Anatomy Final

Which two of these muscles labeled on this diagram are the principal respiratory muscles of inspiration? (The other two are accessory muscles and act as synergists.) a. 2 and 4 b. 1 and 4 c. 2 and 3 d. 1 and 3

a. 2 and 4

In the Renal corpuscle, which is the Afferent arteriole? a. A b. A and B c. B d. C and D e. D

a. A

Which letter indicates the hepatic flexure of the large intestine? a. A b. C c. D d. E e. G

a. A

Which structure is the pacemaker of the heart? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

a. A

Which valves are connected to the chordae tendineae? a. A; B b. B; C c. C; D d. B; D e.A; C

a. A; B

Which hormone is produced by posterior pituitary gland? a. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) b. Leutinizing Hormone (LH) c. Growth Hormone (GH) d. Prolactin (PRL) e. Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)

a. ADH

Which is not a function of the Lymphatic System? a. fluid recovery b. coagulation pathway c. immune cell trafficking d. lipid reabsorption

b. coagulation pathway

Which of these anatomical structures or regions is not part of the Pharynx? a. nasopharynx b. epiglottis c. oropharynx d. pharyngeal tonsils e. laryngopharynx

b. epiglottis

Which of the following proteins is not normally found in plasma? a. albumin b. hemoglobin c. transferrin d. prothrombin e.fibrinogen

b. hemoglobin

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? a. it acts on the hypothalamus to decrease appetite b. it increases water retention from the renal tubules c. it causes vasodilation d. it causes the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex

b. increases water retention from renal tubules

Which of the following characterizes a weak base? a. it has a strong effect on pH b. it has a weak effect on pH c. it resists changes in OH- d. it lowers pH

b. it has a weak effect on pH

Which area of the small intestine is where most of the digestion and nutrient absorption occurs? a. duodenum b. jejunum c. ileum d. ileal papilla

b. jejunum

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the ________. a. adrenal gland b. kidneys c. hypothalamus d. pancreas

b. kidneys

Renin is an enzyme that hydrolyzes Angiotensinogen to form Angiotensin I. Renin is produced and secreted only by the _________, . a. lungs b. kidney c. liver d. heart e. spleen

b. kidneys

The majority of mature T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in the __________. a. thymus cortex b. lymphatic tissues c. red bone marrow d. mouth mucosa

b. lymphatic tissues

Where is the vasomotor center located? a. hypothalamus b. medulla oblongata c. cerebellum d. cerebral cortex e. midbrain

b. medulla oblongata

The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called __________. a. mucosae b. mesenteries c. muscularis mucosae d. submucosae e. muscularis externa

b. mesenteries

The stomach mucosa is protected from the acidic environment by three protective measures: a. gap junctions, mucous coat, and epithelial cell replacement b. mucous coat, tight junctions, and epithelial cell replacement c. mucous coat, peristalsis, and tight junctions d. peristalsis, gap junctions, and epithelial cell replacement

b. mucous coat, tight junctions, and epithelial cell replacement

The layer that is responsible for the motility that propels food and residue through the digestive tract is called the __________. a. serosa b. muscularis externa c. submucosa d. mucosa (mucous membrane) e. lumen

b. muscularis externa

Which structure is highlighted here? a. myocardium of right atrium b. myocardium of left ventricle c. myocardium of right ventricle d. myocardium of left atrium e.myocardium of aorta

b. myocardium of left ventricle

Which cell type is responsible for HCl production in the stomach mucosa? a. chief cells b. parietal cells c. goblet cells d. G cells e. D cells

b. parietal cells

What does not happen during high altitudes? a. slower oxygen diffusion b. rapid oxygen diffusion c. lower partial pressure of gases d. less partial pressure gradient

b. rapid oxygen diffusion

Blood plasma is filtered in the __________. a. renal tubule b. renal corpuscle c. renal capsule d. renal column e. renal calyx

