Anatomy Final - Chapter 1: Intro to Anatomy
Humans have how many organ systems?
11
Forearm
Antebrachial Region
Wrist
Carpal Region
Head Region
Cephalic Region (DONT FORGET LEFT AND RIGHT ON REGIONS)
Neck
Cervical Region
What are the two main divisions of Microscopic anatomy?
Cytology and Histology. Cytology: the study of body cells land their internal structure Histology: the study of tissues
Shoulder
Deltoid Region
Digestive System
Digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, expels waste products.
Finger
Digital Region (specify of the foot or of the hand)
Toe
Digital Region (specify of the foot or of the hand)
Sagittal Plane
Divides a structure into left and right structures at any number of sites. Parallel to the midsagittal plane.
Top of Foot
Dorsum of the Foot
Regional Anatomy
Examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body
Physiology
Examines how the body functions.
Comparative Anatomy
Examines similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species
Microscopic Anatomy
Examines the structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye. Specimens are examined under microscope
Thigh
Femoral Region
Urinary System
Filters blood and removes waste products, expels urine.
Surface Anatomy
Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures
Forehead
Frontal Region
Transverse Plane
Horizontal plane dividing the body into SUPERIOR (top) and INFERIOR (bottom). Also called a cross-sectional plane.
Groin (Small Corners between Pubic and Pelvic Region)
Iguinal Region (groin)
Plane
Imaginary flat surface passing through the body
Prone Position
Lying face down
Cardiovascular System
Moves blood through blood vessels to distribute nutrients, gases, hormones, and pick up waste products.
Foot
Pes Region
Anatomic Position
-Upright stance -Feet parallel and flat on the floor -Upper limbs at sides of the body -Palms face anteriorly (toward the front) -Head is level -Eyes look forward
Sub-disciplines of physiology typically focus on ________ (Provide Examples)
A particular body system: EXAMPLES: Cardiovascular Physiology: the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood Neurophysiology: the functioning of nerves and nervous system organs Respiratory physiology: the function of respiratory organs Reproductive physiology: the functioning of reproductive hormones and reproductive cycle Pathophysiology: the relationship between the function of an organ system and disease or injury to the system
Abdomen
Abdominal Region
Gross Anatomy
Also known as Macroscopic anatomy. Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye. Specimens are usually dissected for examination.
Situs Inversus
An uncommon condition in which the heart and other organs of the body are transposed through the sagittal plane to lie on the opposite (left or right) side from the usual; i.e. mirror image.
Front of Elbow
Antecubital Region
Cranial
At the head end. AKA: cephalic
Caudal
At the rear or tail end. This is usually used with animal anatomy
Distal
Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part
Inferior
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Two Main Regions of the Human Body
Axial Region - includes the head, neck, and trunk. Forms the main vertical axis of the body. Appendicular Region - composed of the upper and lower limbs
Armpit
Axillary Region
Arm
Brachial Region
Cheek
Buccal Region
Level 4 of Body Organization & Description
Cellular Level Consists of CELLS, the smallest living structures basic units of structure and function in organisms vary widely in structure, reflecting specializations needed (e.g., skeletal muscle cell is long and red blood cell is small and flattened) formed from atoms and molecules from the chemical level
Level 1 (Simplest Level) of Body Organization & Description
Chemical Level. Includes atoms and molecules. atoms: smallest units of matter. molecules: one or more combined atoms (e.g., sugar, vitamins)
Superior
Closer to the head
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Nervous System
Controls body movement, responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory
Three Major Planes
Coronal, transverse, midsagittal.
Surrounding the brain (from the back on diagram)
Cranial Region
Leg
Crural Region
4 Types of Tissues (And Brief Description)
Epithelial Tissue - covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities Connective Tissue - protects, supports, and binds structures and organs Muscle Tissue - produces movement Nervous Tissues - conducts nerve impulses
What do Anatomists do?
Examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs.
Supine Position
Lying on back, facing upward
Level 2 of Body Organization & Description
Macromolecules more complex molecules e.g., proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Breast
Mammary Region
Chin
Mental Region
The two divisions of anatomy are:
Microscopic Anatomy and Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy
Deep
On the inside, internal to another structure
Superficial
On the outside
Mouth
Oral Region
Eye
Orbital Region
Level 6 of Body Organization & Description
Organ Level Consists of organs, two or more tissue types performing specific functions e.g., the small intestine composed of all four tissue types, working to process and absorb digested nutrients
Level 7 of Body Organization & Description
Organ System Level Contains related organs that work together to achieve a common function e.g., organs of the digestive system working together to digest food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste products
Multicellular organisms require:
Organ systems, to perform multiple activities.
Level 3 of Body Organization & Description
Organelles microscopic subunits in cells composed of macromolecules
Level 8 of Body Organization & Description
Organismal Level Highest level of structural organization All body functions working interdependently in an ORGANISM, the living being
Palm of hand
Palmar Region
Oblique Plane
Pass through structure at an angle.
Kneecap
Patellar Region
Two specialized branches of anatomy are:
Pathologic anatomy: examines anatomic changes resulting from disease (considers anatomic and microscopic changes) Radiographic anatomy: investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures
Chest
Pectoral Region
Lower Abdominal - Pelvis
Pelvic Region
What do Physiologists do?
Physiologists examine how organs and body systems function under normal and abnormal circumstances.
Female Reproductive System
Produces female sex cells and hormones, site of fertilization and growth of embryo and fetus.
Male Reproductive System
Produces male sex cells and hormones, transfers sperm to female
Muscular System
Provides body movement, generates heat
Integumentary System
Provides protection, regulates body temperature, houses cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss
Skeletal System
Provides support and protection, site of blood cell production, stores calcium and phosphorus
The elbow is _________ to the wrist?
Proximal
Either Vagina or Penis
Pubic Region
Respiratory System
Responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air
Endocrine System
Secretes hormones, which perform a variety of functions
Section
Slice or cut to expose internal anatomy
Sternum
Sternal Region
Which 3 regions make up the Thoracic Region?
Sternal, pectoral, and mammary.
Emryology
Studies developmental changes from conception to birth
Systemic Anatomy
Studies the anatomy of each functional body system
Anatomy
Studies the form and structure of the body.
(5) Main approaches to Gross Anatomy are:
Systemic Anatomy, Regional Anatomy, Surface Anatomy, Comparative Anatomy, Embryology
Ankle
Tarsal Region
What is the relation between structure and function?
They are inseparable. Structure determines Function. Together, they provide the basis for understanding health and human performance.
Level 5 of Body Organization & Description
Tissue Level Consists of TISSUES, groups of similar cells performing common functions
Posterior
Toward the back
Anterior
Toward the front
Rostral
Toward the nose or mouth
Lymphatic System
Transports and filters lymph and participates in immune response.
Coronal Plane
Vertical plane dividing the body into ANTERIOR (front) and POSTERIOR (back). Also called a frontal plane.
Midsagittal Plane
Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves.
All Organisms MUST:
exchange nutrients, wastes, and gases to carry on metabolism
Physiologists mainly focus on:
molecular or cellular level.