Anatomy Final Review

Name some functions of the plasma membrane.

a. Self-identification b. Receptor site for messages c. Selective barrier

List the cell fibers from largest to smallest:

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments.

An area of cytoplasm that coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules is called

Centrosome

The normal human has ___ different chromosomes in each somatic (nonreproductive) cell. What is this called?

46 -diploid

The membranous structure(s) containing substances that protect the cell from harm are:

Lysosomes, peroxisomes

In the epiphyseal plate, the zone of hypertrophy is in the:

3rd Layer from the bottom

What is the purpose of a catalyst?

A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

The end product of translation is:

A protein

All of the following muscles are part of the rotator cuff muscles except the: A. deltoid. B. infraspinatus. C. supraspinatus. D. teres minor

A. deltoid

What is a gene?

About 1000 base pairs in DNA strand

The location at which the enzyme molecule binds to the substance it acts on is called the:

Active site

Which type of bone consists only of compact bone?

All bones consist of both compact and trabecular bone

The small water channels in the cell membrane are called:

Aquaporins

Cancellous tissue is an example of which type of connective tissue?

Bone

Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the:

Bone

What is the end result of catabolic pathways?

Breaking larger molecules into smaller molecules

Anabolic pathways do what?

Build smaller molecules into larger ones, and use energy to do it.

The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which of the following terms might be part of its name? A. Extensor B. Abductor C. Flexor D. Adductor

C. Flexor

Main cell structures include all of the following except: a. Organelles b. plasma membrane c. interstitial fluid d. cytoplasm

C. Interstitial fluid is outside the cell

Enzymatic proteins act as ______________, to help control the cell's various physiologic activities

Catalysts

The structure that separates the contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue is known as:

Cell Membrane

The ____ is often called the microtubule organizing center.

Centrosome

The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily?

Cholesterol

Granules or threads of DNA within the nucleus are called:

Chromatin

Projections from the cell that move materials and mucus are called:

Cilia

The organic matrix of bone consists of:

Collagenous fibers, proteins, polysaccharides

The most widespread and abundant tissue in the body is:

Connective

In the cell membrane, the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid molecule:

Faces the exterior of the cell. Faces the interior of the cell.

Diffusion of particles through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule is called:

Facilitated diffusion

True/False: If a muscle causes the knee to bend, the insertion point is above the knee and the origin point is below the knee.

False

______ regulates all cellular activity to direct protein synthesis

DNA

True/False: Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution may be destroyed because the blood cells will lyse (burst).

False

True/False: The "lock-and-key model" is used to describe how mRNA and tRNA base pairs align.

False

Which organelles are membranous?

ER, lysosomes, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, proteasomes, peroxisomes

the engulfing of microbes by white blood cells is an example of:

Endocytosis

Name the three types of vesicle-mediated transport and explain how they are different

Endocytosis Exocytosis Pinocytosis

The covering of individual muscle fibers is the:

Endomysium

Moving from deep to superficial, the connective tissue components would be:

Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium

True/False: Active transport process that use protein carrier molecules, or pumps, do not use cellular energy but rely instead on concentration gradients.

False

Muscles can be named by:

Location, function, shape, direction of fibers, number of heads or divisions, points of attachment

Menisci are:

Fibrocartilage pads.

The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of:

Filtration

A specialized cell structure that propels the sperm is the:

Flagellum

The action of the brachialis muscle is to:

Flex the forearm

Transcription can be best described as the:

Formation of mRNA

Which type of cell connection joins heart muscle cells? Why is this an advantage from the heart muscles?

Gap Junction Allows cytoplasm to be shared, and the cell membrane is shared. Electrical impulses can quickly travel over many cells at once.

What are the three pathways fro cellular respiration?

Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport system

Which organelle processes and packages material to be secreted?

Golgi apparatus

The periodontal membrane is associated with which type of joint?

Gomphosis

An example of a pivot joint is the:

Head of the radius articulating with the ulna, or joint between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae

Name 2 types of uniaxial joints

Hinge, pivot

A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be:

Hypertonic

The structure in cells that is associated with the enzymatic breakdown(digestion) of foreign material is the:

Lysosome

How does ATP provide the energy the cell needs for active transport through the membrane?

It breaks down into ADP and a phosphate

Which organelle consists of vesicles that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus?

