Anatomy and physiology unit one ch.1,2,3

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Provides movement

characteristics of living organisms

cellular composition, metabolism, growth, excretion, responsiveness, movement, reproduction

Subfeilds of Psychology

classified by organ or organ system

concentration

increasing the reactant concentration increases the likelihood of reactant particles colliding

systemic anatomy

organ systems

pressure gradient

the amount of pressure change occurring over a given distance

mass number

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

negative feedback loop

A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring. response turns off

Colliod Mixture

A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out.

concentrated gradient

A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.

Electronegativety

All elements have protons that can attract electrons. The more it has the more strongly it attracts electrons

duet rule

Atoms with 5 or fewer electrons. the atom is most stable when valence electron shell holds 2 electrons

what are the organs involved in the integumentary system?

Hair, skin, and nails

suspension mixture

Heterogenous mixes with large solutes that tend to settle out

activation energy

In order for a reaction to occur, the atoms must collide with enough energy to overcome the repulsion of their electrons.

If blood pressure is too high, what should homeostatic regulation do?

Lower blood pressure back to the normal range.

Nuetrons

Neutral particles that don't have an electric charge

steriods

Nonpolar compounds that share a four-ring hydrocarbon structure called the steroid nucleus

non polar covalent bond

Occurs when two nonmetals with similar or identical electronegativities pull with the same force = share the electrons equally

Which of the following is NOT correct for anatomical position?

Palms facing inward towards the thighs

Part complete Which cavity contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs?

Pelvic cavity

Regional Anatomy

Specific regions of the body

The cranial bones almost entirely surround the brain and protect it. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the cranial bones and the brain?

The cranial bones are superficial to the brain.

How does the effector restore homeostasis in a negative feedback loop?

The effector opposes the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to the normal range.

The knee is proximal to the ankle. Which of these other terms could also be used to correctly describe the relationship between the knee and the ankle?

The knee is superior to the ankle.

amino acids

The monomers of proteins

What is the function of the urinary system?

To remove metabolic wastes from the blood and direct the waste out of the body.

Which of the following regions corresponds to the calf?

Which of the following regions corresponds to the calf?

Electron

a negatively charged subatomic particle

Dipole

a partially positive and partially negative pole that forms as a result of a polar covalent bond

octet rule

an atom is most stable when valence (outermost) shell has 8 electrons

salt

any metal cation and nonmetal anion held together by ionic bonds

Elements

any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

Matter

anything that has mass and occupies space. can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas.

electrolytes

are formed when salts dissolve in water to form cations and anions

Carbohydrates

are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and function primarily as fuel in the body

nucleotides

are the monomers of nucleic acids

What does the term axillary mean? The term axillary means pertaining to the

armpit

molecules

atoms of two or more of the same element combine by forming chemical bonds

Isotopes

atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers

enzyme

biological catalyst

what organs are apart of the skeletal system?

bones and joints

What organs are involved in the nervous system?

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Monomers

building blocks of polymers

Polymer

built by linking monomers

4 major elements in the human body

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON)

Which organ system includes blood vessels and the heart?

cardiovascular system

hyydrosis

catabolic reaction that uses water to break up polymers into smaller subunits (monomers)

What is the smallest level of organization in the human body?

chemical level

What is the smallest level of structural organization in the human body?

chemical level

What are the two major methods by which cells communicate to coordinate their functions?

chemical messengers and/or electrical signals

buffers

chemical system that resists the changes in pH and prevents large swings in pH when an acid or base is added to the solution

structural levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

James sustained a cut to his mental region, also known as his:

chin

Body parts that are described as medial are considered to be:

closer to the midline of the body.

what 3 things lower activation energy

concentration, temperature, particle size and phase

What are the two subcavities of the dorsal body cavity?

cranial and vertebral (spinal) cavities

What is a major function of the respiratory system?

deliver oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the body

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

diaphragm

temperature gradients

differences in temperature between two areas

What is the function of the digestive system?

digest food and absorb nutrients

Which two organ systems include the pancreas as a component?

digestive and endocrine systems

protein shape is destroyed by

disrupting the hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions that stabilize the protein.•The disruption in shape also disrupts the protein's function

Which of the following items should be placed in a biohazard container?

dissected animals or organs

electronegativity decreases

down a group

Which of the following is unacceptable in the laboratory?

eating or drinking, application of lip balm, clothing with long, flowing sleeves

A cell or organ that responds to the directions of the control center in a negative feedback loop is termed a(n):

effector.

mechnical energy

energy directly transferred from one object to another

Positve Feedback Loop

enhance or amplify changes; this tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state and make it more unstable. goes back to normal but never fully goes away.

Which of the following best summarizes the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

form follows function

When we imagine a person exhibiting the anatomical position, the palms of the hands are assumed to be facing:

forward

chemical energy

found in the bonds between atoms, drives nearly all of the chemical processes in the body

Physiology is to __________ as anatomy is to __________.

function; structure

inorganic compounds

generally do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen and include water, acids, bases and salts

Electrocal energy

generated by the movement of charged particles (ions)

What results when anabolism occurs more than catabolism in an organism?

growth

Phospholipids

have a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid "tails" and one phosphate group "head" in place of the third fatty acid.amphiphilic ("water loving and lipid loving")

how are radioisotopes made

high speed particles are fired into a nucleus of an atom (cyclotron or nuclear reactor)

In laboratory, you will study tissues. This area of study is known as:

histology.

bases

hydrogen acceptors ( when a base is added to water the number of Hydrogen ions decreases)

acids

hydrogen donors ( when acid is added to water the number of Hydrogen ions increases)

A tentative explanation of an observed phenomenon is called a(n)

hypothesis

Cholesterol

is the steroid that forms the basis for all other steroids in the body

what are the organs involved in the urinary system?