b. renal corpuscle

The right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) regulates the opening between ______ and ______. a. right atrium; left atrium b. right atrium; right ventricle c. left atrium; left ventricle d. left ventricle; right ventricle

b. right atrium; right ventricle

During isovolumetric contraction, the pressure in the ventricles _______. a. falls rapidly b. rises rapidly c. remains constant d. rises and then falls rapidly e.falls and then rises slowly

b. rises rapidly

Which of the following is not an endocrine organ? a. pineal gland b. spleen c. thymus d. pancreas e. adrenal gland

b. spleen

Defecation is stimulated by __________. a. the chemical composition of the feces b. stretching of the rectum c. water content of feces d. lipid content in feces

b. stretching of the rectum

Which artery provides the main blood supply to the small intestine? a. celiac trunk b. superior mesenteric artery c. right colic artery d. inferior mesenteric artery

b. superior mesenteric artery

Irritant receptors in the respiratory system respond to irritation in the respiratory airways like dust, smoke, pollen, etc. Which one of these reflexes is not triggered by these receptors: a. bronchoconstriction b. tachypnea c. apnea d. shallow breathing e. cough

b. tachypnea

This structure highlighted in this image delivers urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. What is also correct about the anatomy of this structure? a. they do have sphincters at the entrance to the urinary bladder b. they pass posterior to the urinary bladder and enter from below c. they pass anterior to the urinary bladder and enter medially d. they are not considered retroperitoneal structures

b. they pass posterior to the urinary bladder and enter medially

The__________ show(s) a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age. a. lymph nodes b. thymus c. spleen d. pharyngeal tonsils e. appendix

b. thymus

Which of the following laryngeal cartilages is largest? a. epiglottis cartilage b. thyroid cartilage c. cricoid cartilage d. arytenoid cartilage

b. thyroid cartilage

The outermost wall of an artery or vein is called the __________ and in large arteries and veins contains the __________. a. tunica media; smooth muscle b. tunica adventitia; vasa vasorum c. tunica adventitia; valves d. tunica intima; endothelium

b. tunica adventitia; vasa vasorum

Cardioinhibitory centers in the ________ receive input from _______. a. thalamus; chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata b. hypothalamus; proprioceptors in the joints c. medulla; chemoreceptors in the aortic arch d. pons; baroreceptors in the internal carotid

c. medulla; chemoreceptors in the aortic arch

Which of the following molecules decreases blood pressure? a. norepinephrine b. ADH c. natriuretic peptide d. angiotensin II e. epinephrine

c. natriuretic peptide

The posterior pituitary secretes _______. a. prolactin b. adrenocorticotropic hormone c. oxytocin d. thyroid hormone e. growth hormone

c. oxytocin

The Chief cells, which are the most numerous cells in the stomach mucosa, secrete what type of substance? a. mucus b. intrinsic factor c. pepsinogen d. somatostatin e. gastrin

c. pepsinogen

The heart is protected within a space called the _______. a. pelvic cavity b. abdominal cavity c. pericardial cavity d. myocardium e. pleural cavity

c. pericardial cavity

Before B cells secrete antibodies, they differentiate into _________. a. stem cells b. antigen-presenting cells c. plasma cells d. T cells e. macrophages

c. plasma cells

Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by ________. a. breathing b. gravity c. pressure gradients d. osmotic gradients

c. pressure gradients

The __________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum. a. gastric rugae b. antrum c. pyloric sphincter d. fundus e. cardial region

c. pyloric sphincter

What lobe of the liver is being identified here? a. right lobe b. left lobe c. quadrate lobe d. caudate lobe

c. quadrate lobe

Which of the following is not an accessory organ of the digestive system? a. tongue b. liver c. rectum d. pancreas e. salivary gland

c. rectum

Where in the body are hemopoietic stem cells found? a. pancreas b. thymus c. red bone marrow d. spleen e. liver

c. red bone marrow

Which primary lymphatic organ is involved in hematopoiesis and immunity? a. lymph node b. liver c. red bone marrow d. tonsil

