Anatomy Ch. 9: Joints
Name the role of the deltoid ligament found in the leg.
Binds tibia to the foot on the medial side
List structures that may be involved in the condition called rheumatism.
Bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments
A synovail fluid filled sac located in between adjacent muscles is a ______
Bursa
A synovial fluid filled sac located in between adjacent muscles is a ________
Bursa
Bursitis is inflammation of a:
Bursa
The olecranon ________ cushions movement of tendons over the posterior aspect of the elbow joint
Bursa
Inflammation of a bursa is called
Bursitis
The bone ends of an emphiarthrodial joint are held together by
Cartilage
In a __________ joint, bones are held together by any type of cartilage
Cartilaginous
A joint in which one bone with a convex non-hemispherical surface fits into a concave depression on the other is a _________ joint
Condylar/Hinge
Describe a lap suture.
Overlapping edges
Describe the function of a tendon sheath.
Prevents friction
A movement that tilts the hand laterally when in anatomical position is called:
Radial flexion
Name the type of fibrous joint found only in the skull.
Suture
A strip or sheet of tough collagenous tissue attaching muscle to bone is called a ________-
Tendon
Indicate the function(s) of a tendon:
Attach muscle to bone, stabilize joint
A joint in which one bone has a smooth hemispherical head fitting into a cuplike depression on the other is a ________ joint
Ball-and-socket
Give examples of each class of synovial joint: ball-and-socket, hinge, condylar, saddle, plane, pivot
Ball-and-socket: shoulder joint Hinge: ulnar-humeral joint Condylar: metacarpophalangeal joint Saddle: trapeziometacarpal joint Plane: joints between carpal bones Pivot: radioulnar joint
Describe how individual joints are typically named.
Based on the names of bones involved in the joint
Based on their degrees of freedom (number of axes of rotation), and that they may have a slightly concave and convex surfaces, plane joints are usually __________ joints
Biaxial
Based on their degrees of freedom, condylar joints are ________ joints.
Biaxial
Ossification of a fibrous or cartilaginous joint results in formation of a ________ joint
Bony
The pubic symphysis is a type of _________ joint
Cartilaginous
Movement of the arm so as to draw a large circle with the hand is an example of _________
Circumduction
Within a fibrous joint, name the tissue that holds the bones together
Collagen fibers
A joint that consists of an oval surface on one bone that fits into a complementary-shaped depression on the other surface is called a __________ joint
Condylar
List the three ligaments that support the shoulder joint.
Coracohumeral ligament, transverse humeral ligament, glenohumeral ligaments
The hip joint is also called the _______ joint
Coxal
Describe the flexion of a joint.
Decreases the angle at a joint
Name the four anterior bursae of the knee.
Deep infrapatellar, prepatellar, superficial infrapatellar, suprapatellar
Opening your mouth (lowering the jaw inferiorly) is an example of the joint movement called _____________
Depression
Because it is a freely moveable joint, a synovial joint is also called a ____________ joint
Diarthrodial
Synovial joints are: synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic
Diarthrotic
The displacement of a bone from its normal position is called ___________
Dislocation
_________ describes a movement of the foot so that the toes are elevated off of the ground.
Dorsiflexion
Muscle contraction supplies the _______ in a musculoskeletal lever system
Effort
Within a lever system, the portion of the lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort is called the _________ __________
Effort arm
A movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane is called:
Elevation
_________ of the foot turns the sole of the foot laterally.
Eversion
True or False: In order for rotation to occur at a joint, resistance must overcome effort.
False
True or False: In terms of structure, the knee is no more complicated than either the hip or ankle joints
False
True or False: Reposition brings the thumb into contact with another digit
False
True or False: The anatomical name of a joint is determined by the manner in which the bone ends are connected at the joint.