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

catobolic reactions

large substance is broken down into a smaller substance.Usually exergonic because bonds are being broken

Which of the following abdominopelvic regions will overlap with the left lower quadrant (LLQ)?

left iliac region

electronegativity increases

left to right across the periodic table

electron shell

1st shell holds 2 electrons, 2nd sell holds 8, 3rd shell can hold 18 happy with 8

a basis of comparison in an experiment.

A control provides

retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum and doesn't have a serous membrane

protines

macromolecules that function as enzymes, play structural roles, are involved in movement, function in the body's defenses and can be used as fuel.

What organs are involved in the female respiratory system?

mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina

Which of the following is located in a median position?

mouth

what are the organs involved in the digestive system?

mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine.

what are the organs involved in the respiratory system?

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

anions

negatively charged ion formed when a non metal gains one or more electrons

Reactants

on the left side of the equation, they are the starting ingrediants

products

on the right side of an equation. they are the end result of bonding the reactants together chemically

Which of the following is the most complex structural level of organization?

organ level

name the membrane that is touching the cavity wall of the heart

parietal pericardial membrane

name the membrane pertaining to touching the abdominal cavity

parietal peritoneal membrane

If a needle punctures the serous membranes around the lungs, the first layer that the needle will go through is the _

parietal pleura

name the membrane that is touching the cavity wall of the lungs

parietal pleural membrane

solution mixture

particles extremely small and not visible, do not settle out, one component dissolves in the other.

what is the serious membrane surrounding the heart

pericardial membrane

name the serious membrane pertaining to the abdomen

peritoneal membrane

what organs are involved in the endocrine system?

pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes

the serious membrane surrounding the lungs

pleural membrane

The type of feedback that increases or enhances the effects of the variable is:

positive

cations

positively charged ions (when a metal loses one or more electrons)

Protons

positively charged subatomic particles

Which of the following is a term that can be used instead of dorsal?

posterior

what are the organs involved in the male reproductive system?

prostate gland, duct deferens, testes, penis

what is the function of the integumentary system?

protect body from external environment

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

provide immunity

what is the function of the cardiovascular system?

pump oxygen rich poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood to the tissue

Tempature

raising the temperature of the reactants increases the kinetic energy leading to more forceful and effective collisions between reactants

What is the function of the nervous system?

regulates body function

What is the function of the endocrine system?

regulates body functions of muscles, glands, and tissues through the secretion of chemicals and hormones.

exergonic reaction

releases excess energy. The products have less energy than the reactants.

endergonic reaction

require the input of energy from another source. The reaction products contain more energy than the reactants because energy was invested to allow the reaction to proceed.

what is the function of the male and female reproductive system.

sexual function.

what are the organs involved in the muscular system?

skeletal muscle

particle size and phase

smaller particles more faster, gaseous phase particles have higher kinetic energy

Pontetial energy

stored energy that can be released to do work later.

kenetic energy

stored energy that has been released or set in motion to preform work. atoms are constantly moving and the faster they move the greater their energy.

Microscopic Anatomy

structures seen with the microscope

Gross Anatomy

structures that can be seen with the unaided eye

catalyst

substances that increase the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy without being consumed or altered in the reaction.

What is the function of the skeletal system

supports the body

chemical bonds

the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

the main source of chemical energy in the body. made up of adenine attached to ribose and three phosphate groups

Homeostasis is defined as

the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

energy

the most capacity to do work, put matter into motion or fuel chemical reactions

Intestines have many folds on their surface, and this increase in surface area makes absorption of nutrients faster and more efficient. This is an example of

the principle of complementarity of structure and function

Atom

the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element and is made of subatomic particles

Trigylcerides

the storage polymer for fatty acids (aka "neutral fat"). They are formed by linking three fatty acids (via dehydration synthesis) to a modified 3-carbon carbohydrate called glycerol

covalent bond

the strongest bond. forms when two or more non-metals share electrons between themselves

Human Physiology

the study of the functions of the human body

Human Anatomy

the study of the structure of the human body

organic compounds

those that do contain carbon bonded to hydrogen

what organs are involves in the lymphatic system?

tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels

most electronegative elements

top right of the periotic table

A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts is known as a:

transverse (horizontal, or cross) plane.

Radioisotopes

unstable isotopes with high energy or radiation that can be released by radioactive decay. makes isotopes more stable

In humans, the term anterior is the same as

ventral

the inner most layer of the serious membrane

visceral layer of the serous membrane (VSP)

name of the membrane that is touching the organ of the heart

visceral pericardial membrane

name the membrane pertaining to touching the abdominal organ

visceral peritoneal membrane

name the membrane that is touching the lungs

visceral pleural membrane

60-80% of the human body is made of

water

ionic bonds

when electrons are transferred from a mental atom to a non-metal atom

exchange reactions

when one or more atoms from the reactants are exchanged for one another. AB + CD -> AD + BC.

compounds

when the atoms of two or more different elements combine

anabolic reactions

•when small simple subunits are united by chemical bonds to make large more complex substances. They are endergonic reactions. A + B -> AB