c. red bone marrow

The _______ is the pace maker that initiates each heart beat. a. AV node b. autonomic nervous system c. SA node d. cardiac conduction system

c. sinoatrial (SA) node

What organ eliminates RBCs? a. stomach b. red bone marrow c. spleen d. lymph nodes e. small intestine

c. spleen

Cortical nephrons can be distinguished from juxtamedullary nephrons by __________. a. the size of their renal corpuscle b. their filtration rate c. their location within the renal cortex d. whether they drain into a collecting duct or directly into the renal pelvis e. their location within the renal medulla

c. their location within the renal cortex

T cells achieve immunocompetence in the __________. a. bloodstream b. spleen c. thymus d. liver

c. thymus

What is the name of this triangular area in the floor the Urinary bladder? a. detrusor b. urogenital diaphragm c. trigone d. urethral sphincter

c. trigone

What cells in the alveoli secrete pulmonary surfactant? a. mucosal cells b. type I pneumocytes c. type II pneumocytes d. alveolar macrophages

c. type II pneumocytes

Which cells are found in the cortex of the Thymus? a. A, B, C b. B, C, D c. D, E, F d. A, E, F e. A, D, E

d. A, E, and F

Which letter indicates the sigmoid colon? a. A b. C c. E d. J e. H

d. J

Which letter indicates the common bile duct? a. I b. H c. J d. K e. M

d. K

What is the most abundant cation of the ECF? a. Ca 2+ b. Cl- c. K+ d. Na+ e. Pi

d. Na+

In the thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop, K + reenters the cell from the interstitial fluid via the _________. K + is then secreted into the tubular fluid. a. Na+ K+ pump b. countercurrent exchange c. vasa recta d. juxtaglomerular apparatus

Na+ K+ pump

T or F: Papillary muscles prevent the AV valves from prolapsing (bulging) excessively into the atria when the ventricles contract.

True

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary? a. CRH b. GHRH c. GnRH d. PRH e. TRH

a. CRH

What is the name of the hormone at E? a. growth hormone b. prolactin c. oxytocin d. follcile-stimulating hormone e.adrenocorticotropic hormone

a. Growth Hormone

Atrial depolarization causes the _____. a. P wave b. QRS complex c. T wave d. first heart sound e.quiescent period

a. P wave

Which of the following is a direct result of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ? a. decreased urine volume b. increased urine volume c. increased urine salinity d. increased urine acidity

a. decreased urine volume

Electrical signals pass between cardiomyocytes through the _______. a. gap junctions b. desmosomes c. tight junctions d. aquaporins

a. gap junctions

Which of these conditions does not reduce the alveolar gas exchange? a. hiking at high altitudes b. treatment with hyperbaric oxygen therapy c. thickening of alveolar membrane due to pneumonia d. pulmonary edema caused by left ventricular failure

a. hiking at high altitudes

Which of the following is not a characteristic or symptom of diabetes mellitus? a. hypoglycemia b. polyuria c. polyphagia d. poydipsia e. hyperglycemia

a. hypoglycemia

Atrial systole begins _______. a. immediately before P wave b. immediately after P wave c. during Q wave d. during ST segment e.immediately after T wave

a. immediately before P wave

Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in __________. a. protein b. carbon dioxide c. metabolic waste d. sodium and potassium

a. protein

This diagram shows some of the muscles that are active during inspiration. Which muscle is labeled 1? a. sternocleidomastoid b. internal intercostals c. external intercostals d. diaphragm

a. sternocleidomastoid

What is the function of the alveolar cell labeled 1? a. they secrete pulmonary surfactant b. they form part of the respiratory membrane c. they phagocyte dust particles d. they carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

a. they secrete pulmonary surfactant

Which structure is highlighted? a. thyroid cartilage b. cricoid cartilage c. larynx d. trachea e. arytenoid cartilage

a. thyroid cartilage

Which organ system excretes nitrogenous wastes? a. urinary system b. cardiovascular system c. integumentary system d. digestive system e. respiratory system