Lysosomes

Name some structural and functional charactersitics of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

It is made of broad flattened sacs. It has many ribosomes attached to it. It manufactures protein

Which cell fiber is called the cellular muscle?

Microfilament

The cell extension that assists apthelial cells in absorption by greatly increasing the surface area available for absorption is called:

Microvilli

The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called:

Microvilli.

Name the primary functions of bone.

Mineral storage, protection, hematopoesis

Which cellular organelle contains its own DNA?

Mitochodria

ATP production occurs within which organelle?

Mitochondria

Damage to the centrosome and centrioles in a cell would hace the greatest impact on which cell function?

Mitosis

There are two types of cell division that occur in the body:

Mitosis Meiosis

Explain the meaning of moving solutes "down" the concentration gradient

Moving particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

DNA is a major constituent of which cell organelle, making this organelle the "city hall" of the cell?

Nucleus

The muscle that allows the thumb to be drawn across the palm to touch the tip of any finger is the:

Opponens pollicis.

Bone-destroying cells are called

Osteoclasts

The soleus muscle is an example of a:

Pennate muscle

Name the four subphases of mitosis.

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

What is the correct order of phases for cell division in non-sex cells?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What is the primary functional characteristic of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis

The major function of ribosomes is to synthesize:

Proteins

A Gene is a segment of DNA that contains the code for one _________, which then may be translated into one polypeptide.

RNA molecule

Which structures in the cell membrane are a stiff grouping of membrane molecules that are rich in cholesterol?

Rafts

Which organelles are nonmembranous?

Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella, nucleolus

The tarsal bones are examples of:

Short bones

Name the types of passive transport across the cell membrane.

Simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion, carrier-mediated diffusion

In terms of function, which is considered an immovable joint?

Synarthroses

Transcription can be best described as the:

Synthesis of mRNA

The pairing of bases of strand of DNA is obligatory. If a strand of DNA were composed of the base sequence of ATCG, what would be the obligated sequence of its opposing base pairs?

TAGC

What joint would be considered the fulcrum for the masseter muscle?

TMJ

What phase of mitosis is pictured below, and what is happening?

Telophase: Nuclear envelope rebuilds Spindle fibers disappear 2 daughter cells

As the activity of osteoblasts increases:

The amount of calcium in bone increases, and the amount of calcium in blood decreases.

The type of lever arrangement in which the pull is exerted between the fulcrum and resistance or weight to be moved is a:

Third class lever

The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the:

Triceps brachii

True/False: A "slipped disk" is a result of deterioration of the nucleus pulposus.

True

True/False: Fascia is a general term for the fibrous connective tissue found under the skin and around muscle.

True

True/False: First and second class levers are not as common in the body as third class levers.

True

True/False: One of the advantages of active transport is that it can move materials up, or against, its concentration gradient.

True

True/False: Protein synthesis is an anabolic pathway for cells.

True

True/False: Tendons are continuous with the layer of connective tissue called the epimysium

True

True/False: The acetabulum is a deep, cuplike socket, whereas the glenoid cavity is shallow and saucer-shaped.

True

True/False: The joint between the metatarsals and the phalanges is a hinge-type joint.

True

True/False: The sodium-potassium pump in the cell membrane moves potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell

True

True/False: The strength of bone is increased by the arrangement of trabeculae

True

True/False: allosteric effectors activate or inactivate enzymes by changing the shape of the enzyme's active site

True

What is the first step in bone repair in the event of a fracture?

Vascular damage initiates repair sequence (fracture hematoma)

Lengthwise-running central canals are connected to each other by transverse-running:

Volkmann canals

If a 20% glucose solution were separated from a 10% glucose solution by a permeable membrane:

Water would move from the 10% side to the 20% side Glucose would move from 20% side to 10% side

In nondividing cells, DNA appears as threads that are referred to as:

chromatin

Which factor can have an effect on the functioning of an enzyme? a. Temperature b. pH c. An increase in the amount of end product produced by a reaction d. All of the above

d. All of the above

True/False: The epiphyses consist mostly of compact bone, usually with yellow marrow in the center.

false

Where does transcription occur?

in the nucleus

In the cell membrane, the hydrophobic part of the phospholipid molecule:

is in the center of the phospholipid bilayer

Its function is to assist in the linking of mRNA to the ribosome to facilitate protein synthesis.

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

A(n)_______________ is a group of cells with a common function.

tissue