Anatomy Final - Chapter 1: Intro to Anatomy

Humans have how many organ systems?

11

Forearm

Antebrachial Region

Wrist

Carpal Region

Head Region

Cephalic Region (DONT FORGET LEFT AND RIGHT ON REGIONS)

Neck

Cervical Region

What are the two main divisions of Microscopic anatomy?

Cytology and Histology. Cytology: the study of body cells land their internal structure Histology: the study of tissues

Shoulder

Deltoid Region

Digestive System

Digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, expels waste products.

Finger

Digital Region (specify of the foot or of the hand)

Toe

Digital Region (specify of the foot or of the hand)

Sagittal Plane

Divides a structure into left and right structures at any number of sites. Parallel to the midsagittal plane.

Top of Foot

Dorsum of the Foot

Regional Anatomy

Examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body

Physiology

Examines how the body functions.

Comparative Anatomy

Examines similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

Microscopic Anatomy

Examines the structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye. Specimens are examined under microscope

Thigh

Femoral Region

Urinary System

Filters blood and removes waste products, expels urine.

Surface Anatomy

Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures

Forehead

Frontal Region

Transverse Plane

Horizontal plane dividing the body into SUPERIOR (top) and INFERIOR (bottom). Also called a cross-sectional plane.

Groin (Small Corners between Pubic and Pelvic Region)

Iguinal Region (groin)

Plane

Imaginary flat surface passing through the body

Prone Position

Lying face down

Cardiovascular System

Moves blood through blood vessels to distribute nutrients, gases, hormones, and pick up waste products.

Foot

Pes Region

Anatomic Position

-Upright stance -Feet parallel and flat on the floor -Upper limbs at sides of the body -Palms face anteriorly (toward the front) -Head is level -Eyes look forward

Sub-disciplines of physiology typically focus on ________ (Provide Examples)

A particular body system: EXAMPLES: Cardiovascular Physiology: the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood Neurophysiology: the functioning of nerves and nervous system organs Respiratory physiology: the function of respiratory organs Reproductive physiology: the functioning of reproductive hormones and reproductive cycle Pathophysiology: the relationship between the function of an organ system and disease or injury to the system

Abdomen

Abdominal Region

Gross Anatomy

Also known as Macroscopic anatomy. Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye. Specimens are usually dissected for examination.

Situs Inversus

An uncommon condition in which the heart and other organs of the body are transposed through the sagittal plane to lie on the opposite (left or right) side from the usual; i.e. mirror image.

Front of Elbow

Antecubital Region

Cranial

At the head end. AKA: cephalic

Caudal

At the rear or tail end. This is usually used with animal anatomy

Distal

Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part

Inferior

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Two Main Regions of the Human Body

Axial Region - includes the head, neck, and trunk. Forms the main vertical axis of the body. Appendicular Region - composed of the upper and lower limbs

Armpit

Axillary Region

Arm

Brachial Region

Cheek

Buccal Region

Level 4 of Body Organization & Description

Cellular Level Consists of CELLS, the smallest living structures basic units of structure and function in organisms vary widely in structure, reflecting specializations needed (e.g., skeletal muscle cell is long and red blood cell is small and flattened) formed from atoms and molecules from the chemical level

Level 1 (Simplest Level) of Body Organization & Description

Chemical Level. Includes atoms and molecules. atoms: smallest units of matter. molecules: one or more combined atoms (e.g., sugar, vitamins)

Superior

Closer to the head

Medial

Closer to the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Nervous System

Controls body movement, responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory

Three Major Planes

Coronal, transverse, midsagittal.

Surrounding the brain (from the back on diagram)

Cranial Region

Leg

Crural Region

4 Types of Tissues (And Brief Description)

Epithelial Tissue - covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities Connective Tissue - protects, supports, and binds structures and organs Muscle Tissue - produces movement Nervous Tissues - conducts nerve impulses

What do Anatomists do?

Examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs.

Supine Position

Lying on back, facing upward

Level 2 of Body Organization & Description

Macromolecules more complex molecules e.g., proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Breast

Mammary Region

Chin

Mental Region

The two divisions of anatomy are:

Microscopic Anatomy and Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

Deep

On the inside, internal to another structure

Superficial

On the outside

Mouth

Oral Region

Eye

Orbital Region

Level 6 of Body Organization & Description

Organ Level Consists of organs, two or more tissue types performing specific functions e.g., the small intestine composed of all four tissue types, working to process and absorb digested nutrients

Level 7 of Body Organization & Description

Organ System Level Contains related organs that work together to achieve a common function e.g., organs of the digestive system working together to digest food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste products

Multicellular organisms require:

Organ systems, to perform multiple activities.

Level 3 of Body Organization & Description

Organelles microscopic subunits in cells composed of macromolecules

Level 8 of Body Organization & Description

Organismal Level Highest level of structural organization All body functions working interdependently in an ORGANISM, the living being

Palm of hand

Palmar Region

Oblique Plane

Pass through structure at an angle.

Kneecap

Patellar Region

Two specialized branches of anatomy are:

Pathologic anatomy: examines anatomic changes resulting from disease (considers anatomic and microscopic changes) Radiographic anatomy: investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures

Chest

Pectoral Region

Lower Abdominal - Pelvis

Pelvic Region

What do Physiologists do?

Physiologists examine how organs and body systems function under normal and abnormal circumstances.

Female Reproductive System

Produces female sex cells and hormones, site of fertilization and growth of embryo and fetus.

Male Reproductive System

Produces male sex cells and hormones, transfers sperm to female

Muscular System

Provides body movement, generates heat

Integumentary System

Provides protection, regulates body temperature, houses cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss

Skeletal System

Provides support and protection, site of blood cell production, stores calcium and phosphorus

The elbow is _________ to the wrist?

Proximal

Either Vagina or Penis

Pubic Region

Respiratory System

Responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones, which perform a variety of functions

Section

Slice or cut to expose internal anatomy

Sternum

Sternal Region

Which 3 regions make up the Thoracic Region?

Sternal, pectoral, and mammary.

Emryology

Studies developmental changes from conception to birth

Systemic Anatomy

Studies the anatomy of each functional body system

Anatomy

Studies the form and structure of the body.

(5) Main approaches to Gross Anatomy are:

Systemic Anatomy, Regional Anatomy, Surface Anatomy, Comparative Anatomy, Embryology

Ankle

Tarsal Region

What is the relation between structure and function?

They are inseparable. Structure determines Function. Together, they provide the basis for understanding health and human performance.

Level 5 of Body Organization & Description

Tissue Level Consists of TISSUES, groups of similar cells performing common functions

Posterior

Toward the back

Anterior

Toward the front

Rostral

Toward the nose or mouth

Lymphatic System

Transports and filters lymph and participates in immune response.

Coronal Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into ANTERIOR (front) and POSTERIOR (back). Also called a frontal plane.

Midsagittal Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves.

All Organisms MUST:

exchange nutrients, wastes, and gases to carry on metabolism

Physiologists mainly focus on:

molecular or cellular level.