Anatomy and physiology unit one ch.1,2,3
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Provides movement
characteristics of living organisms
cellular composition, metabolism, growth, excretion, responsiveness, movement, reproduction
Subfeilds of Psychology
classified by organ or organ system
concentration
increasing the reactant concentration increases the likelihood of reactant particles colliding
systemic anatomy
organ systems
pressure gradient
the amount of pressure change occurring over a given distance
mass number
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.
polar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
negative feedback loop
A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring. response turns off
Colliod Mixture
A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out.
concentrated gradient
A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.
Electronegativety
All elements have protons that can attract electrons. The more it has the more strongly it attracts electrons
duet rule
Atoms with 5 or fewer electrons. the atom is most stable when valence electron shell holds 2 electrons
what are the organs involved in the integumentary system?
Hair, skin, and nails
suspension mixture
Heterogenous mixes with large solutes that tend to settle out
activation energy
In order for a reaction to occur, the atoms must collide with enough energy to overcome the repulsion of their electrons.
If blood pressure is too high, what should homeostatic regulation do?
Lower blood pressure back to the normal range.
Nuetrons
Neutral particles that don't have an electric charge
steriods
Nonpolar compounds that share a four-ring hydrocarbon structure called the steroid nucleus
non polar covalent bond
Occurs when two nonmetals with similar or identical electronegativities pull with the same force = share the electrons equally
Which of the following is NOT correct for anatomical position?
Palms facing inward towards the thighs
Part complete Which cavity contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs?
Pelvic cavity
Regional Anatomy
Specific regions of the body
The cranial bones almost entirely surround the brain and protect it. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the cranial bones and the brain?
The cranial bones are superficial to the brain.
How does the effector restore homeostasis in a negative feedback loop?
The effector opposes the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to the normal range.
The knee is proximal to the ankle. Which of these other terms could also be used to correctly describe the relationship between the knee and the ankle?
The knee is superior to the ankle.
amino acids
The monomers of proteins
What is the function of the urinary system?
To remove metabolic wastes from the blood and direct the waste out of the body.
Which of the following regions corresponds to the calf?
Which of the following regions corresponds to the calf?
Electron
a negatively charged subatomic particle
Dipole
a partially positive and partially negative pole that forms as a result of a polar covalent bond
octet rule
an atom is most stable when valence (outermost) shell has 8 electrons
salt
any metal cation and nonmetal anion held together by ionic bonds
Elements
any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
Matter
anything that has mass and occupies space. can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas.
electrolytes
are formed when salts dissolve in water to form cations and anions
Carbohydrates
are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and function primarily as fuel in the body
nucleotides
are the monomers of nucleic acids
What does the term axillary mean? The term axillary means pertaining to the
armpit
molecules
atoms of two or more of the same element combine by forming chemical bonds
Isotopes
atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers
enzyme
biological catalyst
what organs are apart of the skeletal system?
bones and joints
What organs are involved in the nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Monomers
building blocks of polymers
Polymer
built by linking monomers
4 major elements in the human body
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON)
Which organ system includes blood vessels and the heart?
cardiovascular system
hyydrosis
catabolic reaction that uses water to break up polymers into smaller subunits (monomers)
What is the smallest level of organization in the human body?
chemical level
What is the smallest level of structural organization in the human body?
chemical level
What are the two major methods by which cells communicate to coordinate their functions?
chemical messengers and/or electrical signals
buffers
chemical system that resists the changes in pH and prevents large swings in pH when an acid or base is added to the solution
structural levels of organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
James sustained a cut to his mental region, also known as his:
chin
Body parts that are described as medial are considered to be:
closer to the midline of the body.
what 3 things lower activation energy
concentration, temperature, particle size and phase
What are the two subcavities of the dorsal body cavity?
cranial and vertebral (spinal) cavities
What is a major function of the respiratory system?
deliver oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the body
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
diaphragm
temperature gradients
differences in temperature between two areas
What is the function of the digestive system?
digest food and absorb nutrients
Which two organ systems include the pancreas as a component?
digestive and endocrine systems
protein shape is destroyed by
disrupting the hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions that stabilize the protein.•The disruption in shape also disrupts the protein's function
Which of the following items should be placed in a biohazard container?
dissected animals or organs
electronegativity decreases
down a group
Which of the following is unacceptable in the laboratory?
eating or drinking, application of lip balm, clothing with long, flowing sleeves
A cell or organ that responds to the directions of the control center in a negative feedback loop is termed a(n):
effector.
mechnical energy
energy directly transferred from one object to another
Positve Feedback Loop
enhance or amplify changes; this tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state and make it more unstable. goes back to normal but never fully goes away.
Which of the following best summarizes the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
form follows function
When we imagine a person exhibiting the anatomical position, the palms of the hands are assumed to be facing:
forward
chemical energy
found in the bonds between atoms, drives nearly all of the chemical processes in the body
Physiology is to __________ as anatomy is to __________.
function; structure
inorganic compounds
generally do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen and include water, acids, bases and salts
Electrocal energy
generated by the movement of charged particles (ions)
What results when anabolism occurs more than catabolism in an organism?
growth
Phospholipids
have a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid "tails" and one phosphate group "head" in place of the third fatty acid.amphiphilic ("water loving and lipid loving")
how are radioisotopes made
high speed particles are fired into a nucleus of an atom (cyclotron or nuclear reactor)
In laboratory, you will study tissues. This area of study is known as:
histology.
bases
hydrogen acceptors ( when a base is added to water the number of Hydrogen ions decreases)
acids
hydrogen donors ( when acid is added to water the number of Hydrogen ions increases)
A tentative explanation of an observed phenomenon is called a(n)
hypothesis
Cholesterol
is the steroid that forms the basis for all other steroids in the body
what are the organs involved in the urinary system?