False
True or False: Ulnar flexion tilts the hand laterally at the wrist
False
In a symphysis, bones are held together by:
Fibrocartilage
The menisci of the knee are composed of:
Fibrocartilage
Based on the structure, the sagittal suture is classified as a __________ joint
Fibrous
The articular capsule of a synovial joint consists of an outer ________ capsule and inner synovial membrane
Fibrous
A lever with the fulcrum located between the effort and resistance is a _______-class lever
First
Give an example of each classification of a lever: first-class, second-class, third-class
First-class: The atlanto-occipital joint of the neck, where the muscles of the back of the neck pull down on the occipital bone of the skull and oppose the tendency of the head to tip forward; extending elbow Second-class: If you sit in a chair and raise one knee; temporomandibular joint when jaw is lowered Third-class: flexing elbow;temporomandibular joint when jaw is raised
Within the hip joint, the round ligament runs from the ________ to the _________
Fovea Capitis, acetabulum
Describe a first-class lever.
Fulcrum located in the middle of the effort and resistance
The anatomical name for the shoulder joint is the _______ joint
Glenohumeral
A tooth held in the alveolar socket of either the maxilla or mandible is an example of a fibrous joint called a _________
Gomphosis
List the three types of fibrous joints.
Gomphosis, syndesmosis, suture
A joint disorder in which uric acid crystals accumulate in joints is called ________
Gout
Due to the shallowness of the glenohumeral joint, the shoulder joint:
Has decreased stability, and has a large range motion
When the mandible is elevated and depressed, the jaw joint acts as a __________ joint
Hinge
Because of its depth, the _______ joint is a very stable ball-and-socket joint
Hip
The coxal joint is located at the __________
Hip
The range of motion of a joint (ROM) is the measure of:
How far it can move in a direction
The classification of a joint as bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial describes:
How the bone ends are held together within the joint
Name the two articulations of the elbow joint.
Humeroulnar and humeroradial
A synchondrosis is held together by:
Hyaline cartilage
Moving a joint beyond the zero position, to a negative degreed position, is an example of _________
Hyperextension
The function of the anterior cruciate ligament is to prevent _______ of the knee joint.
Hyperextension
The ___________ ligament extends from the ilium to the femur, supporting the hip joint.
Iliofemoral
Describe sutures.
Immobile, fibrous joints
Describe extension of a joint
Increases the angle at a joint
Describe a serrate suture.
Interlocking edges
_________ turns the sole of the foot medially
Inversion
List examples of joints that are synostoses:
Joining of left and right half of mandible; closure of epiphyseal plate
The point where two bones meet is called a ________
Joint
Within a musculoskeletal lever system, the fulcrum is the _________
Joint
Define arthritis
Joint pain and inflammation
Identify three terms that describe the point of attachment between two bones.
Joint, arthrosis, articulation
The study of musculoskeletal movement is called _________
Kinesiology
When this joint is flexed, it is also capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding. As a result, of the many diarthrotic joints in the body, the _________ joint is the most complex
Knee
The acetabular ________ is a rim of fibrocartilage around the margin of the acetabulum
Labrum
The ring of fibrocartilage at the margin of the glenoid cavity is called the glenoid _________
Labrum
A suture in which the bone edges are beveled and overlap is a _________ suture
Lap
Rotation of the bent upper limb at the shoulder, taking the forearm away from the midline of the body, is an example of ________ rotation
Lateral
Name the ligament that binds the fibula to the foot on the lateral side (it is comprised of 3 ligaments)
Lateral collateral ligament
Bending at the waist to either the left or right side is an example of:
Lateral flexion
The tilting movement of the head or truck to the right or left of the midline in the frontal plane is called:
Lateral flexion
Twisting at the waist so the chest faces to the left occurs due to a movement called:
Left rotation
A ________ is an elongated structure that is utilized to generate a mechanical advantage around a fulcrum
Lever
Which lever produces more speed or distance but less force than the force exerted on it?