a. urinary system

If the sinoatrial (SA) node is damaged, the heart will likely beat at __________ bpm. a. 10-20 b. 40-50 c. 70-80 d. 90-100

b. 40 to 50

Which number indicates the internal anal sphincter? a. 5 b. 7 c. 4 d. 6

b. 7

The first heart sound (S1) occurs with closure of which valves? a. B; C b. A; B c. A; C d. C; D

b. A; B

Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex? a. GHRH b. ACTH c. CRH d. TSH e.PRH

b. ACTH

What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma? a. fibrinogen b. albumin c. alpha globulin d. gamma globulin e. transferrin

b. albumin

What type of alveolar cell is labeled 3? a. great alveolar cell b. alveolar macrophage c. squamous alveolar cell d. lymphocyte

b. alveolar macrophage

Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting zone that is not available for gas exchange? a. tracheal dead space b. anatomical dead space c. conducting dead space d. metabolic dead space

b. anatomical dead space

Which is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle? a. ventricular filling - isovolumetric contraction - isovolumetric relaxation - ventricular ejection b. ventricular filling - isovolumetric contraction - ventricular ejection - isovolumetric relaxation c. ventricular filling - isovolumetric relaxation - ventricular ejection - isovolumetric contraction

b. ventricular filling - isovolumetric contraction - ventricular ejection - isovolumetric relaxation

During which part of the ECG are the ventricles repolarizing? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

c. C

Where do B cells differentiate into plasma cells? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

c. C

Through which of these structures does Urine travel? a. A and B b. B, C, and D c. C, D, and E d. A, D, and E

c. C, D, and E

Through which valves does blood exit the heart? a. A; B b. B; C c. C; D d. B; D

c. C; D

What is the most abundant cation in the ICF? a. Ca 2+ b. Cl- c. K+ d. Na+ e. Pi

c. K+

The second heart sound (S2) happens during which phase of the cardiac cycle? a. ventricular ejection (P3) b. rapid ventricular filling (P1a) c. isovolumetric relaxation (P4) d. isovolumetric contraction (P2)

c. Phase 4 - Isovolumetric relaxation

What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body? a. the urinary and respiratory b. the urinary and digestive c. bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein d. bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate

c. bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein

Between the hepatic lobules is a hepatic triad that consists of __________. a. right, left, and common hepatic duct b. branch of the hepatic portal vein and two hepatic ducts c. bile ductile, branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein d. central vein, hepatic lobule, and hepatic sinusoid

c. bile ductule branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein

The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers? a. pontine respiratory group b. medullary baroreceptors c. central baroreceptors d. hypothalamic thermoreceptors

c. central baroreceptors

Aldosterone acts on the __________. a. proximal convoluted tubule b. descending limb of the nephron loop c. distal convoluted tubule d. glomerulus

c. distal convoluted tubule

What is not correct about the Left Lung? a. it is tall and narrow b. has the cardiac indentation c. has a middle lobe d. has two lobes e. it is longer than the right lung

c. has a middle lobe

Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called __________ and a vasodilator called __________. a. bradykinin; histamine b. selectin; prostaglandin c. heparin; histamine d. prostaglandins; selectin

c. heparin; histamine

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the Proximal convoluted tubule? a. potassium b. sodium chloride c. hydrogen ions d. urea

c. hydrogen ions

Stroke volume is increased by ______. a. high arterial blood pressure b. dehydration c. increased venous return d. increased afterload

c. increased venous return

__________ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas __________ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future. a. innate immunity; cytotoxicity b. a natural killer cell; macrophage c. innate immunity; adaptive immunity d. natural immunity; artificial immunity e. cellular immunity; innate immunity

c. innate immunity; adaptive immunity

What substance, secreted by the Parietal cells of the stomach mucosa, is essential for the absorption of Vitamin B12? a. hydrochloric acid b. ghrelin c. intrinsic factor d. pepsinogen e. somatostatin