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
catobolic reactions
large substance is broken down into a smaller substance.Usually exergonic because bonds are being broken
Which of the following abdominopelvic regions will overlap with the left lower quadrant (LLQ)?
left iliac region
electronegativity increases
left to right across the periodic table
electron shell
1st shell holds 2 electrons, 2nd sell holds 8, 3rd shell can hold 18 happy with 8
a basis of comparison in an experiment.
A control provides
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum and doesn't have a serous membrane
protines
macromolecules that function as enzymes, play structural roles, are involved in movement, function in the body's defenses and can be used as fuel.
What organs are involved in the female respiratory system?
mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina
Which of the following is located in a median position?
mouth
what are the organs involved in the digestive system?
mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine.
what are the organs involved in the respiratory system?
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
anions
negatively charged ion formed when a non metal gains one or more electrons
Reactants
on the left side of the equation, they are the starting ingrediants
products
on the right side of an equation. they are the end result of bonding the reactants together chemically
Which of the following is the most complex structural level of organization?
organ level
name the membrane that is touching the cavity wall of the heart
parietal pericardial membrane
name the membrane pertaining to touching the abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneal membrane
If a needle punctures the serous membranes around the lungs, the first layer that the needle will go through is the _
parietal pleura
name the membrane that is touching the cavity wall of the lungs
parietal pleural membrane
solution mixture
particles extremely small and not visible, do not settle out, one component dissolves in the other.
what is the serious membrane surrounding the heart
pericardial membrane
name the serious membrane pertaining to the abdomen
peritoneal membrane
what organs are involved in the endocrine system?
pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes
the serious membrane surrounding the lungs
pleural membrane
The type of feedback that increases or enhances the effects of the variable is:
positive
cations
positively charged ions (when a metal loses one or more electrons)
Protons
positively charged subatomic particles
Which of the following is a term that can be used instead of dorsal?
posterior
what are the organs involved in the male reproductive system?
prostate gland, duct deferens, testes, penis
what is the function of the integumentary system?
protect body from external environment
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
provide immunity
what is the function of the cardiovascular system?
pump oxygen rich poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood to the tissue
Tempature
raising the temperature of the reactants increases the kinetic energy leading to more forceful and effective collisions between reactants
What is the function of the nervous system?
regulates body function
What is the function of the endocrine system?
regulates body functions of muscles, glands, and tissues through the secretion of chemicals and hormones.
exergonic reaction
releases excess energy. The products have less energy than the reactants.
endergonic reaction
require the input of energy from another source. The reaction products contain more energy than the reactants because energy was invested to allow the reaction to proceed.
what is the function of the male and female reproductive system.
sexual function.
what are the organs involved in the muscular system?
skeletal muscle
particle size and phase
smaller particles more faster, gaseous phase particles have higher kinetic energy
Pontetial energy
stored energy that can be released to do work later.
kenetic energy
stored energy that has been released or set in motion to preform work. atoms are constantly moving and the faster they move the greater their energy.
Microscopic Anatomy
structures seen with the microscope
Gross Anatomy
structures that can be seen with the unaided eye
catalyst
substances that increase the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy without being consumed or altered in the reaction.
What is the function of the skeletal system
supports the body
chemical bonds
the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
the main source of chemical energy in the body. made up of adenine attached to ribose and three phosphate groups
Homeostasis is defined as
the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
energy
the most capacity to do work, put matter into motion or fuel chemical reactions
Intestines have many folds on their surface, and this increase in surface area makes absorption of nutrients faster and more efficient. This is an example of
the principle of complementarity of structure and function
Atom
the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element and is made of subatomic particles
Trigylcerides
the storage polymer for fatty acids (aka "neutral fat"). They are formed by linking three fatty acids (via dehydration synthesis) to a modified 3-carbon carbohydrate called glycerol
covalent bond
the strongest bond. forms when two or more non-metals share electrons between themselves
Human Physiology
the study of the functions of the human body
Human Anatomy
the study of the structure of the human body
organic compounds
those that do contain carbon bonded to hydrogen
what organs are involves in the lymphatic system?
tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels
most electronegative elements
top right of the periotic table
A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts is known as a:
transverse (horizontal, or cross) plane.
Radioisotopes
unstable isotopes with high energy or radiation that can be released by radioactive decay. makes isotopes more stable
In humans, the term anterior is the same as
ventral
the inner most layer of the serious membrane
visceral layer of the serous membrane (VSP)
name of the membrane that is touching the organ of the heart
visceral pericardial membrane
name the membrane pertaining to touching the abdominal organ
visceral peritoneal membrane
name the membrane that is touching the lungs
visceral pleural membrane
60-80% of the human body is made of
water
ionic bonds
when electrons are transferred from a mental atom to a non-metal atom
exchange reactions
when one or more atoms from the reactants are exchanged for one another. AB + CD -> AD + BC.
compounds
when the atoms of two or more different elements combine
anabolic reactions
•when small simple subunits are united by chemical bonds to make large more complex substances. They are endergonic reactions. A + B -> AB