons. Assuming this reflex involves somatic sensory and motor neurons, where would you find the synapses?
Dorsal and ventral horn
Cranial nerve VII
Facial; sensory and motor; (controls most facial expressions & secretion of tears & saliva & taste
Cranial nerve X
Vagus (Mixed; provides sensory and motor innervation to many of the body's internal organs from the neck to the abdomen)
Cranial nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear (sensory, hearing and balance)
Paranasal sinuses
air cavities that open into the nasal cavities
Mental foramina
allows for the passage of the trigeminal nerve
Neural tube
an embryonic structure that gives rise to the central nervous system
External acoustic meatus
an opening that forms the innermost part of the external ear canal
Filum terminale
anchors spinal cord to coccyx
The cribriform plate is part of the
anterior cranial fossa
Zygomatic arch
a bridge over the temporalis muscle, formed from the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone
Central canal
a fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord
Coronoid process
a lever arm for the attachment of the large temporalis muscle
Dorsal root ganglion
a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of pseudo unipolar neurons
subarachnoid space
a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid
Withdrawal reflex
a spinal reflex that pulls a body part away from a source of pain
The body's pattern of innervation is segmental. Each segment is the width of
a vertebra
Dorsal column
a white matter tract on the dorsal side of the spinal cord, carrying touch and proprioceptive axons to the brain stem
The cerebellum receives information from
above and below; from the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum is informed about the intent to initiate movements from below, the cerebellum receives information from sensory receptors in muscles and joints that provide information about the body's position.