Lever with mechanical advantage of less than 1.0
A strip of tough collagenous tissue attaching bone to bone is called a ___________
Ligament
When the knee is "locked", all of the major ________ are twisted and taut
Ligaments
Synovial fluid provides ________ at a joint
Lubrication
Lateral displacement of the _________ is prevented by the presence of the lateral ligament
Mandible
Rotation of the bent upper limb at the shoulder, bringing the forearm towards the midline of the body, is an example of _______ rotation
Medial
The two portions of the C-shaped fibro-cartilages found in the joint cavity of the knee are collectively called __________
Meniscus
A __________ joint is capable of moving along one anatomical plane
Monaxial
A hinge joint such as the elbow is ________ and moves freely along just one plane
Monaxial
Based on their degrees of freedom (number of axes of rotation), pivot joints are _________ joints.
Monaxial
Fibrous joints with longer fibers between bones are going to be ________ movable than fibrous joints with shorter fibers
More
Syndesmoses, with longer fibers than sutures or gomphoses, are _________ movable than sutures or gomphoses
More
List two characteristics that describe the joint movement called abduction.
Movement along the frontal (coronal) plane, such as moving the feet apart to stand; away from the midline of the body
Biomechanics is the study of:
Movements and application of force in the body
A _________ suture LACKS overlapping edges
Plane
When the mandible is protracting and retracting, the jaw joint acts as a __________ joint
Plane
_________ flexion results in pointing the toes inferiorly.
Plantar
The movement of toes downward as occurs when jumping or stepping on a gas pedal is called:
Plantar flexion
Within a lever system, the resistance arm is the:
Portion of the lever from the fulcrum to the point of resistance
The joint capsule of the knee encloses the ______ aspects of the knee joint
Posterior and lateral, but not anterior
Name the knee ligament that prevents posterior movement of the tibia.
Posterior cruciate ligament
List two characteristics that describe the joint movement called retraction
Posterior movement of a bone, movement along a transverse plane
What are the functions of the menisci of the knee?
Prevent side-to-side sliding of femur, absorb shock
A movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly or downward is called ___________
Pronation
Reaching forward to open a door involves _______ of the shoulder girdle
Protraction
The ________ ligament extends from the pubic bone to the femur, supporting the hip joint.
Pubofemoral
When supinating the forearm, the forearm bone that remains stationary is the ________
Radius
The movement of the thumb from a position of opposition back to zero position is called ___________
Reposition
In order for rotation to occur at a joint, effort must overcome ____________
Resistance
Within a lever system, the portion of the lever from the fulcrum to the point of resistance is called the _________ _________
Resistance arm
The anterior aspect of the knee joint is covered by the patellar ligament and the medial and lateral patellar __________, which are extensions of the quadriceps femoris tendon
Retinacula
A movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis is called:
Rotation
The joint at the base of the thumb (trapeziometacarpal joint) belongs to the class of ________ joints
Saddle
A lever with the resistance located between the fulcrum and the effort is a _______-class lever
Second
A suture in which the bone edges are interlocked together, appearing as a wavy line, is a __________ suture.
Serrate
Within the ankle joint, the __________ motion is reduced by the malleoli of the tibia and fibula
Side-to-side motion
A ________ is trauma to a joint that causes a tear, or a partial tear to a ligament or tendon
Sprain
An injury to a tendon or muscle due to overstretching is called a _________
Strain
Identify three factors that contribute to the range of motion at a joint.
Structure of articular surfaces of bones in joint, action of muscles and tendons, strength of ligaments and joint capsule
List the four bursae of the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint.
Subcoracoid, subscapular, subdeltoid, subacromial
A movement that rotates or turns the palm forward or upward is called _________
Supination
Identify the four muscles of the rotator cuff.
Supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor
List the types of cartilaginous joints.