c. intrinsic factor

Which vessels have the thickest tunica media? a. small arteries b. small veins c. large arteries d. large veins e. capillaries

c. large arteries

The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the _________. a. trachea b. pharynx c. larynx d. alveoli e. lungs

c. larynx

Renin converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I. Angiotensinogen is a protein secreted mainly by the _________ . a. kidney b. small intestine c. liver d. lungs

c. liver

What is the name of these three structures indicated in this figure? a. trachea b. main bronchi c. lobar bronchi d. respiratory bronchioles

c. lobar bronchi

Most ventricle filling occurs ________? a. during atrial systole b. when the AV valve is closed c. during ventricular systole d. during atrial diastole e. during isovolumetric contraction

d. during atrial diastole

Which of the following is not considered part of the Digestive tract? a. pharynx b. esophagus c. stomach d. gallbladder e. small intestine

d. gallbladder

The medial fissure of the kidney is called the __________, where renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and ureter pass through. a. medulla b. corpuscle c. cortex d. hilum e. capsule

d. hilum

Deep, rapid breathing often seen in diabetes ketoacidosis is known as what? a. tachypnea b. dyspnea c. orthopnea d. kussmaul respiration

d. kussmaul respiration

Which of these cells are considered agranulocyte leukocytes? a. dendritic cells b. eosinophils c. basophils d. lymphocytes e.neutrophils

d. lymphocytes

The ventral respiratory group (VRG) and the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) are located in the ___________. a. pontine respiratory group b. midbrain c. spinal cord d. medulla oblongata e. pons

d. medulla oblongata

When the left ventricle contracts, the ________ valve closes and the _____ valve is pushed open. a. mitral; pulmonary b. tricuspid; pulmonary c. tricuspid; aortic d. mitral; aortic e.aortic; pulmonary

d. mitral; aortic

The ______ performs the work of the heart (contraction). a. fibrous skeleton b. pericardial cavity c. endocardium d. myocardium e. epicardium

d. myocardium

Which principal organ of the respiratory system is highlighted in this image? a. soft palate b. oropharynx c. uvula d. nasal cavity e. larynx

d. nasal cavity

Which of the following is not a function of blood? a. transport a variety of nutrients b. helps to stabilize the pH of extracellular fluids c. participates in the initiation of blood clotting d. produces plasma hormones e. transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

d. produce plasma hormones

Which structure is highlighted in this chest radiograph? a. left lobar bronchus b. left segmental bronchus c. right segmental bronchus d. right main bronchus

d. right main bronchus

Which of the following is associated with vasomotion? a. collagen in the tunica media b. elastic tissue in the tunica externa c. endothelium in the tunica interna d. smooth muscle in the tunica media

d. smooth muscle in the tunica media

Which structure is below the highlighted section? a. thyroid cartilage b. cricoid cartilage c. larynx d. trachea e. arytenoid cartilage

d. trachea

Which structure from the Urinary System is not considered retroperitoneal? a. kidney b. ureter c. renal artery d. urethra

d. urethra

Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate? a. vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole b. a drop in oncotic pressure c. vasodilation of the afferent arteriole d. vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

d. vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

ADH targets which region of the Renal tubule? a. B b. C c. D d. E e. F

e. F

Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas? a. glucagon b. insulin c. gastrin d. somatostatin e. glucocorticoid

e. Glucocorticoid

__________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma. a. IgD b. IgE c. IgA d. IgM e. IgG

e. IgG

Alternative routes of blood supply are called __________ a. metarterioles b. capillary beds c. preferred channels d. thorough fare channels e. anastomoses

e. anastomoses

Which structure is highlighted in this image? a. primary bronchus b. nasal concha c. esophagus d. pharynx e. larynx

e. larynx

Erythrocytes transport oxygen and _______. a. defend the body against pathogens b. initiate blood clotting c. regulate erythropoiesis d. transport nutrients e.transport carbon dioxide

e. transport CO2