Symphyses, synchondroses
A joint in which fibrocartilage binds bones together is a __________
Symphysis
A cartilaginous (amphiarthrotic) joint in which hyaline cartilage binds bones together is classified as a ___________
Synchondrosis
The costal cartilage of rib one is an example of a _______ joint
Synchondrosis
The epiphyseal plate in a growing bone is an example of a __________ joint
Synchondrosis
The type of fibrous joint in which the bones are held together by only a ligament or band of fibrous tissue and the length of the fibers give these joints more mobility is called a ___________ joint
Syndesmosis
A bony, immovable joint is called a:
Synostosis
The point at which embryonic bones are fused seamlessly into one adult bone would be an example of a
Synostosis
A joint in which bones are separated by a narrow, fluid-filled, encapsulated space is a ________ joint
Synovial
_________ joints contain a lubricating fluid that reduces friction
Synovial
The synovial membrane produces _________ _________
Synovial fluid
What is the most complex type of joint category?
Synovial joint
The inner layer of a joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid is called the __________ ___________
Synovial membrane
List the components of a synovial joint capsule.
Synovial membrane, fibrous capsule
Inflammation of a joint capsule is called __________
Synovitis
The ankle joint is also referred to as the _______ joint
Talocrural
Name the two bones that articulate to form the jaw joint.
Temporal and mandible
Inflammation of a tendon sheath is a form of bursitis called ___________
Tendinitis
List the two primary stabilizing structures of the knee.
Tendon of semimembranosus and tendon of quadriceps femoris
An elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon is called a:
Tendon sheath
List the four most important muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint
Teres minor, infraspinatus, subscapularis, supraspinatus
True or False: Joints involving an interosseous membrane (ulnoradial and tibiofibular joints) are examples of fibrous joint
True
True or False: Opposition is a movement exclusive to the thumb.
True
True or False: The patella articulates with the femur
True
The talocrural joint involved _________ articulations within one joint capsule
Two
Name the two ligaments that restrict side-to-side movements of the elbow joint.
Ulnar collateral ligament, radial collateral ligament
List the three factors that can represent resistance in a musculoskeletal lever system
Weight of limb, object being moved, opposing muscle tension
When describing musculoskeletal movement, ______ position refers to joints in that are in anatomical position
Zero
Locking of the knees:
Permits conservation of energy, occurs at full extension
Describe the results from the joint movement called depression.
A bone is lowered vertically
Mechanical advantage is defined as the ratio of:
A lever's output force to its input force
A syndesmosis is held together by:
A long stretch of collagen
A lever with the effort between the fulcrum and the resistance is a _________ lever
Third-class
The stability of the hip joint is primarily due to the depth of the ____________
Acetabulum
The calf muscles cause plantar flexion of the foot via the ____________ tendon
Achilles
Moving a body part in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body is called:
Adduction
List two characteristics that describe the joint movement called adduction.
Along the frontal (coronal) plane, towards the midline of the body
Rheumatiod arthritis is a disorder resulting from:
An autoimmune disorder
What aspect of the knee joint is not covered by the joint capsule?
Anterior
List two characteristics that describe the joint movement called protraction.
Anterior movement of the bone, movement along a transverse plane
The _______ ligament holds the head of the radius within the radial notch of the ulna
Anular
_________ is the term describing chronic pain and inflammation of a joint.
Arthritis
A person studying movement in the body, but focusing specifically on joint structure, function, and disease, would be studying _________
Arthrology
The science of joint structure, function and dysfunction is called:
Arthrology
Fibrocartilage discs found within some synovial joints (ex: temporomandibular joint) are called ________ discs
Articular
Hyaline cartilage found within a synovial joint is called:
Articular cartilage
Based on their degrees of freedom (number of axes of rotation), ball-and-socket joints are __________
Multiaxial
___________ is a form of arthritis typically resulting from lifelong wear-and-tear on a joint
Osteoarthritis
If a lever's mechanical advantage is less than 1.0, what must be true about the speed, distance, and force?
The lever produces more speed or distance (but less force) than the force exerted on it
The ____________ is a superficial ligament located on the medial surface of the knee
Tibial Collateral Ligament
Describe the role of the anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
To bind tibia to the fibula